DOI: 10.17151/rlee.2025.21.2.9
Cómo citar
Camargo Mayorga, D. A., Gómez Contreras, J. L., & Castillo López, Z. E. (2026). Educación superior durante la pandemia por COVID 19: Perspectiva de los educadores. Latinoamericana De Estudios Educativos, 21(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.17151/rlee.2025.21.2.9

Autores/as

David Andrés Camargo Mayorga
Universidad Militar Nueva Granada 
a@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5290-8251
Jennifer Lorena Gómez Contreras
Universidad Militar Nueva Granada 
a@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3923-8919
Zuly Elibeth Castillo López
IEM TECNICO LUIS ORJUELA 
a@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9772-7166

Resumen

Debido a la pandemia por COVID 19 las universidades alrededor del mundo se vieron obligadas a trasladar los programas académicos presenciales a la modalidad remota de emergencia; este cambio generó impactos significativos en los procesos de enseñanza. En el presente artículo se analizan los desafíos identificados por los docentes de educación superior durante el contexto de pandemia. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática en 7 bases de datos siguiendo la metodología PRISMA. A partir de lo cual, se identificaron 5 tendencias de investigación en los estudios revisados: 1) fines y objetivos esperados, los cuales se vieron impactados debido a que los educadores tuvieron que reevaluar los procesos de enseñanza, las implicaciones de la tecnología y la incorporación de herramientas remotas en el desarrollo de contenidos y construcción del conocimiento, 2) medios o recursos, relacionados con la aplicabilidad de las funciones básicas y avanzadas en la implementación de herramientas tecnológicas, plataformas de enseñanza y comunicación apoyadas en entornos sincrónicos y asincrónicos, 3) tareas de aprendizaje, desde el aprendizaje colaborativo, combinado, autónomo e invertido, 4) estrategias de evaluación formativas y sumativas aplicadas por los docentes y las dificultades de formatos, monitoreo y presentación, y 5) relaciones interpersonales relacionadas con la socialización en diferentes espacios virtuales.

Ahmad Khan, M. (2021). COVID-19’s Impact on Higher Education: A Rapid Review of Early Reactive Literature. Education Sciences, 11, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11080421

Alenezi, M., Altwaiji, M., & Sanjalawe, Y. (2021). Does Online Education Support High Impact Educational Practices (HIEPs)? International Journal of Educational Sciences, 32(1–3), 120–136. https://doi.org/10.31901/24566322.2021/32.1-3.1176

Almazova, N., Krylova, E., Rubtsova, A., & Odinokaya, M. (2020). Challenges and Opportunities for Russian Higher Education amid COVID-19: Teachers’ Perspective. Education Sciences, 10, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10120368

Alshaikh, K., Maasher, S., Bayazed, A., Saleem, F., Badri, S., & Fakieh, B. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on the Educational Process in Saudi Arabia: A
Technology-Organization-Environment Framework. Sustainability, 13, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137103

Asana, L., Irabor, C., Seppo, S., Jean, C., Ngoma, T., Elzawawy, A., & Ngwa, W. (2021). Using advanced information and communication technologies to advance oncology education in Africa. Ecancermedicalscience, 15, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2021.1211

Asgari, S., Trajkovic, J., Rahmani, M., Zhang, W., Lo, R. C., & Sciortino, A. (2021). An observational study of engineering online education during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE, 16(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250041

Ashour, S. (2021). How COVID-19 is reshaping the role and modes of higher education whilst moving towards a knowledge society: the case of the UAE. Open Learning:The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2021.1930526

Ashraf, M., Yang, M., Zhang, Y., Denden, M., Tlili, A., Liu, J., Huang, R., & Burgos, D. (2021). A systematic review of systematic reviews on Blended Learning: Trends, gaps and future directions. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, 1525–1541. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S331741

Badr, H., & Elmaghraby, S. (2021). How Higher Education Faculty in Egypt Perceive the Effects of Covid-19 on Teaching Journalism and Mass Communication: Perspectives From the Global South. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776958211025199

