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Gallego Gómez, J. D. ., & Mejía Ramírez, G. M. . (2017). Design elements that affect selfefficacy and accessibility in web interfaces for the elderly. Kepes, 14(15), 219–249. https://doi.org/10.17151/kepes.2017.14.15.9
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Authors
Juan Diego Gallego Gómez
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G. Mauricio Mejía Ramírez
Abstract
The Colombian population is aging because the birth and mortality have reduced. In an increasingly digitized world, the elderly has greater challenges for learning how to use digital systems. There are multiple studies of accessibility for older adults that suggest principles for designing web interfaces. However, they focus on perceptual limitations and motion control. Although it is made clear that the cognitive limitations of the elderly, such as memory problems, are the main factor that reduces accessibility, there are few studies that determine strategies or design principles to increase the usability of interfaces for older adults. For example, self-efficacy increases the technological confidence of older adults to use web interfaces. In this study, the aim was to identify elements of web interfaces that increase elders’ self-efficacy and therefore accessibility to the web. The research of this article is of qualitative type and in its methodological development is based on grounded theory that, in the process, throws data in an emergent manner. It was found that elements related to size, representation, and used tools influence elders’ selfefficacy. These results can be used by designers as an essential input in the design, development and implementation of web interfaces accessible to the elder.
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References
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Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 14(3), 396-402.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Berners-Lee, T., & Fischetti, M. (1999). Weaving the Web. Nueva York: Harper Collins Publisher.
Bessière, K., Newhagen, J.E., Robinson, J.P., & Shneiderman, B. (2006). A model for computer frustration: the role of instrumental and dispositional factors on incident, session, and post-session frustration and mood. Computer in Human Behavior, 22, 941-961.
Chan, S.C., & Lu, M.T. (2004). Understanding internet banking adoption and use behavior: a Hong Kong perpective. Journal of Global Information Management, 12, 21-43.
Chisnell, D., Redish, J., & Lee, A. (2006). New Heuristics for Understanding Older Adults as Web Users. Technical Communication, 53(1), 39-59.
Compeau, D.R., & Higgins, C.A. (1995a). Application of social cognitive theory to training for computer skills. Information Systems Research, 6(2), 11 8-143.
Compeau, D.R., & Higgins, C.A. (1995b). Computer self-efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test. MIS Quarterly, 19(1), 189-211.
Cooper, A., Reimann, R., & Cronin, D. (2007). About Face 3: The Essentials of Interaction Design. Nueva York: Wiley Publishing.
Cotec (1997). Informe Cotec 1997. Tecnología e innovación en España. Fundación Cotec para la innovación tecnológica. Recuperado de http://vufind.uniovi.es/record1234023
Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research Design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3.ª ed.). Londres: Sage.
Czaja, S.J., & Lee, C. (2007). The impact of aging on access to technology. Universal Access in the Information Society, 5(4), 341-349.
Czaja, S.J., & Sharit, J. (1998). Age differences in attitudes toward computers. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 53B, 329-340. Czaja, S.J., Charness, N., Fisk, A.D., Hertzog, C., Nair, S.N., Rogers, W.A., & Sharit, J. (2006). Factors Predicting the Use of Technology: Findings From the Center for Research and Education on Aging and Technology Enhancement (CREATE). Psychology and Aging, 21(2), 333-352. doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.2.333
Draucker, C.B., Martsolf, D.S., Ross, R. & Rusk, T.B. (2007 Theoretical Sampling and Category Development in Grounded Theory. Qualitative Health Research, 17, 1137-1148
Dickinson, A., Arnott, J., & Prior, S. (2007). Methods for human-computer interaction research with older people. Behavior & Information Technology, 26(4), 343-352.
Egea, C. (2007). Sociedad del conocimiento. Diseño web para todos. Accesibilidad al contenido web. Barcelona: Editorial Icaria.
Gallego, J.D. (2013). Inclusión social con diseño, un enfoque desde la accesibilidad digital. Revista Arquetipo, 3(6), 41-49.
Gutiérrez y Restrepo. E. (2015). Accesibilidad no intrusiva en la comunicación audiovisual en la web. (Tesis doctoral: Universidad Complutense de Madrid) recuperado de: http://inclusiondigital.net/a11dnointrusiva/AccesibilidadNoIntrusiva.pdf.
Hanson,V. (2009). Age and web access: the next generation. Proceedings of 2009. Ponencia presentada en International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A) Madrid, España.
Hassan-Montero, Y. & Martín Fernández, F.J. (2004). Propuesta de adaptación de la metodología de diseño centrado en el usuario para el desarrollo de sitios web accesibles. Revista Española de Documentación Científica, 27(3), 330- 344.
