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Fecha Publicación: 2005-12-23
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Pérez Cárdenas, J. E. (2005). Aspectos actuales sobre las dermatofitosis y sus agentes etiológicos. Biosalud, 4, 105–121. Recuperado a partir de https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/5864
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Las lesiones por dermatofitos se han considerado como unas de las patologías más frecuentes de la piel; las manifestaciones clínicas por este grupo de hongos se asocian con: la capacidad que tienen de utilizar la queratina, el tipo de moléculas producidas que generan más o menos inflamación y el grado de inmunosupresión selectiva que pueden inducir y que permiten que algunos de estos hongos puedan permanecer en el estrato córneo de la piel produciendo manifestaciones crónicas o eventualmente ninguna sintomatología directa, pero sí reacciones de hipersensibilidad como las dermatofitides. En un intento por comprender los mecanismos de patogenicidad y la epidemiología de las dermatofitosis se pretende hacer una revisión de las características ecológicas, los factores de virulencia, la epidemiología, los factores predisponentes y lo nuevo que hasta el momento existe en la literatura para el tratamiento de este tipo de enfermedades.
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al-SOGAIR, S.M; MOAWAD, M.K; al-HUMAIDAN, Y.M. Fungal infections a cause of skin disease in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia: tinea pedis and tinea manum. Mycoses, 1991. 34:339-344
AUGER, P; MARQUIS, G; JOLY, J; ATTYE, A. Epidemiology of tinea pedis in marathon runners: prevalence of occult athlete’s foot. Mycoses, 1993. 36:35-41.
BROUTA, F; DESCAMPS, F; MONOD, M; VERMOUT, S; LOSSON, B; MIGNON, B. Secreted metalloproteases gene family of Microsporum canis. Infect Immun, 2002. 70:5676-5683.
BUITRAGO, G.E. Dermatomicosis en la población de Manizales. Biomédica, 1994. 14:77-84
CASAL, M; LINARES, M.J; FERNÁNDEZ, J.C; SOLIS, F. Dermatofitos y dermatofitosis en Córdoba (España): Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1991. 9:491-494.
CHENG, S; CHONG, L. A prospective epidemiological study on tinea pedis and onychomycosis in Hong Kong. Chin. Med. J., 2002. 115:860-865.
CHOWDHURY, B; ADAK, M; BOSE, S.K. Flurbiprofen, a unique nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with antimicrobial activity against Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton species. Lett Appl Microbiol, 2003. 37:158-161.
CONANT, MA. The AIDS epidemic. J. Am. Dermatol., 1994. 3:S47-50.
DAHL, M.V. Suppression of immunity and inflammation by products produced by dermatophytes. J Am. Acad. Dermatol, 1993. 28:S19-S23.
DAHL, M.V; GRANDO, S.A. Chronic dermatophytosis: What is special about Trichophyton rubrum? Adv Dermatol., 1994a. 9:97-111.
DAHL, M.V. Dermatophytosis and the immune response. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1994b. 31:S34-41.
DARKES, M.J; SCOTT, L,J; GOA, K.L. Terbinafine: A review of its use in onychomycosis in adults. Am J Dermatol, 2003. 4:39-65
DESCAMPS, F; BROUTA, F; MONOD, M; ZAUGG, C; BAAR, D; LOSSON, B; MIGNON, B. isolation of a microsporum canis gene family encoding three subtilisin-like proteases expressed in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2002. 119:830-835.
Di SILVERIO, A; BRAZZELLI, V; BRANDOZZI, G; BARBARINI, G; MACCABRUNI, A; SACCHI, S. Prevalence of dermatophytes and yeast (Candida spp., Malassezia furfur) in HIV patients. A study of former drug addicts. Mycopathologia, 1991. 114:103-107.
