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Antonio López, J. . (2020). Política de la información, las ONG y los medios de comunicación en los conflictos por derechos humanos : un balance. Eleuthera, 22(1), 88–105. https://doi.org/10.17151/eleu.2019.22.1.6
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Objetivo. El presente artículo presenta una revisión crítica de la literatura académica que estudia la relación entre las ONG y los medios de comunicación en los conflictos por derechos humanos. Metodología. A partir de una revisión documental, a manera de balance de estado del arte, se clasifican y analizan los principales enfoques y tesis de la literatura. Resultados. Se argumenta que la literatura académica ha enfatizado en cómo la política de la información se constituye en un repertorio modular del activismo en defensa de los derechos humanos, pero mantiene un sesgo en el análisis de las dinámicas, organizaciones y medios internacionales. Conclusiones. Se plantea la necesidad de desarrollar una agenda de investigación que tenga en cuenta los procesos y relaciones entre las ONG y los medios de comunicación a nivel estatal, además de repensar dicha relación en contextos de grave violencia contra periodistas con el fin de explicar las posibilidades y límites de la política de la información.
Referências
Álvarez, S. (2009). Beyond NGO-ization: Reflections from Latin America. Development, 52 (2), 175-184.
Becker, J. (2013). Campaigning for Justice: Human Rights Advocacy in Practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Bennett, L. & Segerberg, A. (2012). The Logic of Connective Action. Information, Communication & Society, 15 (5), 739-768.
Bob, C. (2002). Merchants of Morality. Foreign Policy, 129, 36-45.
Bob, C. (2005). The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media and International Activism. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Bob, C. (2010). The Market for Human Rights. En A. Prakash. y M. Gugerty. (Eds.), Advocacy Organizations and Collective Action (pp. 133-154). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Borer, T. (Ed.). (2012). Media, Mobilization, and Human Rights: Mediating Suffering. Nueva York: Zed Books.
Brysk, A. (1994). The politics of Human Rights in Argentina. California: Stanford University Press.
Brysk, A. (2009). Communicative action and human rights in Colombia. When words fail. Colombia Internacional, 69, 36-49.
Brysk, A. (2013). Speaking Rights to Power. Constructing Political Will. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Brysk, A. & Shafir, G. (2007). National Insecurity and Human Rights: Democracies Debate Counterterrorism. California: University of California Press.
Burgerman, S. (2001). Moral victories. How activists provoke multilateral action. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Cárdenas, S. (2007). Conflict and Compliance State Responses to International Human Rights Pressure. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Cárdenas, S. (2010). Human Rights in Latin America. A politics of terror and hope. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Carpenter, C. (2014). Lost Causes: Agenda-Vetting in Global Issue Networks and the Shaping of Human Security. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Carpenter, C. (2007a). Setting the Advocacy Agenda: Theorizing Issue Emergence and Nonemergence in Transnational Advocacy Networks. International Studies Quarterly, 51, 99-120.
Carpenter, C. (2007b). Studying Issue (Non)-Adoption in Transnational Networks. International Organization, 61 (3), 643-667.
Castells, M. (2011). Comunicación y poder. Madrid, España: Alianza.
Chadwick, A. (2013). The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Clark, A. M. (2001). Diplomacy of Conscience: Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Cottle, S. & Nolan, D. (2007). Global humanitarianism and the changing aid-media field. Journalism Studies, 8 (6), 862-878.
Dancy, G. & Sikkink, K. (2017). Human Rights Data, Processes, and Outcomes: How Recent Research Points to a Better Future. In S. Hopgood., J. Snyder. y L. Vinjamuri. (Eds.), Human Rights Futures (pp. 24-59). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dogra, N. (2014). Representations of Global Poverty: Aid, Development and International NGOs. London: Tauris.
Dupuy, K., Ron, J. & Prakash, A. (2016). Hands Off My Regime! Governments’ Restrictions on Foreign Aid to Non-Governmental Organizations in Poor and Middle-Income Countries. World Development, 84, 299-311.
Fenton, N. (2010). NGOs, New Media and the Mainstream News. In N. Fenton. (Ed.), New Media, Old News (pp. 153-168). London: Sage.
Franklin, J. (2015). Human Rights Naming and Shaming: International and Domestic Processes. In H. Friman. (Ed.), The Politics of Leverage in International Relations: Name, Shame and Sanction (pp. 43-60). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Freedom House. (2018). Freedom in the world. 2018. Recovered from https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FITW_Report_2018_Final_SinglePage.pdf.
