PDF (Español)
FLIP
Como Citar
Boggio-Vázquez, J. B. (2026). Más allá de la legalización: industria y regulación del cannabis en Uruguay y Canadá. Revista De Antropología Y Sociología : Virajes, 28(1), 89–110. https://doi.org/10.17151/rasv.2026.28.1.4
Fomatos de Citação
Autores
Resumo
Este artículo explora las diferencias fundamentales entre los modelos de legalización del cannabis recreativo en Uruguay y Canadá. A través de un enfoque comparativo basado en el institucionalismo histórico y la teoría del emprendimiento, se examina cómo las decisiones regulatorias reflejan perspectivas diversas sobre el papel del Estado, el mercado y la moral pública. Mientras que Uruguay estableció un sistema tutelar centrado en el control estatal, Canadá diseñó una industria regulada que permitió la expansión económica y la profesionalización del sector. La investigación demuestra que estas diferencias no solo afectan los resultados económicos, sino también la apropiación simbólica y cultural del cannabis como un producto legal. Este análisis ofrece lecciones clave para países que enfrentan dilemas similares, destacando que la legalización no es únicamente un cambio normativo, sino un proceso que moldea la relación entre ciudadanía y economía. Se empleó un análisis documental exhaustivo de datos oficiales, reportes sectoriales y publicaciones académicas. En contraste con estudios previos sobre Uruguay y Canadá, esta investigación aporta un marco comparativo sistematizado que permite conectar el diseño regulatorio con tipos específicos de emprendimiento y sus correspondientes impactos en el mercado y en las dimensiones simbólicas.
Referências
Access to Cannabis for Medical Purposes Regulations (SOR/2016-230). (2016). Justice Laws Website. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/sor-2016-230/
Aguiar, S., Coitiño, M., Lemos, F., y Musto, C. (2022). Marijuana in the Media During the Regulation Era in Uruguay, 2013-2017. En D. Corva, y J. S. Meisel (Eds.), Legalizing Cannabis: Experiences, Lessons and Scenarios (págs. 323–335). Routledge.
Baumol, W. J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: Productive, unproductive, and destructive. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 893-921.
Cárdenas-Ramírez, W. J., y Castellanos-Obregón, J. M. (2024). Los esquemas discursivos prohibicionistas y la re-producción de marcos de discriminación e injusticia en el colectivo juvenil CTM. Revista de Antropología y Sociología: Virajes, 26(1), 173–187. https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/flip/index.php?pdf=https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/virajes/article/download/8648/7039
Cornell, B., y Damodaran, A. (2020). The Big Market Delusion: Valuation and Investment Implications. Financial Analysts Journal, 76(2), 15–25. doi:10.1080/0015198X.2020.1730655
Cox, R. A., y Cheng, Q. (2021). The performance of Canadian listed cannabis equities: 1996-2020. International Business Research, 14(8), 17-25. doi:10.5539/ibr.v14n8p17
Cruz, J. M., Queirolo, R., y Boidi, M. F. (2016). Determinants of public support for marijuana legalization in Uruguay, the United States, and El Salvador. Journal of Drug Issues, 46(4),308-325. doi:10.1177/0022042616649005
Deloitte. (2016). Recreational Marijuana: Insights and Opportunities. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ca/Documents/Analytics/ca-en-analytics-DELOITTE%20Recreational%20Marijuana%20POV%20-%20ENGLISH%20FINAL_AODA.pdf
Deloitte. (2019, 31 de mayo). Nurturing new growth: Canada gets ready for Cannabis 2.0. https://www2.deloitte.com/ca/en/pages/consumer-industrial-products/articles/nurturingnew-growth.html?icid=cannabis2
Deloitte. (2021). An industry makes its mark: The economic and social impact of Canada’s cannabis sector. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ca/Documents/consumerbusiness/ca_cannabis_annual_report-en-aoda.pdf
DeVillaer, M. (2023). Buzz Kill: The Corporatization of Cannabis. Black Rose Books.