ESCOBAR, M.L.; GUZMAN, G; OROZCO, B; SANTAMARIA, L; VÉLEZ, H; DIAZ, F; LÓPEZ, A. Dermatomicosis en areneros del río Medellín. Acta Med. Col., 1988. 13:22-28
ESCOBAR, M.L.; VÉLEZ, H; SANTAMARIA, L; GUZMAN, G; RESTREPO, B; CEBALLOS, G; DIAZ, F. Dermatomicosis y onicomicosis en estudiantes de una escuela de policía. IATREIA, 1989. 2:29-36.
ESCOBAR, M.L; ORTEGA, MC Dermatomicosis. Análisis de 1044 lesiones diagnosticadas en 1988-1989. IATREIA, 1990. 3:80-84.
GARG, AP; MULLER, J. Inhibition of growth of dermatophytes by indian hair oils. Mycoses, 1992. 35:363-369.
GOETTMANN-BONVALLOT, S. Variétés cliniques des onychomycoses. Ann Dermatol Venereol, 2003. 130:1237-1243.
GONZALEZ de P, P.L.; ALVAREZ, M.I. Dermatofitosis en el hospital universitario del Valle. Col. Med, 1991. 22:61-63.
GUIGUEMDE, TR; TAPSOBA, GP; PARE, JL; SAWADOGO, ON. Preliminary data on dermatomicoses in Ougadougou (Burkina Fasso). Med Trop., 1992. 52:151-155.
GULEC, A.T; DEMIRBILEK, M; SECKIN, D; CAN, F; SARAY, Y; SARIFAKIOGLU, E; HEBERAL, M. Superficial fungal infections in 102 renal transplant recipients: a case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2003. 49:187-192.
JACOBSON, E.S. Pathogenic rules for fungal melanins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2000. 13:708-717.
KONEMAN, EW; ALLEN SD; JANDA, WM; SCHRECKENBERGER, PC; WINN,WC. Mycology. In: KONEMAN, EW; ALLEN SD; JANDA, WM; SCHRECKENBERGER, PC; WINN,WC.(eds). Color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology, 5 de, Lippincott, Washington D.C., 1997. P: 1019-1024.
KOKJOHN, K; BRADLEY, M; GRIFFITHS, B; GHANNOUM, M. Evaluation of in vitro activity of ciclopiroxolamine, butenafine HCl and econazole nitrate against dermatophytes, yeasts and bacteria. Int. J. Dermatol, 2003. 42(Suppl 1):11-17.
KHOSRAVI, AR; AGHAMIRIAN, MR; MAHMOUDI, M. Dermatophytoses in Iran. Mycoses, 1994. 37:43-48.
KROB, A.H; FLEISCHER, A.B Jr; D’AGOSTINO, R Jr; FELDMAN, S.R. Terbinafine is more effective than itraconazole in tretating toenail onychomycosis: results from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Cutan. Med. Surg., 2003. 7:306-311.
LIM, J.T; GOH, C.L; CHUA, H.C. Pattern of dermatophyte infection in Singapore. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore, 1992. 21:781-784.
LÓPEZ-MARTINEZ, R; MANZANO-GOYOSSO, P; MIER, T; MENDEZ-TOVAR, L.J. Exoenzimas de dermatofitos aisladas de tiñas agudas y crónicas. Rev Latinoam Microbiol, 1994. 36:17-20.
MARKIN, D; DUEK, L; BERDICEVSKY, I. In vitro activity of olive leaves. Mycoses, 2003. 46:132-136.
MARUYAMA, R; FUKUYAMA, K; KATOH, T; SUGIMOTO, R; TANIGUCHI, H; WATANABE, K; NISHIOKA, K. Prevention of dermatophytoses. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi, 2003. 44:265-268.
MONOD M; CAPOCCIA, S; LECHENNE, B; ZAUGG, C; JOUSSON, O. Secreted proteases from pathogenic fungi. Int. J. Microbiol, 2002. 292:405-419.
MOORE, MK; SUITE, M. Tinea capitis in Trinidad. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 1993. 96:346-348.
NIELSEN, PG. Hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma and dermatophytosis en the northernmost county of Sweden (Norrbotten). Acta derm. Venereol. Suppl, 1994. 188:1-60
NIR-PAZ, R; ELINAV, H; PIERARD, G.E; WALKER, D; MALY A; SHAPIRA, M; BARTON, R.C; JERUSALEM, I. J. Clin. Microbiol, 2003. 41:5298-5301.