Gordon, N. (2008). Human Rights, Social Space and Power: Why Do some NGOS exert more Influence than Others? International Journal of Human Rights, 12 (1), 23-39.
Gordon, N. (2014). Human Rights as a Security Threat: Lawfare and the Campaign against Human Rights NGOs. Law & Society Review, 48 (2), 311-344.
Hafner-Burton, E. (2008). Sticks and Stones: Naming and Shaming the Human Rights Enforcement Problem. International Organization, 4 (62), 689-716.
Hagan, M. (2010). The human rights repertorie: its strategic logic, expectations and tactics. International Journal of Human Rights, 14 (4), 559-583.
Hincapié, S. (2015). Estado y derechos humanos en México: claves analíticas para su interpretación. El Cotidiano, 30 (194), 89-96.
Hincapié, S. (2017). Acción colectiva de las mujeres y derechos humanos en México. Movilizando el dolor en medio del conflicto armado. Estudios Socio-Jurídicos, 19 (2), 97-127.
Hopgood, S. (2006). Keepers of the Flame: Understanding Amnesty International. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Jetschke, A. (2010). Human Rights and State Security: Indonesia and the Philippines. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Jetschke, A. & Liese, A. (2013). The power of human rights a decade after: from euphoria to contestation? En T. Risse., S. Ropp. & K. Sikkink. (Eds.), The persistent power of human rights. From commitment to compliance (pp. 26-42). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keck, M. & Sikkink, K. (2000). Activistas sin fronteras. Redes de defensa en política internacional. Ciudad México, México: Siglo XXI.
López, J. A. (2013). Los derechos humanos en movimiento: una revisión teórica contemporánea. Espiral. Estudios sobre Estado y Sociedad, 56, 9-37.
López, J. A. (2017). Movilización y acción colectiva por los derechos humanos en la paradoja de la institucionalización. Estudios Políticos, 51, 57-78.
López, J. A. e Hincapié, S. (2015). Campos de acción colectiva y ONG de derechos humanos. Herramientas teóricas para su análisis. Sociológica, 30 (85), 9-37.
McPherson, E. (2012). How editors choose which human rights news to cover: a case study of Mexican newspapers. In T. Borer. (Ed), Media, mobilization and human rights: mediating suffering (pp. 96-121). London: Zed.
McPherson, E. (2016). Source credibility as “information subsidy”: Strategies for successful NGO journalism at Mexican human rights NGO. Journal of Human Rights, 15 (3), 330-346.
Menon, G. (2009). Genesis and role of NGOs in protecting human rights. New Delhi: Dominant Publisher and Distributors.
Murdie, A. & David, D. (2011). Shaming and Blaming: Using Events Data to Assess the Impact of Human Rights INGOs. International Studies Quarterly, 1 (56), 1-16.
Nash, K. (2009). The Cultural Politics of Human Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Olvera, A. (1999). La sociedad civil. De la teoría a la realidad. Ciudad de México, México: El Colegio de México.
Orgad, S. (2013). Visualizers of Solidarity: Organizational Politics in Humanitarian and International Development NGOs. Visual Communication, 12 (3), 295-314.
Powers, M. (2016a). A new era of human rights news? Contrasting two paradigms of human rights news-making. Journal of Human Rights, 15 (3), 314-329.
Powers, M. (2016b). Beyond Boon or Bane. Using normative theories to evaluate the newsmaking efforts of NGOs. Journalism Studies, 18 (9), 1070-1086.
Powers, M. (2016c). Opening the news gates? Humanitarian and human rights NGOs in the US news media, 1990-2010. Media, Culture & Society, 38 (3), 315-331.
Powers, M. (2015). Contemporany NGO-Journalist Relations: Reviewing and Evaluating an Emergent Area of Research. Sociology Compass, 9 (6), 427-437.
Powers, M. (2018). NGOs as Newsmakers: The Changing Landscape of International News. Columbia: Columbia University Press.
Pruce, J. (Ed.). (2015). The Social Practice of Human Rights. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pruce, J. & Cosima, A. (2016). Beyond naming and shaming: New modalities of information politics in human rights. Journal of Human Rights, 15 (3), 408-425.
Risse, T., Ropp, S. & Sikkink, K. (1999). The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Risse, T., Ropp, S. & Sikkink, K. (2013). The Persistent Power of Human Rights: From Commitment to Compliance. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Ristovska, S. (2016). The rise of eyewitness video and its implications for human rights: Conceptual and methodological approaches. Journal of Human Rights, 15 (3), 347-360.
