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Seetsa Makateng, D. (2024). The Philosophical and Sociological exposition of Suicide in Lesotho. Revista De Antropología Y Sociología : Virajes, 26(2), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.17151/rasv.2024.26.2.8
Fomatos de Citação
Autores
David Seetsa Makateng
Veer Narmad South Gujarat University
Resumo
One of the philosophical problem is the phenomenon of suicide. In the Kingdom of Lesotho as many nations the nature of suicide can be understood from the philosophical and sociological lenses. Among the countries in the world with the highest suicide rate is Lesotho. How come? This research article delves into the complex relationship between individual agency and social factors in context of the existence of suicide in Lesotho, drawing upon philosophical and sociological approaches. The main philosophical and sociological positions of suicide in this paper are presented. A qualitative method has been applied in this paper, secondary data has been subscribed from electronic database from various reliable sources such as World Health Organization (WHO) reports, government and private documents related to suicide and mental affairs reports. A comparative analysis of philosophical and sociological perspectives, the article seeks to deepen our understanding of the factors contributing to suicidal behaviours and their implications for prevention and intervention strategies. This paper also discusses the richness of Durkheim’s insight on suicide and four etiological types of suicide. This paper concludes by putting forward that young people in Lesotho who have serious mental illnesses at an early age have a higher risk of suicide.
Referências
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Agerbo, E., Stack, S. & Petersen, L. (2011). Social Integration and Suicide: Denmark, 1906-2006. Social Science Journal, 48(4), 630-640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2011.06.004
Aminur Rahman. (2022). Research Paper Suicide Prevention: Creating Hope through Action.1-6.
Bak, T., Kardis, K., Nguyen Trong, D., Ciekanowski, Z. & Pala, G. (2019). Suicide and Society: The Sociological Approach. Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention, 10(3), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.22359/cswhi_10_3_02
Boloetse, K. (August 16, 2021). Lesotho Tops Global Suicide Charts: World Bank. Public Eye.
https://publiceyenews.com/lesotho-tops-global-suicide-charts-world-bank/
Brás, M., Elías, P., Ferreira Cunha, F., Martins C., Nunes, C. & Carmo, C. (2023). Vulnerability to Suicide Ideation : Comparative Study between Adolescents with and without Psychosocial Risk. Healthcare, 11(19), 1-13.
Camus And Sartre’s Views On Existentialism. (September 16, 2021). Edubirdie.
https://edubirdie.com/examples/camus-and-sartres-views-on-existentialism/#citationblock?downloadessay=c9419be104da1c1ea5851ed3c5c85993-a3149b45cbd3bf9980f7db0fca8a3094
Cha, C. B., Franz, P. J., Guzmán, E. M., Glenn, C. R., Kleiman, E. M. & Nock, M. K. (2018). Annual Research Review: Suicide among Youth – Epidemiology, (Potential) Etiology, and Treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, (4), 460-482. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12831
Chan, W., Yip, P., Wong, P. & Chen, E. (2007). Suicide and Unemployment: What Are the Missing Links? Archives of Suicide Research, 11(4), 327-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110701541905
Cooley, D. R. (2007). A Kantian Moral Duty for the Soon-to-Be Demented to Commit Suicide. American Journal of Bioethics, 7(6), 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265160701347478
Cresswell, P. (1972). Interpretations of Suicide, 23(2), 133-145.
De Mendonça Lima, C. A., De Leo, D., Ivbijaro, G. & Svab, I. (2021). Suicide Prevention in Older Adults. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 13(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12473
Edwards, A. C., Ohlsson, H., Mościcki, E. K., Sundquist, J., Crump, C., Kenneth Kendler, S.& Sundquist, K. (2022). Genetic Differences between Suicide Deaths and Deaths of Undetermined Intent. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 53(1), 100-109.
Edwards, P. (2007). Kant On Suicide. Philosophy Now. https://philosophynow.org/issues/61/Kant_On_Suicide Flego, A., Reifels, L., Mihalopoulos, C., Bandara, P., Page, A., Fox, T., Skehan, J., Hill, N.,
Krysinska, K., Andriessen, K., Schlichthorst, M., Pirkis, J. & Khanh-Dao, L. (2022). Cost-Effectiveness of Media Reporting Guidelines for the Prevention of Suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 52(5), 1048-1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12902
Gailienė, D. (2018). Why Are Suicides so Widespread in Catholic Lithuania? Religions, 9(3).