Foucault, M. (1975). Vigilar y castigar: nacimiento de la prisión (A. Garzón del camino, Trad.). Siglo XXI Editores.
Glaser, B. G., y Strauss, A. L. (2017). The he discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge.
Gonçalves, R., Lourenço, A., y Marreiros, H. (2025). Measuring drug policy evolution: A crosscountry analysis. International Journal of Drug Policy, 138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104750
Haberkorn, L. (2009). Whisky Ancap: una metáfora del desarrollo latinoamericano [Entrada de blog]. El Informante. https://leonardohaberkorn.blogspot.com/2009/06/whisky-ancap-unametafora-del.html
Haberkorn, L. (2013). Regulate Pot? Uruguay’s been there, with whisky. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/general-news-8801d5e89c3c404b878b9d7d9d97a50d
Hall, P. A., y Taylor, R. C. (1996). Political science and the three new institutionalisms. Political Studies, 44, 936-957. https://la.utexas.edu/users/chenry/core/Course%20Materials/Hall%26TaylorPolStuds/9705162186.pdf
Health Canada. (2021). Canadian Cannabis Survey 2021 – Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadiancannabis-survey-2021-summary.html
Health Canada. (s.f.). Cannabis licence holders. Government of Canada: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/industry-licensees-applicants/licensed-cultivators-processors-sellers.html
Hudak, J., Ramsey, G., y Walsh, J. (2018). Uruguay’s cannabis law: Pioneering a new paradigm. Brookings Institution: https://www.wola.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/gs_032118_Uruguays-cannabis-law_FINAL.pdf
IRCCA. (2023). Informe sobre el mercado regulado de cannabis en Uruguay. Instituto de Regulación y Control del Cannabis. https://ircca.gub.uy/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Informe-Mercado-Regulado-30.06.2023.pdf
Kingdon, J. W. (2011). Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (2a Ed.). Longman.
Mahamad, S., Wadsworth, E., Rynard, V., Goodman, S., y Hammond, D. (2020). Availability, retail price and potency of legal and illegal cannabis in Canada after recreational cannabis legalisation.Drug and Alcohol Review, 39(4), 337-346. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32291811/
Mangen, C., Paduano, A., Paduano, B., Hadzurik, J., Leggio, J., y Russo, K. (2020). Smoke and Mirrors? Disclosures in the Marijuana Industry in Canada. Account Perspect, 19 (3), 149-179.
Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations (SOR/2013-119). (2013). Justice Laws Website. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/sor-2013-119/
Müller Sienra, C., y Draper, G. (2017). Marihuana oficial: Crónica de un experimento uruguayo.Sudamericana.
Potter, A., y Weinstock, D. (2019). High Time: The Legalization and Regulation of Cannabis in Canada. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Queirolo, R. (2020). Uruguay: the first country to legalize cannabis. En T. Decorte, S. Lenton, y C.Wilkins (Eds.), Legalizing Cannabis (pp. 116-130). Routledge.
Queirolo, R., Boidi, M. F., y Cruz, J. M. (2016). cannabis clubs in Uruguay: The challenges of regulation. International Journal of Drug Policy, 34, 41-48. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.05.015
Statistics Canada. (2022). The cannabis industry in Canada – A snapshot. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2022076-eng.htm
Taylor, C. (2022). El multiculturalismo y “la política del reconocimiento”. Fondo de Cultura Económica. The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2023). Democracy Index. The Economist Group. https://www. eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2023/
Thelen, K. (1999). Historical institutionalism in comparative politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 2, 369-404.
Trajtenberg, N., y Menese, P. (2019). Self-control, differential association and the drug–crime link in Uruguay in the context of the legalization of Marijuana. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 46, 180-189.
Transparency International. (2023). Corruption Perceptions Index. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/202 3
Uruguay. (7 de enero de 2014). Ley n.º 19.172: Regulación y control del cannabis. Diario Oficial.https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/19172-2013
Wacquant, L. (2010). Castigar a los pobres: el gobierno neoliberal de la inseguridad social. Gedisa.