ODDS, F; AUSMA, J; VAN GERVEN, F; WOESTENBORGHS, F; MEERPOEL, L; HEERES, J; VANDEN BOSSCHE, H; BORGERS, M. In vitro and in vivo activities of the novel azole fungal agent rl26638. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2004. 48:388-391.
OGAWA, H; SUMMERBELL, R.C; CLEMONS, K.V; KOGA, T; RAN, Y.P; RASHID, A; SOHNLE, P.G; STEVENS, D.A; TSUBOI, R. Dermatophytes and host defense in cutaneous mycoses. Med Mycol, 1998. 36(Suppl 1):166-173.
OUF, S.A; ABDEL-KADER, M.H; SHOKEIR, H.A; EL-ADLY, A.A. Study of solar photosensitization processes on dermatophytic fungi. Acta Microbiol. Pol, 2003. 52:65-79
PERERA, T.H; GREGORY, D.W; MARSHALL, D; GOW, N.A. Contact-sensing by hyphae of dermatophytic and saprophytic fungi. J. Med. Vet. Mycol, 1997. 35:289-293.
PEREIRO, M.M; PEREIRO, M; PEREIRO, M Jr. Review of dermatophytoses in Galicia from 1951 to 1987, and comparison with other áreas of Spain. Mycopathologia, 1991. 113:65-78.
PEREZ, J.E; AVILA, R; CABRERA, C.P; CARDONA, D.P.; CORTÉS, A. Caracterización de la presencia de dermatofitos y otros hongos en la población preadolescente de escuelas y colegios públicos de la comuna 9 de Manizales. Biosalud, 2003. 1:20-30 (En publicación)
RAMSEWAK, R.S; NAIR, M.G; STOMMEL, M; SELANDERS, L. In vitro antagonistic activity of monoterpens and their mixtures against ‘toe nail fungus’ pathogens. Phytother Res, 2003. 17:376-379.
RIOS, M.Y.; AGUILAR-GUADARRAMA, A.B; NAVARRO, V. Two new benzofuranes from Eupatorium aschenbornianum and their antimicrobial activity. Planta Med., 2003. 69:967-970.
RIPPON, JW. Dermatophytosis and dermatomycosis. In: RIPPON, JW. (ed). W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1988. Pp:169-275.
ROSS, S; RUBIANES, EI; LUGO-SOMOLINOS, A; VASQUEZ-BOTET, M; SANCHEZ JL. Epidemiological study of tinea capitis in Puerto Rico. P R Health Sci J, 1993. 12:287-289.
SHAUFUS, P; STELLER, U. Haemolytic activities of Trichophyton species. Med Mycol, 2003. 41:511-516.
SPIEWAK, R; SZOSTAK, W. Zoophilic and geophilic dermatophytoses among farmers and non-farmers in eastern poland. Ann agric. Environ Med, 2000. 7:125-129.
TORSSANDER, J; KARLSSON, A; MORFELDT-MANSON, L; PUTKONEN, PO; WASSERMAN, J. Dermatophytosis and HIV infection. A study in homosexual men. Acta Derm Venereol, 1988. 68:53-56.
UCHIDA, K; TANAKA, T; HIDEYO, Y. Achievement of complete mycological cure by topical antifungal agent NND-502 in guinea pig model of tinea pedis. Microbiol. Immunol., 2003. 47:143-146.
VENUGOPAL, PV; VENUGOPAL, TV. Tinea capitis in Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Dermatol, 1993. 32:39-40.
VERENKAR, MP; PINTO, M.J.; RODRIGUES, S; ROQUE, W.P; SINGH, y. Clinico-microbiological study of dermatophytoses. Indian J. Oathol. Microbiol., 1991. 34:186-192.
VIANI, F.C; DOS SANTOS, J.I; PAULA, C.R; LARSON, C.E; GAMBALE, W. Production of extracellular enzymes by Microsporum canis and their role in its virulence. Med Mycol., 2001. 39:463-468.