Hawthorn, D. (2000). Possible implications of aging for interface designers. Interacting with Computers, 12, 507-528.
Horton, W. K. (2000). Designing Web-Based Training. Nueva York: Wiley.
Karel, M.J. (1997). Aging and depression: Vulnerability and stress across adulthood. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 847-879.
Kiel, J.M. (2005). The digital divide: internet and email use by the elderly. Med Inform Internet, 30, 19-23.
Koutsabasis, P., & Darzentas, J. (2010). Beyond specifications: toward a practical methodology for evaluating web accessibility. Journal of usability studies, 5(4),157-171.
Lin, Y., Liang, J., Yang, C., & Tsai, C. (2013). Exploring middle-age and older adults sources of internet self-efficacy: A case study. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 2733-2743.
Loe, M. (2010). Doing it my way: old women, technology and wellbeing. Social Health 3(32), 319-334.
Porras, G. (2006). Estándares web y accesibilidad en Colombia. Ponencia presentada en el Tercer Congreso de Investigación y Tecnología en Usabilidad, Realidad Virtual y Robótica. Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia.Recuperado de: htpp://uxespanol.b
Rollins, J. (2002). An investigation of the connections between adult student success, satisfaction and learning preferences and usability interface design of web-based educational resourses (Tesis doctoral, Drexel University, Filadelfia, Pensilvania, Estados Unidos). Recuperado de file:///D:/Users/Adriana%20Paola/Downloads/OBJ%20Datastream.pdflogspot.com/2006/04/estándaresweb-y-accesibilidad-en.html
Reddy, G. (2012). Approaches to designing for older adults intuitive interaction with complex devices (Tesis doctoral, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia). Recuperado de http://eprints.qut.edu.au/58070/
Sato, N. (2010). Exploring barriers to computer and internet use among female older adults with focus group interview. Gerontechnology, 9, 326.
Staples, A., Hulland, J. & Higgins, C. (1998). An explanation of theoretical of self-efficacy to manage remote workers in virtual organizations. Journal of Computer–Mediated Communication, (3)4, 0-6.
Sloan, D. (2006). Two Cultures? The discomect between the web standars movement and research based web desing guidelines for older people. Gerentechnology Journal, 5(2), 106-112.
Wild, K., Mataka, N., Maxwell’s, S., Dodgea, H., Jimisona, H. & Kaye, J. (2012). Computer-related self-efficacy and anxiety in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment. Journal Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 8(6), 544-552.
Zeldin, A., & Pajares, F. (2000). Against the odds: Self-efficacy beliefs of women in mathematical, scientific, and technological careers. American Educational Research Journal, 37, 215-246.
Fundación COTEC para la Innovación Tecnológica. (1997) Sector de la rehabilitación. Madrid: COTEC.
W3C (2008). Web Accessibility for Older Users: A Literature Review. W3C Working Draft. Recuperado de: http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-age-literature
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 14(3), 396-402.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Berners-Lee, T., & Fischetti, M. (1999). Weaving the Web. Nueva York: Harper Collins Publisher.
Bessière, K., Newhagen, J.E., Robinson, J.P., & Shneiderman, B. (2006). A model for computer frustration: the role of instrumental and dispositional factors on incident, session, and post-session frustration and mood. Computer in Human Behavior, 22, 941-961.
Chan, S.C., & Lu, M.T. (2004). Understanding internet banking adoption and use behavior: a Hong Kong perpective. Journal of Global Information Management, 12, 21-43.
Chisnell, D., Redish, J., & Lee, A. (2006). New Heuristics for Understanding Older Adults as Web Users. Technical Communication, 53(1), 39-59.
Compeau, D.R., & Higgins, C.A. (1995a). Application of social cognitive theory to training for computer skills. Information Systems Research, 6(2), 11 8-143.
Compeau, D.R., & Higgins, C.A. (1995b). Computer self-efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test. MIS Quarterly, 19(1), 189-211.
Cooper, A., Reimann, R., & Cronin, D. (2007). About Face 3: The Essentials of Interaction Design. Nueva York: Wiley Publishing.
Cotec (1997). Informe Cotec 1997. Tecnología e innovación en España. Fundación Cotec para la innovación tecnológica. Recuperado de http://vufind.uniovi.es/record1234023
Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research Design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3.ª ed.). Londres: Sage.
Czaja, S.J., & Lee, C. (2007). The impact of aging on access to technology. Universal Access in the Information Society, 5(4), 341-349.