Gerardi, S. (2020). Durkheim’s Sociological Analysis of Suicide. Sociology Mind, 10(2), 82-85.https://doi.org/10.4236/sm.2020.102007
Government of Lesotho. (2012). Kingdom of Lesotho: Poverty Reduction Strategy Plan 2012/13-2016/17. International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr12102.pdf
Hendricks, S. (March 20, 2023). Albert Camus on Suicide, Absurdity, and the Meaning of Life. Big Think. https://bigthink.com/personal-growth/the-meaning-of-life-albertcamus-on-faith-suicide-and-absurdity/
Hofmann, L. & Wagner, B. (2023). Men’s Behavior and Communication in the Days Prior to a Suicide—A Psychological Autopsy Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20176668
Humphrey, N. (2018). The Lure of Death: Suicide and Human Evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1754). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0269
Ivic, S. (2007). Spinoza and Kant on Suicide. Res Cogitans, 1(4), 132-144.
Jahan, I., Azaz Bin S. & Nahid Hasan, A. B. M. (2023). Suicide Stigma and Suicide Literacy among Bangladeshi Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14.
Joiner, T. E, Hom, M. A., Hagan, C. R. & Silva, C. (2016). Suicide as a Derangement of the Self-Sacrificial Aspect of Eusociality. Psychological Review, 123(3), 235-254.
Karakaya, M. (2018). Suicide in Plotinus Philosophy on the Axis of Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy. Beytulhikme Philosophy Circle, 8(1), 339-355. https://doi.org/10.18491/beytulhikme.446510
Kelly, C. & Dale, E. (2011). Ethical Perspectives on Suicide and Suicide Prevention. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 17(3), 214-219. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.109.007021
Khan, M. M. & Mian, A. I. (2010). The One Truly Serious Philosophical Problem’: Ethical Aspects of Suicide. International Review of Psychiatry, 22(3), 288-293.
Koeshe, N. (October 17, 2017). Traditional Healer Commits Suicide. Lesotho Times. https://lestimes.com/traditional-healer-commits-suicide/
Laskar, B. (2004). Suicide and the Absurd: The Influence of Jean-Paul Sartre’s and Albert Camus’s Existentialism on Stephen R. Donaldson’s The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant the Unbeliever. Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, 14(4), 409-426.
Lerotho Letsatsi. (June 19, 2019). Toddler, Mum Die Is Murder-Suicide Case. Public Eye. https://publiceyenews.com/toddler-mum-die-is-murder-suicide-case/
Madray, S. M. & Crystal. (2017). Morality of Suicide/Physician-Assisted Suicide. John Jay, 24.https://www.jjay.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/contentgroups/sasp/poster_gallery/poster03.pdf
Motsoeli, N. (August 4, 2020). NUL Student Commits Suicide. Lesotho Times. https://lestimes.com/nul-student-commits-suicide/
Mueller, A. S., Abrutyn, S. & Osborne, M. (2017). Durkheim’s ‘Suicide’ in the Zombie Apocalypse.American Sociological Association, 16(2), 44-49.
Mueller, A. S., Abrutyn, S., Pescosolido, B. & Diefendorf, S. (2021). The Social Roots of Suicide: Theorizing How the External Social World Matters to Suicide and Suicide Prevention. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621569
Osafo, J., Asante, K. & Akotia, C. (2020). Suicide Prevention in the African Region. Crisis, 41(1). https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/full/10.1027/0227-5910/a000668
Pajić, V. & Orešković, S. (2022). An Exploratory Analysis of Fifteen Years Suicide Trends Using Population-Level Data From Croatian Committed Suicides Registry. Frontiers in Public Health, 10,1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.857284
Pope, W. (1975). Durkheim as a Functionalist. The Sociological Quarterly, 16(3), 361-369. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4105747.pdf?casa_
token=jhz4lwMDDWsAAAAA:1gb7qQajRYyNnmtVt2B0ZvVYE6R123_6k9NFDJ-_iqgWwGkRjhDkXaCmpvElTQm-W7Ggo16SESe0meAL7MXuGZoSqGVh5tBhj_8XDMp
tu2ArfpJgUg
Power, P. J. R., Bell, R. J., Mills, R., Doig, T. H., Davern, M., Henry, L., Yuen, H. P., Khademy-
Deljo, A. & McGorry, P. D. (2003). Suicide Prevention in First Episode Psychosis: The Development of a Randomised Controlled Trial of Cognitive Therapy for Acutely Suicidal Patients with Early Psychosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37(4). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01209.x
Rabins, P. V. (2007). Can Suicide Be a Rational and Ethical Act in Persons with Early or Pre-Dementia? American Journal of Bioethics, 7(6), 47-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265160701347494
Roberts, M. & Lamont, E. (2014). Suicide: An Existentialist Reconceptualization. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21(10), 873-878. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12155
Şeker, A. (2019). Durkheim’in Sosyolojisinde İntihar Olgusu ve İntiharla Mücadelede Sosyal Hizmetin İşlevi. Mavi Atlas, 7(1), 90-110. https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.521331
Sharma, R. (2018). Crimininolgy and Penology. Surjeet Publications.