VIDOTTO, V; GARCIA, R; PONCE, L.M; VALVERDE, M; BRUATTO, M. Dermatophytoses in Cusco (Peru). Mycoses, 1991. 34:183-186.
VILANI-MORENO, FR; de ARRUDA, MSP; CLARO, SG; MARCOS, EVC; URA, S. Dermatophytosis: association between ABO blood groups and reactivity to the trichophytin. Rev. Inst. Med Trop. S. Paulo, 1999. 41:285-289.
VOLLEKOVA, A; KOSTALOVA, D; KETTMAN, V; TOTH, J. Antifungal activity of Mahonia equifolium extract and its major protoberberine alkaloids. Phytoter Res., 2003. 17:834-837.
VONSHAK, A; BARAZANI, O; SATHIYAMOORTHY, P; SHALEV, R; VARDY, D; GOLAN-GOLDHIRSH, A. Screening South indian medicinal plants antifungal activity against cutaneous pathogens. Phytoter Res, 2003. 17:1123-1125.
WAGNER, D.K; SOHNLE, P. Cutaneous defenses against dermatophytes and yeasts. Clin. Microbiol. Rev, 1995. 8:317-335.
WATANABE , K; TANIGUCHI, H; KATOH, T. Adhesion of dermatophytes to healthy feet and its simple treatment. Mycoses, 2000a. 43:45-50.
WATANABE, K; TANIGUCHI, H; MARUYAMA, R; KATOH, T. Preventive effects of various socks against adhesion of dermatophytes to healthy feet. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi, 2000. 41:183-186.
WEITZMAN, I; SUMMETBELL, RC. The dermatophytes. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 1995. (240-259).
WUTHI-UDOMLERT, M; PRATHANTURARUG, S; WONGKRAJANG, Y. Antifungal activity and local toxicity study of Alangium salvifolium subsp hexapetalum. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2002. 33(Suppl3):152-154.
ZIENICKE, HC; KORTING, HC; LUKACS, A; BRAUN-FALCO, O. Dermatophytoses in children and adolescents: epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological aspects changing with age. J. Dermatol, 1991. 18:438-446.
ZOHRI, A.N; ABDEL-GAWAD, K; SABER, S. Antibacterial, antidermatyophytic and antitoxigenic activities of onion (Allium cepa L) oil. Microbiol Res, 1995. 150:167-172.
al-SOGAIR, S.M; MOAWAD, M.K; al-HUMAIDAN, Y.M. Fungal infections a cause of skin disease in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia: tinea pedis and tinea manum. Mycoses, 1991. 34:339-344
AUGER, P; MARQUIS, G; JOLY, J; ATTYE, A. Epidemiology of tinea pedis in marathon runners: prevalence of occult athlete’s foot. Mycoses, 1993. 36:35-41.
BROUTA, F; DESCAMPS, F; MONOD, M; VERMOUT, S; LOSSON, B; MIGNON, B. Secreted metalloproteases gene family of Microsporum canis. Infect Immun, 2002. 70:5676-5683.
BUITRAGO, G.E. Dermatomicosis en la población de Manizales. Biomédica, 1994. 14:77-84
CASAL, M; LINARES, M.J; FERNÁNDEZ, J.C; SOLIS, F. Dermatofitos y dermatofitosis en Córdoba (España): Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1991. 9:491-494.
CHENG, S; CHONG, L. A prospective epidemiological study on tinea pedis and onychomycosis in Hong Kong. Chin. Med. J., 2002. 115:860-865.
CHOWDHURY, B; ADAK, M; BOSE, S.K. Flurbiprofen, a unique nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with antimicrobial activity against Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton species. Lett Appl Microbiol, 2003. 37:158-161.
CONANT, MA. The AIDS epidemic. J. Am. Dermatol., 1994. 3:S47-50.
DAHL, M.V. Suppression of immunity and inflammation by products produced by dermatophytes. J Am. Acad. Dermatol, 1993. 28:S19-S23.
