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Marulanda López, J. E., Delgado Arias, L. M., & Betancur Pérez, J. F. (2026). Between fears and hopes: social perceptions of nuclear energy. A scoping review. Luna Azul, (62), 292–314. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2025.62.16
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Abstract
Introduction: Nuclear energy elicits ambivalent social perceptions, marked by fears related to environmental risks and safety, and hopes linked to its potential as a clean and efficient energy source. Objective: To search for global evidence on social perceptions of nuclear energy in order to identify dominant narratives, factors influencing acceptance or rejection, and opportunities for communicative intervention to strengthen governance and the energy transition with social legitimacy. Methodology: A scoping review was conducted of literature published between January 2020 and December 2024. Systematic searches were conducted in the PubMed, Scielo, and Redalyc databases. The PRISMA methodology was applied to conduct the scoping reviews. The results were systematized using the Tree of Science software. Thirty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Country, study design, population, and findings were extracted, and a thematic synthesis was performed. Results: The reviewed studies converge on three main themes. (1) Narratives: public perception of nuclear energy oscillates between risk (accidents and historical mistrust) and promise (low emissions for the energy transition). (2) Factors of acceptance/rejection: political ideology, environmental values, gender, age, proximity, perceived justice, collective benefits, and, above all, institutional trust determine attitudes and resistance. (3) Risk education and communication: greater technical literacy and transparent, local, and participatory strategies reduce anxiety and dispel myths. Conclusions: the acceptance of nuclear energy is a socio-technical phenomenon that cannot be determined solely by technical metrics: it depends on trust, equity, and transparent risk management. We recommend two-way and segmented communication, procedural/distributive justice strategies in decisions regarding waste and siting, evidence-based educational programs that address specific issues, and early community participation in project design.
References
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Bistline, J., Bragg-Sitton, S., Cole, W., Dixon, B., Eschmann, E., Ho, J., Kwon, A., Martin, L., Murphy, C., Namovicz, C., y Sowder, A. (2023). Modeling nuclear energy's future role in decarbonized energy systems. iScience, 26(2), 105952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.105952
Bongomin, O., y Nziu, P. (2022). A critical review on the development and utilization of energy systems in Uganda. The Scientific World Journal. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2599467
Fernández, P., Cuevas, A., y Vergara, D. (2021). Controversia nuclear en España: la central de Lemóniz. Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad (CTS), 16(46), 199–218. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=92468651009
Fontolan, A. F., y Daruich de Souza, C. (2022). Assessment of public perception of radioactivity in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences, 10(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.15392/2319-0612.2022.2095
García-Vinuesa, A., Bello Benavides, L. O., y Iglesias da Cunha, M. L. (2020). Desigualdades de género en la educación para el cambio climático. Estudio de caso: México y España. Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa, 25(87), 1013–1041. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=14065615009
Golgovici, F., Tudose, A. E., Diniasi, D., Nartita, R., Fulger, M., y Demetrescu, I. (2023). Aspects of applied chemistry related to future goals of safety and efficiency in materials development for nuclear energy. Molecules, 28(2), 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020874
Guo, J., Xuan, Z., Lei, C., Zheng, T., Lai, Z., Hao, X., Yu, S., y Cao, Y. (2025). Radiation knowledge and anxiety levels among residents in proximity to the world's first AP1000 nuclear power unit. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1532278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1532278
Hande, V., Orita, M., Matsunaga, H., Kashiwazaki, Y., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2023). Comparison of quality of life between elderly and non-elderly adult residents in Okuma town, Japan, in a post-disaster setting. PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0281678. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281678
Hande, V., Orita, M., Matsunaga, H., Kashiwazaki, Y., Xiao, X., Schneider, T., Lochard, J., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2023). Thoughts, perceptions and concerns of coastal residents regarding the discharge of tritium-containing treated water from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 2436. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17349-1
Hande, V., Prathaban, K., y Hande, M. P. (2022). Educational dialogue on public perception of nuclear radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 98(2), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2022.2009147
Herrera-Masurel, A., Altay, S., y Mercier, H. (2023). Does nuclear energy produce neodymium? Negative perception of nuclear energy drives the assumption that it is polluting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 29(3), 572–583. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000477
Hirai, K., Yamamura, A., Matsumura, Y., Miura, A., Yagi, E., Fujino, R., Tsubokura, M., y Ohtaka, F. (2024). Segmentation of the general public according to differences in knowledge and beliefs about radiation: Cluster analysis by attitude, knowledge, belief and anxiety. Journal of Radiation Research, 65(Suppl. 1), i42–i51. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrae030
