Resumen
Colombia ha experimentado una notable expansión económica en los últimos tiempos, pero sigue siendo un país con un alto nivel de desigualdad. Así lo demuestra el índice de Gini, que fue del 51,3% en 2019 y se encuentra entre los más altos de América Latina, particularmente en ciertas regiones. Además, en 2020, el 42,5% de la población vivía en la pobreza, lo que equivale a alrededor de 21,02 millones de personas, y esta cifra aumentó en 3,6 millones debido a la pandemia. Estos niveles son similares a los registrados hace 20 años (Balakrishnan et al., 2021). En términos de empleo, Colombia experimentó una tasa de desempleo máxima del 43 % durante el punto álgido de la pandemia en 2020. Al finalizar el año, la tasa había disminuido al 15,9 %, pero esto aún representa un aumento de 1,3 millones de personas que estaban desempleados en comparación con 2019. Colombia ha buscado la transformación de su sistema económico basado en productos básicos en activos basados en el conocimiento, para lo cual las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) son esenciales para impulsar el crecimiento económico del país, y también juegan un papel fundamental en el cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible propuestos por Naciones Unidas (Bogdan-Martin, 2017; United Nations, 2018; ONU, 2015; Consejo United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2018). Se han implementado varias aplicaciones TIC para reducir las brechas entre individuos, incluido el uso de Big Data para analizar comunidades marginadas, mejorar los servicios gubernamentales, brindar información relevante a los agricultores, promover la educación, la telemedicina, facilitar la compra y venta de bienes y servicios, ofrecer servicios financieros y fomento de redes colaborativas (Bauer, 2018, p. 6; Bogdan-Martin, 2017; Nielsen et al., 2018). Como el caso colombiano, los gobiernos invierten importantes presupuestos en infraestructura como Internet y computadoras para lograr este objetivo. No obstante, algunos latinoamericanos no logran los mismos resultados que las naciones desarrolladas. Según el Índice de Desarrollo de las TIC, el país latinoamericano mejor clasificado es Uruguay en el puesto 42, seguido de Argentina (51) y Chile (56) (ITU, 2017b). En el Ranking de Competitividad Digital Mundial de IMD de 2019, de 63 economías, Chile ocupó el puesto 42, México ocupó el puesto 49, Brasil ocupó el puesto 57, Colombia ocupó el puesto 58 y Argentina ocupó el puesto 59 (Brits and Cabolis, 2019) Internet es crucial en aspectos como la adquisición de nuevas y mejores habilidades, mejores oportunidades de empleo y la expansión de actividades productivas (ITU, 2017a; OECD, 2016b, p.8; ITU, 2018a). Internet también juega un papel crucial en el apoyo a la innovación y el espíritu empresarial, al promover el intercambio de información, estimular la creación de nuevos negocios, facilitar la comercialización de nuevas ideas y explorar nuevas fuentes de ingresos (OECD, 2016b, p. 9).
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