DAHL, M.V; GRANDO, S.A. Chronic dermatophytosis: What is special about Trichophyton rubrum? Adv Dermatol., 1994a. 9:97-111.
DAHL, M.V. Dermatophytosis and the immune response. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1994b. 31:S34-41.
DARKES, M.J; SCOTT, L,J; GOA, K.L. Terbinafine: A review of its use in onychomycosis in adults. Am J Dermatol, 2003. 4:39-65
DESCAMPS, F; BROUTA, F; MONOD, M; ZAUGG, C; BAAR, D; LOSSON, B; MIGNON, B. isolation of a microsporum canis gene family encoding three subtilisin-like proteases expressed in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2002. 119:830-835.
Di SILVERIO, A; BRAZZELLI, V; BRANDOZZI, G; BARBARINI, G; MACCABRUNI, A; SACCHI, S. Prevalence of dermatophytes and yeast (Candida spp., Malassezia furfur) in HIV patients. A study of former drug addicts. Mycopathologia, 1991. 114:103-107.
ESCOBAR, M.L.; GUZMAN, G; OROZCO, B; SANTAMARIA, L; VÉLEZ, H; DIAZ, F; LÓPEZ, A. Dermatomicosis en areneros del río Medellín. Acta Med. Col., 1988. 13:22-28
ESCOBAR, M.L.; VÉLEZ, H; SANTAMARIA, L; GUZMAN, G; RESTREPO, B; CEBALLOS, G; DIAZ, F. Dermatomicosis y onicomicosis en estudiantes de una escuela de policía. IATREIA, 1989. 2:29-36.
ESCOBAR, M.L; ORTEGA, MC Dermatomicosis. Análisis de 1044 lesiones diagnosticadas en 1988-1989. IATREIA, 1990. 3:80-84.
GARG, AP; MULLER, J. Inhibition of growth of dermatophytes by indian hair oils. Mycoses, 1992. 35:363-369.
GOETTMANN-BONVALLOT, S. Variétés cliniques des onychomycoses. Ann Dermatol Venereol, 2003. 130:1237-1243.
GONZALEZ de P, P.L.; ALVAREZ, M.I. Dermatofitosis en el hospital universitario del Valle. Col. Med, 1991. 22:61-63.
GUIGUEMDE, TR; TAPSOBA, GP; PARE, JL; SAWADOGO, ON. Preliminary data on dermatomicoses in Ougadougou (Burkina Fasso). Med Trop., 1992. 52:151-155.
GULEC, A.T; DEMIRBILEK, M; SECKIN, D; CAN, F; SARAY, Y; SARIFAKIOGLU, E; HEBERAL, M. Superficial fungal infections in 102 renal transplant recipients: a case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2003. 49:187-192.
JACOBSON, E.S. Pathogenic rules for fungal melanins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2000. 13:708-717.
KONEMAN, EW; ALLEN SD; JANDA, WM; SCHRECKENBERGER, PC; WINN,WC. Mycology. In: KONEMAN, EW; ALLEN SD; JANDA, WM; SCHRECKENBERGER, PC; WINN,WC.(eds). Color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology, 5 de, Lippincott, Washington D.C., 1997. P: 1019-1024.
KOKJOHN, K; BRADLEY, M; GRIFFITHS, B; GHANNOUM, M. Evaluation of in vitro activity of ciclopiroxolamine, butenafine HCl and econazole nitrate against dermatophytes, yeasts and bacteria. Int. J. Dermatol, 2003. 42(Suppl 1):11-17.
KHOSRAVI, AR; AGHAMIRIAN, MR; MAHMOUDI, M. Dermatophytoses in Iran. Mycoses, 1994. 37:43-48.
KROB, A.H; FLEISCHER, A.B Jr; D’AGOSTINO, R Jr; FELDMAN, S.R. Terbinafine is more effective than itraconazole in tretating toenail onychomycosis: results from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Cutan. Med. Surg., 2003. 7:306-311.