Blahušiaková, M., Mokošová, D., & Šoltés, E. (2021). Education in Online Environment from Students’ and Teachers’ Perspective. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science Engineering and Education, 9(2), 203–226. https://doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2021-9-2-203-226

Casacchia, M., Cifone, M. G., Giusti, L., Fabiani, L., Gatto, R., Lancia, L., Cinque, B., Petrucci, C., Giannoni, M., Ippoliti, R., Frattaroli, A. R.,
Macchiarelli, G., & Roncone, R. (2021). Distance education during COVID 19: an Italian survey on the university teachers’ perspectives and their emotional conditions. BMC Medical Education, 21, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02780-y

Cassibba, R., Ferrarello, D., Mammana, M. F., Musso, P., Pennisi, M., & Taranto, E. (2021). Teaching Mathematics at Distance: A Challenge for Universities. Education Sciences, 11, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11010001

Chung, J., McKenzie, S., Schweinsberg, A., & Edward, M. (2022). Correlates of Academic Performance in Online Higher Education: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Education, 7, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.820567

Damşa, C., Langford, M., Uehara, D., & Scherer, R. (2021). Teachers’ agency and online education in times of crisis. Computers in Human Behavior, 121, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106793

D’angelo, I., Paviotti, G., Giaconi, C., & Rodrigues, M. B. (2021). Professional competences of pre-service teachers: from the F2F to the online learning programme. Form@re. Open Journal per La Formazione in Rete, 21(1), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.13128/form-10429

Debrah, A., Yeyie, P., Gyimah, E., Halm, G. G., Sarfo, F. O., Mensah, T., Kwame, S. A., & Vlachopoulos, D. (2021). Online instructional experiences in an unchartered field - The challenges of student-teachers of a Ghanaian College of Education. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 37(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2021.1892553

Denisov, I., Petrenko, Y., Koretskaya, I., & Benčič, S. (2021). The Gameover in Universities Education Management during the Pandemic COVID-19: Challenges to Sustainable Development in a Digitalized Environment. Sustainability, 13, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137398

Devkota, K. R. (2021). Inequalities reinforced through online and distance education in the age of COVID-19: The case of higher education in Nepal. International Review of Education, 67, 145–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-021-09886-x
Dietrich, N., Kentheswaran, K., Ahmadi, A., Teychene, J., Bessiere, Y., Alfenore, S., Laborie, S., Bastoul, D., Loubiere, K., Guigui, C., Sperandio, M.,

Barna, L., Paul, E., Cabassud, C., Line, A., & Hebrard, G. (2021). Attempts, successes, and failures of distance learning in the time of COVID-19. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 2448–2457. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00717

Dumulescu, D., Pop, I., & Valer, C. (2021). Learning Design for Future Higher Education-Insights From the Time of COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647948

Escalante, J. L., Valerio, A., & Feltrero, R. (2020). Uso de Moodle con estudiantes universitarios de Educación: Perspectivas de sus experiencias con el aprendizaje combinado. Cuaderno de Pedagogía Universitaria, 17(34), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.29197/cpu.v17i34.395

Gomez, E., Azadi, J., & Magid, D. (2020). Innovation Born in Isolation: Rapid Transformation of an In-Person Medical Student Radiology Elective to a Remote Learning Experience During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Academic Radiology, 27(9), 1285–1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2020.06.001

Hanley, T., & Wyatt, C. (2021). A systematic review of higher education students’ experiences of engaging with online therapy. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 21(3), 522–534. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12371

Hehir, E., Zeller, M., Luckhurst, J., & Chandler, T. (2021). Developing student connectedness under remote learning using digital resources: A systematic review. Education and Information Technologies, 26(5), 6531–6548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10577-1

Hickling, S., Bhatti, A., Arena, G., Kite, J., Denny, J., Spencer, N. L. I., & Bowles, D. C. (2021). Adapting to Teaching During a Pandemic: Pedagogical Adjustments for the Next Semester of Teaching During COVID-19 and Future Online Learning. Pedagogy in Health Promotion, 7(2), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/2373379920987264