Czaja, S.J., & Sharit, J. (1998). Age differences in attitudes toward computers. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 53B, 329-340. Czaja, S.J., Charness, N., Fisk, A.D., Hertzog, C., Nair, S.N., Rogers, W.A., & Sharit, J. (2006). Factors Predicting the Use of Technology: Findings From the Center for Research and Education on Aging and Technology Enhancement (CREATE). Psychology and Aging, 21(2), 333-352. doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.2.333
Draucker, C.B., Martsolf, D.S., Ross, R. & Rusk, T.B. (2007 Theoretical Sampling and Category Development in Grounded Theory. Qualitative Health Research, 17, 1137-1148
Dickinson, A., Arnott, J., & Prior, S. (2007). Methods for human-computer interaction research with older people. Behavior & Information Technology, 26(4), 343-352.
Egea, C. (2007). Sociedad del conocimiento. Diseño web para todos. Accesibilidad al contenido web. Barcelona: Editorial Icaria.
Gallego, J.D. (2013). Inclusión social con diseño, un enfoque desde la accesibilidad digital. Revista Arquetipo, 3(6), 41-49.
Gutiérrez y Restrepo. E. (2015). Accesibilidad no intrusiva en la comunicación audiovisual en la web. (Tesis doctoral: Universidad Complutense de Madrid) recuperado de: http://inclusiondigital.net/a11dnointrusiva/AccesibilidadNoIntrusiva.pdf.
Hanson,V. (2009). Age and web access: the next generation. Proceedings of 2009. Ponencia presentada en International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A) Madrid, España.
Hassan-Montero, Y. & Martín Fernández, F.J. (2004). Propuesta de adaptación de la metodología de diseño centrado en el usuario para el desarrollo de sitios web accesibles. Revista Española de Documentación Científica, 27(3), 330- 344.
Hawthorn, D. (2000). Possible implications of aging for interface designers. Interacting with Computers, 12, 507-528.
Horton, W. K. (2000). Designing Web-Based Training. Nueva York: Wiley.
Karel, M.J. (1997). Aging and depression: Vulnerability and stress across adulthood. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 847-879.
Kiel, J.M. (2005). The digital divide: internet and email use by the elderly. Med Inform Internet, 30, 19-23.
Koutsabasis, P., & Darzentas, J. (2010). Beyond specifications: toward a practical methodology for evaluating web accessibility. Journal of usability studies, 5(4),157-171.
Lin, Y., Liang, J., Yang, C., & Tsai, C. (2013). Exploring middle-age and older adults sources of internet self-efficacy: A case study. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 2733-2743.
Loe, M. (2010). Doing it my way: old women, technology and wellbeing. Social Health 3(32), 319-334.
Porras, G. (2006). Estándares web y accesibilidad en Colombia. Ponencia presentada en el Tercer Congreso de Investigación y Tecnología en Usabilidad, Realidad Virtual y Robótica. Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia.Recuperado de: htpp://uxespanol.b
Rollins, J. (2002). An investigation of the connections between adult student success, satisfaction and learning preferences and usability interface design of web-based educational resourses (Tesis doctoral, Drexel University, Filadelfia, Pensilvania, Estados Unidos). Recuperado de file:///D:/Users/Adriana%20Paola/Downloads/OBJ%20Datastream.pdflogspot.com/2006/04/estándaresweb-y-accesibilidad-en.html
Reddy, G. (2012). Approaches to designing for older adults intuitive interaction with complex devices (Tesis doctoral, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia). Recuperado de http://eprints.qut.edu.au/58070/
Sato, N. (2010). Exploring barriers to computer and internet use among female older adults with focus group interview. Gerontechnology, 9, 326.
Staples, A., Hulland, J. & Higgins, C. (1998). An explanation of theoretical of self-efficacy to manage remote workers in virtual organizations. Journal of Computer–Mediated Communication, (3)4, 0-6.
Sloan, D. (2006). Two Cultures? The discomect between the web standars movement and research based web desing guidelines for older people. Gerentechnology Journal, 5(2), 106-112.
Wild, K., Mataka, N., Maxwell’s, S., Dodgea, H., Jimisona, H. & Kaye, J. (2012). Computer-related self-efficacy and anxiety in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment. Journal Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 8(6), 544-552.
Zeldin, A., & Pajares, F. (2000). Against the odds: Self-efficacy beliefs of women in mathematical, scientific, and technological careers. American Educational Research Journal, 37, 215-246.
Fundación COTEC para la Innovación Tecnológica. (1997) Sector de la rehabilitación. Madrid: COTEC.
W3C (2008). Web Accessibility for Older Users: A Literature Review. W3C Working Draft. Recuperado de: http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-age-literature
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