Ron, J., Ramos, H. & Rodgers, K. (2005). Transnational information politics: NGO human rights reporting, 1986–2000. International Studies Quarterly, 49 (3), 557-588.
Rosanvallon, P. (2007). La contrademocracia: la política en la era de la desconfianza. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Manantial.
Rothmyer, K. (2011). Hiding the Real Africa: Why NGOs Prefer Bad News. Columbia Journalism Review. Recovered from https://archives.cjr.org/reports/hiding_the_real_africa.php.
Seaga, I. (2012). Human Rights Journalism: Advances in Reporting Distant Humanitarian Interventions. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Shor, E. (2008). Conflict, Terrorism and the Socialization of Human Rights Norms: The Spiral Model Revisited. Social Problems, 55 (1), 117-138.
Simmons, B. (2009). Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stammers, N. (2009). Human Rights and Social Movements. London: Pluto.
Tarrow, S. (2005). The new transnational activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thompson, J. (2001). El escándalo político. Poder y visibilidad en la era de los medios de comunicación. Barcelona, España: Paidós.
Thrall, T., Stecula, D. & Sweet, D. (2014). May we have your attention please?: Human rights NGOs and the problem of global communication. International Journal of Press/Politics, 19 (2), 135-159.
Tsutsui, K. & Smith, J. (2018). Human Rights and Social Movements: From the Boomerang Pattern to a Sandwich Effect. In D. Snow, S. Soule, H. Kriesi & H. McCammon. (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Social Movements (pp. 586-601). London: Wiley Blackwell.
Tsutsui, K., Whitlinger, C. & Alwyn, L. (2012). International Human Rights Law and Social Movements: States’ Resistance and Civil Society’s Insistence. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 8, 367-396.
Tumber, H. & Waisbord, S. (2017). The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights. Basingstoke: Taylor & Francis.
Tumber, H. & Waisbord, S. (2004). Political Scandals and Media Across Democracies. American Behavioral Scientist, 47 (8), 1031-1039.
Waisbord, S. (2011). Can NGOs Change the News? International Journal of Communication, 5, 142-165.
Waisbord, S. (2016). Media Movements: Civil Society and Media Policy Reform in Latin Americas. London: Zed Books.
Winston, M. (2001). Assessing the effectiveness of human rights NGOs: Amnesty International. En C.E. Welch. (Ed.), NGOs and Human Rights: Promise and Performance. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Winston, M. & Pollock, J. (2016). Human rights in the news: Balancing new media participation with the authority of journalists and human rights professionals. Journal of Human Rights, 15 (3), 307-313.
Wotipka, C. & Tsutsui, K. (2008). Global human rights and State sovereignty: State ratification of International Human Rights Treaties, 1965-2001. Sociological Forum, 23 (4), 724-754.
Becker, J. (2013). Campaigning for Justice: Human Rights Advocacy in Practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Bennett, L. & Segerberg, A. (2012). The Logic of Connective Action. Information, Communication & Society, 15 (5), 739-768.
Bob, C. (2002). Merchants of Morality. Foreign Policy, 129, 36-45.
Bob, C. (2005). The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media and International Activism. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Bob, C. (2010). The Market for Human Rights. En A. Prakash. y M. Gugerty. (Eds.), Advocacy Organizations and Collective Action (pp. 133-154). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Borer, T. (Ed.). (2012). Media, Mobilization, and Human Rights: Mediating Suffering. Nueva York: Zed Books.
Brysk, A. (1994). The politics of Human Rights in Argentina. California: Stanford University Press.
Brysk, A. (2009). Communicative action and human rights in Colombia. When words fail. Colombia Internacional, 69, 36-49.
Brysk, A. (2013). Speaking Rights to Power. Constructing Political Will. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Brysk, A. & Shafir, G. (2007). National Insecurity and Human Rights: Democracies Debate Counterterrorism. California: University of California Press.
Burgerman, S. (2001). Moral victories. How activists provoke multilateral action. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Cárdenas, S. (2007). Conflict and Compliance State Responses to International Human Rights Pressure. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Cárdenas, S. (2010). Human Rights in Latin America. A politics of terror and hope. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Carpenter, C. (2014). Lost Causes: Agenda-Vetting in Global Issue Networks and the Shaping of Human Security. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Carpenter, C. (2007a). Setting the Advocacy Agenda: Theorizing Issue Emergence and Nonemergence in Transnational Advocacy Networks. International Studies Quarterly, 51, 99-120.
