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Aroca-Molina, L., Martínez-Dueñas, W. A., & Perafán-Ledezma, A. L. (2026). Beekeeping in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia: Entanglements, Transformations, and More-than-Human Becoming-with. Luna Azul, (63), 7–34. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2026.63.2
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Abstract
Sustainable development interventions in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), Colombia, have fostered distinctive relationships between beekeepers and bees. Drawing on the anthropology of nature(s), the anthropology of development, science and technology studies, and multispecies ethnography, we conducted ethnographic research between 2019 and 2024 using archival research, semi-structured interviews, and participation. By reconstructing the history of beekeeping in the SNSM alongside broader processes of territorialization, we identified a reciprocal learning process through which both beekeepers and bees shape one another's practices. These interactions cultivate forms of reciprocity and mutual recognition that extend beyond the human–bee relationship to include the diverse beings inhabiting coffee plantations and surrounding forests. Our findings reveal the emergence of more-than-human relationships that exceed purely economic or market-oriented logics and are instead sustained through practices of care and mutual learning. Beekeepers describe learning apicultural skills from the bees themselves, while the bees gradually come to recognize and respond to their human companions. This reveals a more-than-human and pluriversal ethic in which local communities are not merely users of development interventions, and bees and other-than-human beings are not merely resources. Rather, they are subjects who communicate and participate, thereby making possible multiple forms of existence and relationality.
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Ginn, F. (2024). More-than-Human ethics. In A. Franklin (ed.), The Routledge International Handbook of More-than-human Studies, (pp. 420–430). Taylor & Francis.
Hafen, S. (2012). Listening with the third eye. A phenomenological ethnography of animal communicators. In E. Plec (ed.), Perspectives on Human-Animal Communication, (pp. 185–206). Routledge.
Haraway, D. (2016). Staying with the trouble: making kin in the Chthulucene. Duke University Press.
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Ingold, T. (ed.). (1988). What is an animal? Routledge.
Jaramillo, C. (2001). Liberalization, crisis and change: Colombian Agriculture in the 1990s. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 49(4), 821–846. https://doi.org/10.1086/452526
Jhagroe, S. (2024). Fences, seeds and bees: The more-than-human politics of community gardening in Rotterdam. Urban Studies, 61(8), 1488–1507. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231208830
Kirksey, S. E., & Helmreich, S. (2010). The emergence of multispecies ethnography. Cultural Anthropology, 25(4), 545–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2010.01069.x
Kulick, D. (2017). Human-Animal Communication. Annual Review of Anthropology, 46, 357–378. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041723
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social. An introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford University Press.
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Lien, M. & Pálsson, G. (2021). Ethnography beyond the human: The ‘Other-than-human’ in Ethnographic Work. Ethnos, 86(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2019.1628796
Locke, P. & Muenster, U. (2015). Multispecies Ethnography. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199766567-0130
Luggauer, E., & Ferdinand. (2025). Fieldwork on six legs: Ethnography as multispecies experimental collaboration. The February Journal, 5, 40–63. https://doi.org/10.60633/tfj.i05.115
Maderson, S. & Elsner‐Adams, E. (2024). Beekeeping, stewardship and multispecies care in rural contexts. Sociologia Ruralis, 64(2), 202–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12457
Maderson, S. & Wynne-Jones, S. (2016). Beekeepers’ knowledges and participation in pollinator conservation policy. Journal of Rural Studies, 45, 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.02.015
Madrid, M. (2007). Guardabosques que producen café y miel en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Sembramos y ahora recogemos: como familias guardabosques. Estudios de casos, (pp. 39–66). Acción Social & UNODC.
Martínez-Dueñas, W. A. & Perafán-Ledezma, A. L. (2017). Thinking Conservation from Multinaturalism in an Indigenous Locality of the Colombian Andes. Universitas Humanística, (84), 77-107. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javerianauh-84.pcml
McLauchlan, L. (2021). Multispecies Ethnography. In M. Roscher, A. Krebber & B. Mizelle (eds.), Handbook of Historical Animal Studies, (pp. 393–408). De Gruyter Oldenbourg, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110536553-030
Meloni, G. (2025a). Queen rearing in Sardinia. A visual ethnography of beekeeping. Antropologia pubblica, 12 (2), 245–267. https://doi.org/10.7413/2531-8799062
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