Shelile, M. (n.d.). Raising Mental Health Awaewness. Informative News. https://informativenews.co.ls/2023/07/26/raising-mental-health-awareness/
Shilubane, H. N., Er Bos, A., Ac Ruiter, R., Van Den Borne, B. & Reddy. (2015). High School Suicide in South Africa: Teachers’ Knowledge, Views and Training Needs Health Behavior, Health Promotion and Society. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1599-3
Stack, S. (2004). Emile Durkheim and Altruistic Suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 8(1), 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110490243741
Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Rogers, M. L., Hagan, C. R. & Joiner, T. E. (2015). Understanding Suicide among Older Adults: A Review of Psychological and Sociological Theories of Suicide. Aging and Mental Health, 20(2), 113-22.
Sussman, N. (2017). John Stuart Mill and the Status of Canadian Legislation Concerning Physician-Assisted Suicide [PDF File]. https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/about.illinoisstate.edu/dist/e/34/files/2019/09/NSussman-Critique-Submission-Final-Revised-Manuscript.pdf
Teixeira, A. (2023). Suicide in Lithuania: The consequences of te De-Sovietization Process inbetween 2000 and 2019 [Master´s Thesis, Malmo University]. https://mau.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1813760/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Varzgani, F., Tulu, B., Djamasbi, S., Frost, E. B., Wang, Z., Pietro, J., Boudreaux, E. & Larkin, C. (2021). Suicide Prevention through Smartphone Applications: A Systematic Review of Literature [27th Annual Americas Conference on Information Systems]. 9781733632584
Vijayakumar, L. (2010). Indian Research on Suicide. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(1), 291-296. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.69255
Walling, M. A. (2021). Suicide Contagion. Current Trauma Reports, 7(4), 103-114.
World Health Organization. (2023). Countries with the Highest Suicide Rates.
https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/suicide-rate-by-country
World Health Organization. (October 6, 2022). Reversing Suicide, Mental Health Crisis in Africa.
https://www.afro.who.int/news/reversing-suicide-mental-health-crisisafrica
World Health Organization. (n.d.). The Global Health Observation. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mental-health/suicide-rates
World Population Review. (2022). Lesotho Population 2022 (Live). https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/lesotho-population
Yüksek, D. (2021). Durkheim’s Theory of Suicide: A Study of Adolescents in Turkey. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 41(1), 7-25. https://doi.org/10.26650/sj.2021.41.1.0014
Agerbo, E., Stack, S. & Petersen, L. (2011). Social Integration and Suicide: Denmark, 1906-2006. Social Science Journal, 48(4), 630-640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2011.06.004
Aminur Rahman. (2022). Research Paper Suicide Prevention: Creating Hope through Action.1-6.
Bak, T., Kardis, K., Nguyen Trong, D., Ciekanowski, Z. & Pala, G. (2019). Suicide and Society: The Sociological Approach. Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention, 10(3), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.22359/cswhi_10_3_02
Boloetse, K. (August 16, 2021). Lesotho Tops Global Suicide Charts: World Bank. Public Eye.
https://publiceyenews.com/lesotho-tops-global-suicide-charts-world-bank/
Brás, M., Elías, P., Ferreira Cunha, F., Martins C., Nunes, C. & Carmo, C. (2023). Vulnerability to Suicide Ideation : Comparative Study between Adolescents with and without Psychosocial Risk. Healthcare, 11(19), 1-13.
Camus And Sartre’s Views On Existentialism. (September 16, 2021). Edubirdie.
https://edubirdie.com/examples/camus-and-sartres-views-on-existentialism/#citationblock?downloadessay=c9419be104da1c1ea5851ed3c5c85993-a3149b45cbd3bf9980f7db0fca8a3094
Cha, C. B., Franz, P. J., Guzmán, E. M., Glenn, C. R., Kleiman, E. M. & Nock, M. K. (2018). Annual Research Review: Suicide among Youth – Epidemiology, (Potential) Etiology, and Treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, (4), 460-482. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12831
Chan, W., Yip, P., Wong, P. & Chen, E. (2007). Suicide and Unemployment: What Are the Missing Links? Archives of Suicide Research, 11(4), 327-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110701541905
Cooley, D. R. (2007). A Kantian Moral Duty for the Soon-to-Be Demented to Commit Suicide. American Journal of Bioethics, 7(6), 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265160701347478
Cresswell, P. (1972). Interpretations of Suicide, 23(2), 133-145.