Walsh, J., y Ramsey, G. (2015). Uruguay’s Drug Policy: Major innovations, major challenges. Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Walsh-Uruguayfinal.pdf
Walsh, J., y Ramsey, G. (2016). Cannabis Regulation in Uruguay: An innovative law facing major challenges. Journal of Drug Policy Analysis, 11.
Wasisto, N. G., y Rainaputri, S. (2022). The efficiency of marijuana legalization: Uruguay versus Canada. Jurnal Sentris, 3(2), 104-117. https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/Sentris/article/view/6157
Weber, M. (2021). La política como profesión (J. Abellán García, Trad. y Ed.; 4.ª reimp.). Biblioteca Nueva. (Obra original publicada en 1919)
Yin, R. K. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. Sage Publications.
Aguiar, S., Coitiño, M., Lemos, F., y Musto, C. (2022). Marijuana in the Media During the Regulation Era in Uruguay, 2013-2017. En D. Corva, y J. S. Meisel (Eds.), Legalizing Cannabis: Experiences, Lessons and Scenarios (págs. 323–335). Routledge.
Baumol, W. J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: Productive, unproductive, and destructive. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 893-921.
Cárdenas-Ramírez, W. J., y Castellanos-Obregón, J. M. (2024). Los esquemas discursivos prohibicionistas y la re-producción de marcos de discriminación e injusticia en el colectivo juvenil CTM. Revista de Antropología y Sociología: Virajes, 26(1), 173–187. https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/flip/index.php?pdf=https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/virajes/article/download/8648/7039
Cornell, B., y Damodaran, A. (2020). The Big Market Delusion: Valuation and Investment Implications. Financial Analysts Journal, 76(2), 15–25. doi:10.1080/0015198X.2020.1730655
Cox, R. A., y Cheng, Q. (2021). The performance of Canadian listed cannabis equities: 1996-2020. International Business Research, 14(8), 17-25. doi:10.5539/ibr.v14n8p17
Cruz, J. M., Queirolo, R., y Boidi, M. F. (2016). Determinants of public support for marijuana legalization in Uruguay, the United States, and El Salvador. Journal of Drug Issues, 46(4),308-325. doi:10.1177/0022042616649005
Deloitte. (2016). Recreational Marijuana: Insights and Opportunities. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ca/Documents/Analytics/ca-en-analytics-DELOITTE%20Recreational%20Marijuana%20POV%20-%20ENGLISH%20FINAL_AODA.pdf
Deloitte. (2019, 31 de mayo). Nurturing new growth: Canada gets ready for Cannabis 2.0. https://www2.deloitte.com/ca/en/pages/consumer-industrial-products/articles/nurturingnew-growth.html?icid=cannabis2
Deloitte. (2021). An industry makes its mark: The economic and social impact of Canada’s cannabis sector. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ca/Documents/consumerbusiness/ca_cannabis_annual_report-en-aoda.pdf
DeVillaer, M. (2023). Buzz Kill: The Corporatization of Cannabis. Black Rose Books.
Foucault, M. (1975). Vigilar y castigar: nacimiento de la prisión (A. Garzón del camino, Trad.). Siglo XXI Editores.
Glaser, B. G., y Strauss, A. L. (2017). The he discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge.
