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Marulanda López, J. E., Delgado Arias, L. M., & Betancur Pérez, J. F. (2026). Entre temores y esperanzas: percepciones sociales sobre la energía nuclear. Un scoping review. Luna Azul, (62), 292–314. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2025.62.16
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la energía nuclear genera percepciones sociales ambivalentes, marcadas por temores relacionados con riesgos ambientales y seguridad, y esperanzas vinculadas a su potencial como fuente energética limpia y eficiente. Objetivo: buscar la evidencia global sobre percepciones sociales de la energía nuclear con el fin de identificar narrativas dominantes, factores que influyen en la aceptación o rechazo y oportunidades de intervención comunicativa para fortalecer la gobernanza y la transición energética con legitimidad social. Metodología: se realizó un Scoping review de literatura publicada entre enero de 2020 y diciembre de 2024. Se llevaron a cabo búsquedas sistemáticas en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo y Redalyc. Se aplicó la metodología PRISMA para realizar las revisiones de alcance. Los resultados se sistematizaron en el programa Tree of Science. 37 estudios cumplieron criterios de inclusión. Se extrajeron país, diseño, población y hallazgos, y se realizó la síntesis temática. Resultados: los estudios revisados convergen en tres ejes. (1) Narrativas: la percepción pública de lo nuclear oscila entre el riesgo (accidentes y desconfianza histórica) y la promesa (bajas emisiones para la transición energética). (2) Factores de aceptación/rechazo: ideología política, valores ambientales, género, edad, proximidad, justicia percibida, beneficios colectivos y, sobre todo, confianza institucional determinan actitudes y resistencias. (3) Educación y comunicación del riesgo: mayor alfabetización técnica y estrategias transparentes, locales y participativas reducen ansiedad y mitos. Conclusiones: la aceptación de la energía nuclear es un fenómeno socio-técnico indecidible sólo con métricas técnicas: depende de confianza, equidad y gestión transparente del riesgo. Se recomienda comunicación bidireccional y segmentada, estrategias de justicia procedimental/distributiva en decisiones sobre residuos y emplazamientos, programas educativos basados en evidencia que aborden problemas específicos y participación temprana de comunidades en el diseño de proyectos.
Citas
Alvarado Cartaya, J. O., Contreras Izquierdo, M. A., González Montoto, I., Perera Pérez, M., Aguilar Núñez, A., Rivero Blanco, J. M., Rodríguez Cardona, R., Alonso González, I. M., García Medina, D. M., y González Solazábal, O. (2007). Actitudes de la población cubana hacia las técnicas nucleares. Nucleus, (42), 7–15. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-084X2007000200002
Bari, A., Garg, T. P., Wu, Y., Singh, S., y Nagel, D. (2024). Exploring artificial intelligence techniques to research low energy nuclear reactions. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 7, 1401782. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1401782
Bistline, J., Bragg-Sitton, S., Cole, W., Dixon, B., Eschmann, E., Ho, J., Kwon, A., Martin, L., Murphy, C., Namovicz, C., y Sowder, A. (2023). Modeling nuclear energy's future role in decarbonized energy systems. iScience, 26(2), 105952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.105952
Bongomin, O., y Nziu, P. (2022). A critical review on the development and utilization of energy systems in Uganda. The Scientific World Journal. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2599467
Fernández, P., Cuevas, A., y Vergara, D. (2021). Controversia nuclear en España: la central de Lemóniz. Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad (CTS), 16(46), 199–218. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=92468651009
Fontolan, A. F., y Daruich de Souza, C. (2022). Assessment of public perception of radioactivity in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences, 10(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.15392/2319-0612.2022.2095
García-Vinuesa, A., Bello Benavides, L. O., y Iglesias da Cunha, M. L. (2020). Desigualdades de género en la educación para el cambio climático. Estudio de caso: México y España. Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa, 25(87), 1013–1041. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=14065615009
Golgovici, F., Tudose, A. E., Diniasi, D., Nartita, R., Fulger, M., y Demetrescu, I. (2023). Aspects of applied chemistry related to future goals of safety and efficiency in materials development for nuclear energy. Molecules, 28(2), 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020874
Guo, J., Xuan, Z., Lei, C., Zheng, T., Lai, Z., Hao, X., Yu, S., y Cao, Y. (2025). Radiation knowledge and anxiety levels among residents in proximity to the world's first AP1000 nuclear power unit. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1532278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1532278
Hande, V., Orita, M., Matsunaga, H., Kashiwazaki, Y., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2023). Comparison of quality of life between elderly and non-elderly adult residents in Okuma town, Japan, in a post-disaster setting. PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0281678. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281678