De Mendonça Lima, C. A., De Leo, D., Ivbijaro, G. & Svab, I. (2021). Suicide Prevention in Older Adults. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 13(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12473
Edwards, A. C., Ohlsson, H., Mościcki, E. K., Sundquist, J., Crump, C., Kenneth Kendler, S.& Sundquist, K. (2022). Genetic Differences between Suicide Deaths and Deaths of Undetermined Intent. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 53(1), 100-109.
Edwards, P. (2007). Kant On Suicide. Philosophy Now. https://philosophynow.org/issues/61/Kant_On_Suicide Flego, A., Reifels, L., Mihalopoulos, C., Bandara, P., Page, A., Fox, T., Skehan, J., Hill, N.,
Krysinska, K., Andriessen, K., Schlichthorst, M., Pirkis, J. & Khanh-Dao, L. (2022). Cost-Effectiveness of Media Reporting Guidelines for the Prevention of Suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 52(5), 1048-1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12902
Gailienė, D. (2018). Why Are Suicides so Widespread in Catholic Lithuania? Religions, 9(3).
Gerardi, S. (2020). Durkheim’s Sociological Analysis of Suicide. Sociology Mind, 10(2), 82-85.https://doi.org/10.4236/sm.2020.102007
Government of Lesotho. (2012). Kingdom of Lesotho: Poverty Reduction Strategy Plan 2012/13-2016/17. International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr12102.pdf
Hendricks, S. (March 20, 2023). Albert Camus on Suicide, Absurdity, and the Meaning of Life. Big Think. https://bigthink.com/personal-growth/the-meaning-of-life-albertcamus-on-faith-suicide-and-absurdity/
Hofmann, L. & Wagner, B. (2023). Men’s Behavior and Communication in the Days Prior to a Suicide—A Psychological Autopsy Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20176668
Humphrey, N. (2018). The Lure of Death: Suicide and Human Evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1754). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0269
Ivic, S. (2007). Spinoza and Kant on Suicide. Res Cogitans, 1(4), 132-144.
Jahan, I., Azaz Bin S. & Nahid Hasan, A. B. M. (2023). Suicide Stigma and Suicide Literacy among Bangladeshi Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14.
Joiner, T. E, Hom, M. A., Hagan, C. R. & Silva, C. (2016). Suicide as a Derangement of the Self-Sacrificial Aspect of Eusociality. Psychological Review, 123(3), 235-254.
Karakaya, M. (2018). Suicide in Plotinus Philosophy on the Axis of Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy. Beytulhikme Philosophy Circle, 8(1), 339-355. https://doi.org/10.18491/beytulhikme.446510
Kelly, C. & Dale, E. (2011). Ethical Perspectives on Suicide and Suicide Prevention. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 17(3), 214-219. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.109.007021
Khan, M. M. & Mian, A. I. (2010). The One Truly Serious Philosophical Problem’: Ethical Aspects of Suicide. International Review of Psychiatry, 22(3), 288-293.
Koeshe, N. (October 17, 2017). Traditional Healer Commits Suicide. Lesotho Times. https://lestimes.com/traditional-healer-commits-suicide/
Laskar, B. (2004). Suicide and the Absurd: The Influence of Jean-Paul Sartre’s and Albert Camus’s Existentialism on Stephen R. Donaldson’s The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant the Unbeliever. Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, 14(4), 409-426.
Lerotho Letsatsi. (June 19, 2019). Toddler, Mum Die Is Murder-Suicide Case. Public Eye. https://publiceyenews.com/toddler-mum-die-is-murder-suicide-case/
Madray, S. M. & Crystal. (2017). Morality of Suicide/Physician-Assisted Suicide. John Jay, 24.https://www.jjay.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/contentgroups/sasp/poster_gallery/poster03.pdf
Motsoeli, N. (August 4, 2020). NUL Student Commits Suicide. Lesotho Times. https://lestimes.com/nul-student-commits-suicide/
Mueller, A. S., Abrutyn, S. & Osborne, M. (2017). Durkheim’s ‘Suicide’ in the Zombie Apocalypse.American Sociological Association, 16(2), 44-49.