Carpenter, C. (2007b). Studying Issue (Non)-Adoption in Transnational Networks. International Organization, 61 (3), 643-667.
Castells, M. (2011). Comunicación y poder. Madrid, España: Alianza.
Chadwick, A. (2013). The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Clark, A. M. (2001). Diplomacy of Conscience: Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Cottle, S. & Nolan, D. (2007). Global humanitarianism and the changing aid-media field. Journalism Studies, 8 (6), 862-878.
Dancy, G. & Sikkink, K. (2017). Human Rights Data, Processes, and Outcomes: How Recent Research Points to a Better Future. In S. Hopgood., J. Snyder. y L. Vinjamuri. (Eds.), Human Rights Futures (pp. 24-59). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dogra, N. (2014). Representations of Global Poverty: Aid, Development and International NGOs. London: Tauris.
Dupuy, K., Ron, J. & Prakash, A. (2016). Hands Off My Regime! Governments’ Restrictions on Foreign Aid to Non-Governmental Organizations in Poor and Middle-Income Countries. World Development, 84, 299-311.
Fenton, N. (2010). NGOs, New Media and the Mainstream News. In N. Fenton. (Ed.), New Media, Old News (pp. 153-168). London: Sage.
Franklin, J. (2015). Human Rights Naming and Shaming: International and Domestic Processes. In H. Friman. (Ed.), The Politics of Leverage in International Relations: Name, Shame and Sanction (pp. 43-60). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Freedom House. (2018). Freedom in the world. 2018. Recovered from https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FITW_Report_2018_Final_SinglePage.pdf.
Gordon, N. (2008). Human Rights, Social Space and Power: Why Do some NGOS exert more Influence than Others? International Journal of Human Rights, 12 (1), 23-39.
Gordon, N. (2014). Human Rights as a Security Threat: Lawfare and the Campaign against Human Rights NGOs. Law & Society Review, 48 (2), 311-344.
Hafner-Burton, E. (2008). Sticks and Stones: Naming and Shaming the Human Rights Enforcement Problem. International Organization, 4 (62), 689-716.
Hagan, M. (2010). The human rights repertorie: its strategic logic, expectations and tactics. International Journal of Human Rights, 14 (4), 559-583.
Hincapié, S. (2015). Estado y derechos humanos en México: claves analíticas para su interpretación. El Cotidiano, 30 (194), 89-96.
Hincapié, S. (2017). Acción colectiva de las mujeres y derechos humanos en México. Movilizando el dolor en medio del conflicto armado. Estudios Socio-Jurídicos, 19 (2), 97-127.
Hopgood, S. (2006). Keepers of the Flame: Understanding Amnesty International. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Jetschke, A. (2010). Human Rights and State Security: Indonesia and the Philippines. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Jetschke, A. & Liese, A. (2013). The power of human rights a decade after: from euphoria to contestation? En T. Risse., S. Ropp. & K. Sikkink. (Eds.), The persistent power of human rights. From commitment to compliance (pp. 26-42). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keck, M. & Sikkink, K. (2000). Activistas sin fronteras. Redes de defensa en política internacional. Ciudad México, México: Siglo XXI.
López, J. A. (2013). Los derechos humanos en movimiento: una revisión teórica contemporánea. Espiral. Estudios sobre Estado y Sociedad, 56, 9-37.
López, J. A. (2017). Movilización y acción colectiva por los derechos humanos en la paradoja de la institucionalización. Estudios Políticos, 51, 57-78.
López, J. A. e Hincapié, S. (2015). Campos de acción colectiva y ONG de derechos humanos. Herramientas teóricas para su análisis. Sociológica, 30 (85), 9-37.
McPherson, E. (2012). How editors choose which human rights news to cover: a case study of Mexican newspapers. In T. Borer. (Ed), Media, mobilization and human rights: mediating suffering (pp. 96-121). London: Zed.
McPherson, E. (2016). Source credibility as “information subsidy”: Strategies for successful NGO journalism at Mexican human rights NGO. Journal of Human Rights, 15 (3), 330-346.
Menon, G. (2009). Genesis and role of NGOs in protecting human rights. New Delhi: Dominant Publisher and Distributors.
Murdie, A. & David, D. (2011). Shaming and Blaming: Using Events Data to Assess the Impact of Human Rights INGOs. International Studies Quarterly, 1 (56), 1-16.