Hande, V., Orita, M., Matsunaga, H., Kashiwazaki, Y., Xiao, X., Schneider, T., Lochard, J., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2023). Thoughts, perceptions and concerns of coastal residents regarding the discharge of tritium-containing treated water from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 2436. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17349-1
Hande, V., Prathaban, K., y Hande, M. P. (2022). Educational dialogue on public perception of nuclear radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 98(2), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2022.2009147
Herrera-Masurel, A., Altay, S., y Mercier, H. (2023). Does nuclear energy produce neodymium? Negative perception of nuclear energy drives the assumption that it is polluting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 29(3), 572–583. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000477
Hirai, K., Yamamura, A., Matsumura, Y., Miura, A., Yagi, E., Fujino, R., Tsubokura, M., y Ohtaka, F. (2024). Segmentation of the general public according to differences in knowledge and beliefs about radiation: Cluster analysis by attitude, knowledge, belief and anxiety. Journal of Radiation Research, 65(Suppl. 1), i42–i51. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrae030
Ho, S. S., Chuah, A. S. F., Kim, N., y Tandoc, E. C., Jr. (2022). Fake news, real risks: How online discussion and sources of fact-check influence public risk perceptions toward nuclear energy. Risk Analysis, 42(11), 2569–2583. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13980
Im, D. H., Chung, J. B., Kim, E. S., & Moon, J. W. (2021). Public perception of geothermal power plants in Korea following the Pohang earthquake: A social representation theory study. Public Understanding of Science, 30(6), 724–739. https://doi.org/10.1177/09636625211012551
Kim, B. J., Kim, S., y Kim, S. (2020). Searching for new directions for energy policy: Testing three causal models of risk perception, attitude, and behavior in nuclear energy context. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207403
Kim, B. J., Kim, S., Kang, Y., y Kim, S. (2022). Searching for the new behavioral model in energy transition age: Analyzing the forward and reverse causal relationships between belief, attitude, and behavior in nuclear policy across countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6772. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116772
Kim, J. H., Im, J. H., y Yoo, S. H. (2024). The public perspective on renewable energy versus nuclear power for carbon neutrality in South Korea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(1), 1356–1367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30725-z
Kim, J. H., Park, J. H., y Yoo, S. H. (2020). Public preference toward an energy transition policy: The case of South Korea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(36), 45965–45973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11169-1
Kobayashi, K., y Alam, S. B. (2024). Deep neural operator-driven real-time inference to enable digital twin solutions for nuclear energy systems. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 2101. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51984-x
Kvashnina, K., Claret, F., Clavier, N., Levitskaia, T. G., Wainwright, H., y Yao, T. (2024). Long-term, sustainable solutions to radioactive waste management. Scientific Reports, 14(5907). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55911-y
Liu, M., Matsunaga, H., Orita, M., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2022). Risk perception of genetic effects and mental health among residents of Kawauchi village, 10 years after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Journal of Radiation Research, 63(2), 261–263. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrab108
Mahmood, H. (2022). Nuclear energy transition and CO₂ emissions nexus in 28 nuclear electricity-producing countries with different income levels. PeerJ, 10, e13780. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13780
Matsunaga, H., Kashiwazaki, Y., Orita, M., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2022). Risk perception of internal and external radiation exposure among administration staff affected by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 248, 106869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106869
Matsunaga, H., Orita, M., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2021). Risk perception of the pre-distribution of stable iodine to guardians of children living around the Genkai Nuclear Power Plant, Saga Prefecture, Japan. PLOS ONE, 16(5), e0250570. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250570
Matsunaga, H., Orita, M., Taira, Y., Kudo, T., Kondo, H., Yamashita, S., y Takamura, N. (2022). Intention to return and perception of the health risk due to radiation exposure among residents in Tomioka Town, Fukushima Prefecture, stratified by gender and generation. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 16(1), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.319