Gonçalves, R., Lourenço, A., y Marreiros, H. (2025). Measuring drug policy evolution: A crosscountry analysis. International Journal of Drug Policy, 138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104750
Haberkorn, L. (2009). Whisky Ancap: una metáfora del desarrollo latinoamericano [Entrada de blog]. El Informante. https://leonardohaberkorn.blogspot.com/2009/06/whisky-ancap-unametafora-del.html
Haberkorn, L. (2013). Regulate Pot? Uruguay’s been there, with whisky. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/general-news-8801d5e89c3c404b878b9d7d9d97a50d
Hall, P. A., y Taylor, R. C. (1996). Political science and the three new institutionalisms. Political Studies, 44, 936-957. https://la.utexas.edu/users/chenry/core/Course%20Materials/Hall%26TaylorPolStuds/9705162186.pdf
Health Canada. (2021). Canadian Cannabis Survey 2021 – Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadiancannabis-survey-2021-summary.html
Health Canada. (s.f.). Cannabis licence holders. Government of Canada: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/industry-licensees-applicants/licensed-cultivators-processors-sellers.html
Hudak, J., Ramsey, G., y Walsh, J. (2018). Uruguay’s cannabis law: Pioneering a new paradigm. Brookings Institution: https://www.wola.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/gs_032118_Uruguays-cannabis-law_FINAL.pdf
IRCCA. (2023). Informe sobre el mercado regulado de cannabis en Uruguay. Instituto de Regulación y Control del Cannabis. https://ircca.gub.uy/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Informe-Mercado-Regulado-30.06.2023.pdf
Kingdon, J. W. (2011). Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (2a Ed.). Longman.
Mahamad, S., Wadsworth, E., Rynard, V., Goodman, S., y Hammond, D. (2020). Availability, retail price and potency of legal and illegal cannabis in Canada after recreational cannabis legalisation.Drug and Alcohol Review, 39(4), 337-346. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32291811/
Mangen, C., Paduano, A., Paduano, B., Hadzurik, J., Leggio, J., y Russo, K. (2020). Smoke and Mirrors? Disclosures in the Marijuana Industry in Canada. Account Perspect, 19 (3), 149-179.
Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations (SOR/2013-119). (2013). Justice Laws Website. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/sor-2013-119/
Müller Sienra, C., y Draper, G. (2017). Marihuana oficial: Crónica de un experimento uruguayo.Sudamericana.
Potter, A., y Weinstock, D. (2019). High Time: The Legalization and Regulation of Cannabis in Canada. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Queirolo, R. (2020). Uruguay: the first country to legalize cannabis. En T. Decorte, S. Lenton, y C.Wilkins (Eds.), Legalizing Cannabis (pp. 116-130). Routledge.
Queirolo, R., Boidi, M. F., y Cruz, J. M. (2016). cannabis clubs in Uruguay: The challenges of regulation. International Journal of Drug Policy, 34, 41-48. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.05.015
Statistics Canada. (2022). The cannabis industry in Canada – A snapshot. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2022076-eng.htm
Taylor, C. (2022). El multiculturalismo y “la política del reconocimiento”. Fondo de Cultura Económica. The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2023). Democracy Index. The Economist Group. https://www. eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2023/
Thelen, K. (1999). Historical institutionalism in comparative politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 2, 369-404.
Trajtenberg, N., y Menese, P. (2019). Self-control, differential association and the drug–crime link in Uruguay in the context of the legalization of Marijuana. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 46, 180-189.
Transparency International. (2023). Corruption Perceptions Index. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/202 3
Uruguay. (7 de enero de 2014). Ley n.º 19.172: Regulación y control del cannabis. Diario Oficial.https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/19172-2013
Wacquant, L. (2010). Castigar a los pobres: el gobierno neoliberal de la inseguridad social. Gedisa.
Walsh, J., y Ramsey, G. (2015). Uruguay’s Drug Policy: Major innovations, major challenges. Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Walsh-Uruguayfinal.pdf
Walsh, J., y Ramsey, G. (2016). Cannabis Regulation in Uruguay: An innovative law facing major challenges. Journal of Drug Policy Analysis, 11.
Wasisto, N. G., y Rainaputri, S. (2022). The efficiency of marijuana legalization: Uruguay versus Canada. Jurnal Sentris, 3(2), 104-117. https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/Sentris/article/view/6157
Weber, M. (2021). La política como profesión (J. Abellán García, Trad. y Ed.; 4.ª reimp.). Biblioteca Nueva. (Obra original publicada en 1919)
Yin, R. K. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. Sage Publications.
Downloads
Não há dados estatísticos.