Ho, S. S., Chuah, A. S. F., Kim, N., y Tandoc, E. C., Jr. (2022). Fake news, real risks: How online discussion and sources of fact-check influence public risk perceptions toward nuclear energy. Risk Analysis, 42(11), 2569–2583. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13980
Im, D. H., Chung, J. B., Kim, E. S., & Moon, J. W. (2021). Public perception of geothermal power plants in Korea following the Pohang earthquake: A social representation theory study. Public Understanding of Science, 30(6), 724–739. https://doi.org/10.1177/09636625211012551
Kim, B. J., Kim, S., y Kim, S. (2020). Searching for new directions for energy policy: Testing three causal models of risk perception, attitude, and behavior in nuclear energy context. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207403
Kim, B. J., Kim, S., Kang, Y., y Kim, S. (2022). Searching for the new behavioral model in energy transition age: Analyzing the forward and reverse causal relationships between belief, attitude, and behavior in nuclear policy across countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6772. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116772
Kim, J. H., Im, J. H., y Yoo, S. H. (2024). The public perspective on renewable energy versus nuclear power for carbon neutrality in South Korea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(1), 1356–1367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30725-z
Kim, J. H., Park, J. H., y Yoo, S. H. (2020). Public preference toward an energy transition policy: The case of South Korea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(36), 45965–45973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11169-1
Kobayashi, K., y Alam, S. B. (2024). Deep neural operator-driven real-time inference to enable digital twin solutions for nuclear energy systems. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 2101. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51984-x
Kvashnina, K., Claret, F., Clavier, N., Levitskaia, T. G., Wainwright, H., y Yao, T. (2024). Long-term, sustainable solutions to radioactive waste management. Scientific Reports, 14(5907). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55911-y
Liu, M., Matsunaga, H., Orita, M., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2022). Risk perception of genetic effects and mental health among residents of Kawauchi village, 10 years after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Journal of Radiation Research, 63(2), 261–263. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrab108
Mahmood, H. (2022). Nuclear energy transition and CO₂ emissions nexus in 28 nuclear electricity-producing countries with different income levels. PeerJ, 10, e13780. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13780
Matsunaga, H., Kashiwazaki, Y., Orita, M., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2022). Risk perception of internal and external radiation exposure among administration staff affected by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 248, 106869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.106869
Matsunaga, H., Orita, M., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2021). Risk perception of the pre-distribution of stable iodine to guardians of children living around the Genkai Nuclear Power Plant, Saga Prefecture, Japan. PLOS ONE, 16(5), e0250570. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250570
Matsunaga, H., Orita, M., Taira, Y., Kudo, T., Kondo, H., Yamashita, S., y Takamura, N. (2022). Intention to return and perception of the health risk due to radiation exposure among residents in Tomioka Town, Fukushima Prefecture, stratified by gender and generation. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 16(1), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.319
Matsunaga, H., Xiao, X., Hande, V., Orita, M., Kashiwazaki, Y., Taira, Y., y Takamura, N. (2023). Frequency of visits to Tomioka town and related factors among evacuees more than a decade after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Journal of Radiation Research, 64(3), 530–537. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrad018
Nakayama, H.-D., Rodríguez-Alcalá, A., Samudio-Oggero, A., y Mussi, C.-E. (2017). Percepción pública acerca de la tecnología nuclear. Población y Desarrollo, 23(44), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.18004/pdfce/2076-054x/2017.023(44)016-026
Oishi, K., Orita, M., Taira, Y., Kashiwazaki, Y., Matsunaga, H., y Takamura, N. (2021). Risk perception of health risks associated with radiation exposure among residents of Okuma, Fukushima Prefecture. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413208
Park, E. (2021). Social acceptance of renewable energy technologies in the post-Fukushima era. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 612090. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.612090
Peters, E. J., Hackerott, C. S., y Jia, W. (2021). Exploring a model nuclear planning and response program: Evaluating public awareness of written risk and emergency. Journal of Emergency Management, 19(6), 541–559. https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.0562
Piaz, A. G. (2020a). Riesgo, tecnología nuclear y resistencia en Formosa, Argentina: La controversia en torno al proyecto CAREM y la NPUO₂. Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad – CTS, 15(43), 109–136. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=92463087007
Piaz, A. G. (2020b). Controversias por la producción de nucleoelectricidad en México. PAAKAT: Revista de Tecnología y Sociedad, 10(18), e427. https://doi.org/10.32870/pk.a10n18.427
Richards, L. M. (2022). 1945–1964 WHO's right to health? NTM, 30(2), 137–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00048-022-00333-y
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