Mueller, A. S., Abrutyn, S., Pescosolido, B. & Diefendorf, S. (2021). The Social Roots of Suicide: Theorizing How the External Social World Matters to Suicide and Suicide Prevention. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621569
Osafo, J., Asante, K. & Akotia, C. (2020). Suicide Prevention in the African Region. Crisis, 41(1). https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/full/10.1027/0227-5910/a000668
Pajić, V. & Orešković, S. (2022). An Exploratory Analysis of Fifteen Years Suicide Trends Using Population-Level Data From Croatian Committed Suicides Registry. Frontiers in Public Health, 10,1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.857284
Pope, W. (1975). Durkheim as a Functionalist. The Sociological Quarterly, 16(3), 361-369. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4105747.pdf?casa_
token=jhz4lwMDDWsAAAAA:1gb7qQajRYyNnmtVt2B0ZvVYE6R123_6k9NFDJ-_iqgWwGkRjhDkXaCmpvElTQm-W7Ggo16SESe0meAL7MXuGZoSqGVh5tBhj_8XDMp
tu2ArfpJgUg
Power, P. J. R., Bell, R. J., Mills, R., Doig, T. H., Davern, M., Henry, L., Yuen, H. P., Khademy-
Deljo, A. & McGorry, P. D. (2003). Suicide Prevention in First Episode Psychosis: The Development of a Randomised Controlled Trial of Cognitive Therapy for Acutely Suicidal Patients with Early Psychosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37(4). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01209.x
Rabins, P. V. (2007). Can Suicide Be a Rational and Ethical Act in Persons with Early or Pre-Dementia? American Journal of Bioethics, 7(6), 47-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265160701347494
Roberts, M. & Lamont, E. (2014). Suicide: An Existentialist Reconceptualization. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21(10), 873-878. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12155
Şeker, A. (2019). Durkheim’in Sosyolojisinde İntihar Olgusu ve İntiharla Mücadelede Sosyal Hizmetin İşlevi. Mavi Atlas, 7(1), 90-110. https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.521331
Sharma, R. (2018). Crimininolgy and Penology. Surjeet Publications.
Shelile, M. (n.d.). Raising Mental Health Awaewness. Informative News. https://informativenews.co.ls/2023/07/26/raising-mental-health-awareness/
Shilubane, H. N., Er Bos, A., Ac Ruiter, R., Van Den Borne, B. & Reddy. (2015). High School Suicide in South Africa: Teachers’ Knowledge, Views and Training Needs Health Behavior, Health Promotion and Society. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1599-3
Stack, S. (2004). Emile Durkheim and Altruistic Suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 8(1), 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110490243741
Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Rogers, M. L., Hagan, C. R. & Joiner, T. E. (2015). Understanding Suicide among Older Adults: A Review of Psychological and Sociological Theories of Suicide. Aging and Mental Health, 20(2), 113-22.
Sussman, N. (2017). John Stuart Mill and the Status of Canadian Legislation Concerning Physician-Assisted Suicide [PDF File]. https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/about.illinoisstate.edu/dist/e/34/files/2019/09/NSussman-Critique-Submission-Final-Revised-Manuscript.pdf
Teixeira, A. (2023). Suicide in Lithuania: The consequences of te De-Sovietization Process inbetween 2000 and 2019 [Master´s Thesis, Malmo University]. https://mau.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1813760/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Varzgani, F., Tulu, B., Djamasbi, S., Frost, E. B., Wang, Z., Pietro, J., Boudreaux, E. & Larkin, C. (2021). Suicide Prevention through Smartphone Applications: A Systematic Review of Literature [27th Annual Americas Conference on Information Systems]. 9781733632584
Vijayakumar, L. (2010). Indian Research on Suicide. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(1), 291-296. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.69255
Walling, M. A. (2021). Suicide Contagion. Current Trauma Reports, 7(4), 103-114.
World Health Organization. (2023). Countries with the Highest Suicide Rates.
https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/suicide-rate-by-country
World Health Organization. (October 6, 2022). Reversing Suicide, Mental Health Crisis in Africa.
https://www.afro.who.int/news/reversing-suicide-mental-health-crisisafrica
World Health Organization. (n.d.). The Global Health Observation. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mental-health/suicide-rates
World Population Review. (2022). Lesotho Population 2022 (Live). https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/lesotho-population
Yüksek, D. (2021). Durkheim’s Theory of Suicide: A Study of Adolescents in Turkey. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 41(1), 7-25. https://doi.org/10.26650/sj.2021.41.1.0014
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