Hosseini, M. M., Egodawatte, G., & Ruzgar, N. S. (2021). Online assessment in a business department during COVID-19: Challenges and practices. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100556

Hughes, M. C., Henry, B. W., & Kushnick, M. R. (2020). Teaching During the Pandemic? An Opportunity to Enhance Curriculum. Pedagogy in Health Promotion, 6(4), 235–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/2373379920950179

Iglesias-Pradas, S., Hernández-García, Á., Chaparro-Peláez, J., & Prieto, J. L. (2021). Emergency remote teaching and students’ academic performance in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study. Computers in Human Behavior, 119, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106713

Jeong, J. S., & González, D. (2021). A STEM Course Analysis During COVID-19: A Comparison Study in Performance and Affective Domain of PSTs Between F2F and F2S Flipped Classroom. Frontiers in Psychology , 12, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669855

Kamalov, F., Sulieman, H., & Calonge, D. S. (2021). Machine learning based approach to exam cheating detection. PLoS ONE, 16(8), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254340

Khalid, A., Akhtar, Ch. S., Naveed, S., & Mukarram, S. (2021). A Novel Experience of Online Education in Public Sector Universities: Challenges and Lessons Learnt from Pakistan. Ilkogretim Online - Elementary Education Online, 20(4), 2249–2259. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.04.257

Khalid, H. (2021). A narrative approach to university instructors’stories about promoting student engagement during COVID-19 emergency remote teaching in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1922958

Khan, Md. S. H., & Abdou, B. O. (2021). Flipped classroom: How higher education institutions (HEIs) of Bangladesh could move forward during COVID-19 pandemic. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 4(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100187

Kolm, A., Nooijer, J., Vanherle, K., Werkman, A., Wewerka, D., RachmanShelly, & Merriënboer, J. (2022). International online collaboration competencies in higher education students: A systematic review. Journal of Studies in International Education, 26(2), 183–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153211016272

Kovács, E., Kállai, A., Fritúz, G., Iványi, Z., Mikó, V., Valkó, L., Hauser, B., & Gál, J. (2021). The efficacy of virtual distance training of intensive therapy and anaesthesiology among fifth-year medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education, 21, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02826-1

Kumar, A., Sarkar, M., Davis, E., Morphet, J., Maloney, S., Ilic, D., & Palermo, C. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on teaching and learning in health professional education: a mixed methods study protocol. BMC Medical Education, 21, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02871-w

Lee, Y. W., Dorasamy, M., bin Ahmad, A. A., Jambulingam, M., Yeap, P. F., & Harun, S. (2021). Synchronous online learning during movement control order in higher education institutions: a systematic review. F1000Research, 10, 1056. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73342.1

Li, W., Gillies, R., He, M., Wu, C., Liu, S., Gong, Z., & Sun, H. (2021). Barriers and facilitators to online medical and nursing education during the COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives from international students from low- and middle-income countries and their teaching staff. Human Resources for Health, 19, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-021-00609-9

Lobos, K., Bustos, C., Cobo, R., Fernández, C., Jofré, C. B., & Maldonado, A. (2021). Professors’ Expectations About Online Education and Its Relationship With Characteristics of University Entrance and Students’ Academic Performance During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology , 12, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642391

Longhini, J., de Colle, B., Rossettini, G., & Palese, A. (2021). What knowledge is available on massive open online courses in nursing and academic healthcare sciences education? A rapid review. Nurse Education Today, 99, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104812

Mahyoob, M. (2020a). Challenges of e-Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic Experienced by EFL Learners. Arab World English Journal, 11(4), 351–362. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol11no4.23

Montenegro Díaz, D. J. (2020). Comunicación grupal en Whatsapp para el aprendizaje colaborativo en la coyuntura COVID-19. HAMUT’AY, 7(2), 34. https://doi.org/10.21503/hamu.v7i2.2131