Matsunaga, H., Xiao, X., Hande, V., Orita, M., Kashiwazaki, Y., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2023). Frequency of visits to Tomioka town and related factors among evacuees more than a decade after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Journal of Radiation Research, 64(3), 530–537. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrad018
Nakayama, H.-D., Rodríguez-Alcalá, A., Samudio-Oggero, A., y Mussi, C.-E. (2017). Percepción pública acerca de la tecnología nuclear. Población y Desarrollo, 23(44), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.18004/pdfce/2076-054x/2017.023(44)016-026
Oishi, K., Orita, M., Taira, Y., Kashiwazaki, Y., Matsunaga, H., y Takamura, N. (2021). Risk perception of health risks associated with radiation exposure among residents of Okuma, Fukushima Prefecture. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413208
Park, E. (2021). Social acceptance of renewable energy technologies in the post-Fukushima era. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 612090. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.612090
Peters, E. J., Hackerott, C. S., y Jia, W. (2021). Exploring a model nuclear planning and response program: Evaluating public awareness of written risk and emergency. Journal of Emergency Management, 19(6), 541–559. https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.0562
Piaz, A. G. (2020a). Riesgo, tecnología nuclear y resistencia en Formosa, Argentina: La controversia en torno al proyecto CAREM y la NPUO₂. Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad – CTS, 15(43), 109–136. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=92463087007
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Bari, A., Garg, T. P., Wu, Y., Singh, S., y Nagel, D. (2024). Exploring artificial intelligence techniques to research low energy nuclear reactions. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 7, 1401782. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1401782
Bistline, J., Bragg-Sitton, S., Cole, W., Dixon, B., Eschmann, E., Ho, J., Kwon, A., Martin, L., Murphy, C., Namovicz, C., y Sowder, A. (2023). Modeling nuclear energy's future role in decarbonized energy systems. iScience, 26(2), 105952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.105952
Bongomin, O., y Nziu, P. (2022). A critical review on the development and utilization of energy systems in Uganda. The Scientific World Journal. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2599467
Fernández, P., Cuevas, A., y Vergara, D. (2021). Controversia nuclear en España: la central de Lemóniz. Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad (CTS), 16(46), 199–218. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=92468651009
Fontolan, A. F., y Daruich de Souza, C. (2022). Assessment of public perception of radioactivity in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences, 10(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.15392/2319-0612.2022.2095
García-Vinuesa, A., Bello Benavides, L. O., y Iglesias da Cunha, M. L. (2020). Desigualdades de género en la educación para el cambio climático. Estudio de caso: México y España. Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa, 25(87), 1013–1041. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=14065615009
Golgovici, F., Tudose, A. E., Diniasi, D., Nartita, R., Fulger, M., y Demetrescu, I. (2023). Aspects of applied chemistry related to future goals of safety and efficiency in materials development for nuclear energy. Molecules, 28(2), 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020874
Guo, J., Xuan, Z., Lei, C., Zheng, T., Lai, Z., Hao, X., Yu, S., y Cao, Y. (2025). Radiation knowledge and anxiety levels among residents in proximity to the world's first AP1000 nuclear power unit. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1532278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1532278
Hande, V., Orita, M., Matsunaga, H., Kashiwazaki, Y., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2023). Comparison of quality of life between elderly and non-elderly adult residents in Okuma town, Japan, in a post-disaster setting. PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0281678. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281678
Hande, V., Orita, M., Matsunaga, H., Kashiwazaki, Y., Xiao, X., Schneider, T., Lochard, J., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2023). Thoughts, perceptions and concerns of coastal residents regarding the discharge of tritium-containing treated water from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 2436. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17349-1
Hande, V., Prathaban, K., y Hande, M. P. (2022). Educational dialogue on public perception of nuclear radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 98(2), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2022.2009147
Herrera-Masurel, A., Altay, S., y Mercier, H. (2023). Does nuclear energy produce neodymium? Negative perception of nuclear energy drives the assumption that it is polluting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 29(3), 572–583. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000477