Nash, K. (2009). The Cultural Politics of Human Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Olvera, A. (1999). La sociedad civil. De la teoría a la realidad. Ciudad de México, México: El Colegio de México.
Orgad, S. (2013). Visualizers of Solidarity: Organizational Politics in Humanitarian and International Development NGOs. Visual Communication, 12 (3), 295-314.
Powers, M. (2016a). A new era of human rights news? Contrasting two paradigms of human rights news-making. Journal of Human Rights, 15 (3), 314-329.
Powers, M. (2016b). Beyond Boon or Bane. Using normative theories to evaluate the newsmaking efforts of NGOs. Journalism Studies, 18 (9), 1070-1086.
Powers, M. (2016c). Opening the news gates? Humanitarian and human rights NGOs in the US news media, 1990-2010. Media, Culture & Society, 38 (3), 315-331.
Powers, M. (2015). Contemporany NGO-Journalist Relations: Reviewing and Evaluating an Emergent Area of Research. Sociology Compass, 9 (6), 427-437.
Powers, M. (2018). NGOs as Newsmakers: The Changing Landscape of International News. Columbia: Columbia University Press.
Pruce, J. (Ed.). (2015). The Social Practice of Human Rights. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pruce, J. & Cosima, A. (2016). Beyond naming and shaming: New modalities of information politics in human rights. Journal of Human Rights, 15 (3), 408-425.
Risse, T., Ropp, S. & Sikkink, K. (1999). The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Risse, T., Ropp, S. & Sikkink, K. (2013). The Persistent Power of Human Rights: From Commitment to Compliance. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Ristovska, S. (2016). The rise of eyewitness video and its implications for human rights: Conceptual and methodological approaches. Journal of Human Rights, 15 (3), 347-360.
Ron, J., Ramos, H. & Rodgers, K. (2005). Transnational information politics: NGO human rights reporting, 1986–2000. International Studies Quarterly, 49 (3), 557-588.
Rosanvallon, P. (2007). La contrademocracia: la política en la era de la desconfianza. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Manantial.
Rothmyer, K. (2011). Hiding the Real Africa: Why NGOs Prefer Bad News. Columbia Journalism Review. Recovered from https://archives.cjr.org/reports/hiding_the_real_africa.php.
Seaga, I. (2012). Human Rights Journalism: Advances in Reporting Distant Humanitarian Interventions. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Shor, E. (2008). Conflict, Terrorism and the Socialization of Human Rights Norms: The Spiral Model Revisited. Social Problems, 55 (1), 117-138.
Simmons, B. (2009). Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stammers, N. (2009). Human Rights and Social Movements. London: Pluto.
Tarrow, S. (2005). The new transnational activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thompson, J. (2001). El escándalo político. Poder y visibilidad en la era de los medios de comunicación. Barcelona, España: Paidós.
Thrall, T., Stecula, D. & Sweet, D. (2014). May we have your attention please?: Human rights NGOs and the problem of global communication. International Journal of Press/Politics, 19 (2), 135-159.
Tsutsui, K. & Smith, J. (2018). Human Rights and Social Movements: From the Boomerang Pattern to a Sandwich Effect. In D. Snow, S. Soule, H. Kriesi & H. McCammon. (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Social Movements (pp. 586-601). London: Wiley Blackwell.
Tsutsui, K., Whitlinger, C. & Alwyn, L. (2012). International Human Rights Law and Social Movements: States’ Resistance and Civil Society’s Insistence. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 8, 367-396.
Tumber, H. & Waisbord, S. (2017). The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights. Basingstoke: Taylor & Francis.
Tumber, H. & Waisbord, S. (2004). Political Scandals and Media Across Democracies. American Behavioral Scientist, 47 (8), 1031-1039.
Waisbord, S. (2011). Can NGOs Change the News? International Journal of Communication, 5, 142-165.
Waisbord, S. (2016). Media Movements: Civil Society and Media Policy Reform in Latin Americas. London: Zed Books.
Winston, M. (2001). Assessing the effectiveness of human rights NGOs: Amnesty International. En C.E. Welch. (Ed.), NGOs and Human Rights: Promise and Performance. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Winston, M. & Pollock, J. (2016). Human rights in the news: Balancing new media participation with the authority of journalists and human rights professionals. Journal of Human Rights, 15 (3), 307-313.
Wotipka, C. & Tsutsui, K. (2008). Global human rights and State sovereignty: State ratification of International Human Rights Treaties, 1965-2001. Sociological Forum, 23 (4), 724-754.