Muhammad, R., Farahiyah, Y., Manraj, C., Hafizah, H., Muhammad, M., Nur, H., Chan, F., Wei, H., & Mohamad, J. (2022). A Meta-synthesis on technology-based learning among healthcare students in Southeast Asia. Medical Science Educator, 32, 657–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-022-01564-3

Nabolsi, M., Abu-Moghli, F., Khalaf, I., Zumot, A., & Suliman, W. (2021). Nursing Faculty Experience With Online Distance Education During COVID-19 Crisis: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Professional Nursing, 37, 828–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2021.06.002

Naqvi, S., & Zehra, I. (2021). Online EFL Emergency Remote Teaching during COVID 19, Challenges and Innovative Practices: A Case of Oman. Arab World English Journal, 2, 17–35. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/MEC2.2

Nesenbergs, K., Abolins, V., Ormanis, J., & Mednis, A. (2020). Use of Augmented and Virtual Reality in Remote Higher Education: A Systematic Umbrella Review. Education Sciences, 11(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11010008

Núñez-Canal, M., de Obesso, M. de las M., & Pérez-Rivero, C. A. (2022). New challenges in higher education: A study of the digital competence of educators in Covid times. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121270

Okray, Z. (2021). Systematic Review of The Studies in Turkey During Covid-19 Curfew. Ilkogretim Online -Elementary Education Online, 20(1), 1018–1025. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.01.85

Oliveira Carvalho, P., Hülsdünker, T., & Carson, F. (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on European Students’ Negative Emotional Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 12(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12010003

Papa, V., Varotto, E., Galli, M., Vaccarezza, M., & Galassi, F. (2021). One year of anatomy teaching and learning in the outbreak: Has the Covid-19 pandemic marked the end of a century-old practice? A systematic review. Anatomical Sciences Education, 15, 261–280. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.2162

Rajab, M. H., Gazal, A. M., & Alkattan, K. (2020). Challenges to Online Medical Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Cureus, 12(7), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8966

Ranjan, R., López, J. L., Lal, K., Saxena, S., & Ranjan, S. (2021). Adopting A New Hybrid Force Model: A Survey During Covid-19 In Indian Higher Education. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 16(16), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i16.23371

Rodríguez, R., & Formoso, A. A. (2020). Efectos de youtube y whats app en procesos de enseñanza - aprendizaje ante el nuevo coronavirus. Revista Conrado, 16(77), 346–353. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1261-0458

Romero, V., Palacios, J., García, S., Coayla, E., Campos, R., & Salazar, C. (2020). Distanciamiento social y aprendizaje remoto. Cátedra Villarreal, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.24039/cv202081766

Roskvist, R., Eggleton, K., & Goodyear-Smith, F. (2020). Provision of e-learning programmes to replace undergraduate medical students’ clinical general practice attachments during COVID-19 stand-down. Education for Primary Care, 31(4), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/14739879.2020.1772123

Rossettini, G., Geri, T., Turolla, A., Viceconti, A., Scumà, C., Mirandola, M., Dell’Isola, A., Gianola, S., Maselli, F., & Palese, A. (2021). Online teaching in physiotherapy education during COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: a retrospective case-control study on students’ satisfaction and performance. BMC Medical Education, 21, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02896-1

Sahoo, B. P., Gulati, A., & Haq, I. U. (2021). Covid 19 and Challenges in Higher Education: An Empirical Analysis. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 16(15), 210–225. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i15.23005

Salas‐Pilco, S. Z., Yang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Student engagement in online learning in Latin American higher education during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(3), 593–619. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13190

Sandareka, B. (2020). Challenges of Implementing Online Teaching in Universities during Covid-19 Global Pandemic: A Developing Country’s Perspective. International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics, 7(11), 675–682. www.ijmae.com

Shrestha, S., Haque, S., Dawadi, S., & Giri, R. A. (2021). Preparations for and practices of online education during the Covid-19 pandemic: A study of Bangladesh and Nepal. Education and Information Technologies, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10659-0

Smith, C., Onofre-Martínez, K., Contrino, M. F., & Membrillo-Hernández, J. (2021). Course design process in a technology-enhanced learning environment. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 93, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2021.107263