Hirai, K., Yamamura, A., Matsumura, Y., Miura, A., Yagi, E., Fujino, R., Tsubokura, M., y Ohtaka, F. (2024). Segmentation of the general public according to differences in knowledge and beliefs about radiation: Cluster analysis by attitude, knowledge, belief and anxiety. Journal of Radiation Research, 65(Suppl. 1), i42–i51. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrae030
Ho, S. S., Chuah, A. S. F., Kim, N., y Tandoc, E. C., Jr. (2022). Fake news, real risks: How online discussion and sources of fact-check influence public risk perceptions toward nuclear energy. Risk Analysis, 42(11), 2569–2583. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13980
Im, D. H., Chung, J. B., Kim, E. S., & Moon, J. W. (2021). Public perception of geothermal power plants in Korea following the Pohang earthquake: A social representation theory study. Public Understanding of Science, 30(6), 724–739. https://doi.org/10.1177/09636625211012551
Kim, B. J., Kim, S., y Kim, S. (2020). Searching for new directions for energy policy: Testing three causal models of risk perception, attitude, and behavior in nuclear energy context. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207403
Kim, B. J., Kim, S., Kang, Y., y Kim, S. (2022). Searching for the new behavioral model in energy transition age: Analyzing the forward and reverse causal relationships between belief, attitude, and behavior in nuclear policy across countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6772. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116772
Kim, J. H., Im, J. H., y Yoo, S. H. (2024). The public perspective on renewable energy versus nuclear power for carbon neutrality in South Korea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(1), 1356–1367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30725-z
Kim, J. H., Park, J. H., y Yoo, S. H. (2020). Public preference toward an energy transition policy: The case of South Korea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(36), 45965–45973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11169-1
Kobayashi, K., y Alam, S. B. (2024). Deep neural operator-driven real-time inference to enable digital twin solutions for nuclear energy systems. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 2101. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51984-x
Kvashnina, K., Claret, F., Clavier, N., Levitskaia, T. G., Wainwright, H., y Yao, T. (2024). Long-term, sustainable solutions to radioactive waste management. Scientific Reports, 14(5907). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55911-y
Liu, M., Matsunaga, H., Orita, M., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2022). Risk perception of genetic effects and mental health among residents of Kawauchi village, 10 years after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Journal of Radiation Research, 63(2), 261–263. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrab108
Mahmood, H. (2022). Nuclear energy transition and CO₂ emissions nexus in 28 nuclear electricity-producing countries with different income levels. PeerJ, 10, e13780. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13780
Matsunaga, H., Kashiwazaki, Y., Orita, M., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2022). Risk perception of internal and external radiation exposure among administration staff affected by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 248, 106869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106869
Matsunaga, H., Orita, M., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2021). Risk perception of the pre-distribution of stable iodine to guardians of children living around the Genkai Nuclear Power Plant, Saga Prefecture, Japan. PLOS ONE, 16(5), e0250570. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250570
Matsunaga, H., Orita, M., Taira, Y., Kudo, T., Kondo, H., Yamashita, S., y Takamura, N. (2022). Intention to return and perception of the health risk due to radiation exposure among residents in Tomioka Town, Fukushima Prefecture, stratified by gender and generation. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 16(1), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.319
Matsunaga, H., Xiao, X., Hande, V., Orita, M., Kashiwazaki, Y., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2023). Frequency of visits to Tomioka town and related factors among evacuees more than a decade after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Journal of Radiation Research, 64(3), 530–537. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrad018
Nakayama, H.-D., Rodríguez-Alcalá, A., Samudio-Oggero, A., y Mussi, C.-E. (2017). Percepción pública acerca de la tecnología nuclear. Población y Desarrollo, 23(44), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.18004/pdfce/2076-054x/2017.023(44)016-026
Oishi, K., Orita, M., Taira, Y., Kashiwazaki, Y., Matsunaga, H., y Takamura, N. (2021). Risk perception of health risks associated with radiation exposure among residents of Okuma, Fukushima Prefecture. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413208
Park, E. (2021). Social acceptance of renewable energy technologies in the post-Fukushima era. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 612090. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.612090
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