St.Amant, K. (2021). Afterword: Contending With COVID-19 and Beyond: The 5Cs of Educational Evolution. Journal of Technical Writing AndCommunication, 51(1), 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047281620977157

Sumer, M., Douglas, T., & Sim, K. N. (2021). Academic development through a pandemic crisis: Lessons learnt from three cases incorporating technical, pedagogical and social support. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 18(5), 1–17. https://ro.uow.edu.au/jutlp/vol18/iss5/

Thadathil, G., Chambi, W., Prasad, Y., & Rojas, É. G. (2020). El Salesian College de la India y la Universidad Salesiana de Bolivia en el contexto de la pandemia. Estudios Pedagógicos , 46(3), 287–301. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07052020000300287

Tiejun, Z. (2020). Empirical Research on the Application of Online Teaching in Chinese Colleges and Universities Under the Situation of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Prevention and Control. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 15(11), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i11.13935

Trafford, J., Haxell, A., Lau, K., Carlson, G., Rebelo Da Silva, A. P., Hart, A., de Freitas, T. R., & Rope, S. (2021). Covid-19 (in) a Class of Its Own: Student and Teacher Musings Regarding Their Learnings and Well-Being when Moving a Large Blended First Year Class Virtually Overnight. Frontiers in Education, 6, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.639466

Tsai, C.-H., Romera, G., Li, N., Robert, J., Serpi, A., & Carroll, J. M. (2020). Experiencing the Transition to Remote Teaching and Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal , 46, 70–87.

Turnbull, D., Chugh, R., & Luck, J. (2021). Transitioning to E-Learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: How have Higher Education Institutions responded to the challenge? Education and Information Technologies, 26(5), 6401–6419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10633-w

Udeozor, C., Toyoda, R., Russo Abegão, F., & Glassey, J. (2022). Digital games in engineering education: systematic review and future trends. European Journal of Engineering Education, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2022.2093168

Urrútia, G., & Bonfill, X. (2010). Declaración PRISMA: una propuesta para mejorar la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. In Medicina Clínica (Vol. 135, Issue 11, pp. 507–511). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2010.01.015

Vásquez, M., Roig, R., & Peñafiel, M. (2021). Teacher’s digital competencies. A systematic review in the Latin-American context. International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology, 11(6), 2495–2502.

Viñoles-Cosentino, V., Sánchez-Caballé, A., & Esteve-Mon, F. M. (2022). Desarrollo de la Competencia Digital Docente en Contextos Universitarios. Una Revisión Sistemática. REICE. Revista Iberoamericana Sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio En Educación, 20(2), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.15366/reice2022.20.2.001

Vishnu, S., Raghavan Sathyan, A., Susan Sam, A., Radhakrishnan, A., Olaparambil Ragavan, S., Vattam Kandathil, J., & Funk, C. (2022). Digital competence of higher education learners in the context of COVID-19 triggered online learning. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 6(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100320

Weldon, A., Ma, W. W. K., Ho, I. M. K., & Li, E. (2021). Online learning during a global pandemic: Perceived benefits and issues in higher education. Knowledge Management & E-Learning, 13(2), 161–181. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2021.13.009

Zaiarna, I. S. (2021a). Zoom as a tool of web based teaching of foreign languages to students of higher education establishments in Ukraine. Information Technologies and Learning Tools, 83(3), 152–163. https://doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v83i3.4234

Zaidman, M., Al-Shaqsi, S., Yeung, C., Novak, C. B., & Dengler, J. (2021). COVID-19 Restrictions Presented Opportunities and Challenges for Plastic Surgery Residents. Plastic Surgery, 20(10), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/22925503211024842

Zou, C., Li, P., & Jin, L. (2021). Online college English education in Wuhan against the COVID-19 pandemic: Student and teacher readiness, challenges and implications. PLOS ONE, 16(10), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258137

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citaciones

Crossref
Scopus
Europe PMC
Sistema OJS - Metabiblioteca |