LIM, J.T; GOH, C.L; CHUA, H.C. Pattern of dermatophyte infection in Singapore. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore, 1992. 21:781-784.
LÓPEZ-MARTINEZ, R; MANZANO-GOYOSSO, P; MIER, T; MENDEZ-TOVAR, L.J. Exoenzimas de dermatofitos aisladas de tiñas agudas y crónicas. Rev Latinoam Microbiol, 1994. 36:17-20.
MARKIN, D; DUEK, L; BERDICEVSKY, I. In vitro activity of olive leaves. Mycoses, 2003. 46:132-136.
MARUYAMA, R; FUKUYAMA, K; KATOH, T; SUGIMOTO, R; TANIGUCHI, H; WATANABE, K; NISHIOKA, K. Prevention of dermatophytoses. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi, 2003. 44:265-268.
MONOD M; CAPOCCIA, S; LECHENNE, B; ZAUGG, C; JOUSSON, O. Secreted proteases from pathogenic fungi. Int. J. Microbiol, 2002. 292:405-419.
MOORE, MK; SUITE, M. Tinea capitis in Trinidad. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 1993. 96:346-348.
NIELSEN, PG. Hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma and dermatophytosis en the northernmost county of Sweden (Norrbotten). Acta derm. Venereol. Suppl, 1994. 188:1-60
NIR-PAZ, R; ELINAV, H; PIERARD, G.E; WALKER, D; MALY A; SHAPIRA, M; BARTON, R.C; JERUSALEM, I. J. Clin. Microbiol, 2003. 41:5298-5301.
ODDS, F; AUSMA, J; VAN GERVEN, F; WOESTENBORGHS, F; MEERPOEL, L; HEERES, J; VANDEN BOSSCHE, H; BORGERS, M. In vitro and in vivo activities of the novel azole fungal agent rl26638. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2004. 48:388-391.
OGAWA, H; SUMMERBELL, R.C; CLEMONS, K.V; KOGA, T; RAN, Y.P; RASHID, A; SOHNLE, P.G; STEVENS, D.A; TSUBOI, R. Dermatophytes and host defense in cutaneous mycoses. Med Mycol, 1998. 36(Suppl 1):166-173.
OUF, S.A; ABDEL-KADER, M.H; SHOKEIR, H.A; EL-ADLY, A.A. Study of solar photosensitization processes on dermatophytic fungi. Acta Microbiol. Pol, 2003. 52:65-79
PERERA, T.H; GREGORY, D.W; MARSHALL, D; GOW, N.A. Contact-sensing by hyphae of dermatophytic and saprophytic fungi. J. Med. Vet. Mycol, 1997. 35:289-293.
PEREIRO, M.M; PEREIRO, M; PEREIRO, M Jr. Review of dermatophytoses in Galicia from 1951 to 1987, and comparison with other áreas of Spain. Mycopathologia, 1991. 113:65-78.
PEREZ, J.E; AVILA, R; CABRERA, C.P; CARDONA, D.P.; CORTÉS, A. Caracterización de la presencia de dermatofitos y otros hongos en la población preadolescente de escuelas y colegios públicos de la comuna 9 de Manizales. Biosalud, 2003. 1:20-30 (En publicación)
RAMSEWAK, R.S; NAIR, M.G; STOMMEL, M; SELANDERS, L. In vitro antagonistic activity of monoterpens and their mixtures against ‘toe nail fungus’ pathogens. Phytother Res, 2003. 17:376-379.
RIOS, M.Y.; AGUILAR-GUADARRAMA, A.B; NAVARRO, V. Two new benzofuranes from Eupatorium aschenbornianum and their antimicrobial activity. Planta Med., 2003. 69:967-970.
RIPPON, JW. Dermatophytosis and dermatomycosis. In: RIPPON, JW. (ed). W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1988. Pp:169-275.
ROSS, S; RUBIANES, EI; LUGO-SOMOLINOS, A; VASQUEZ-BOTET, M; SANCHEZ JL. Epidemiological study of tinea capitis in Puerto Rico. P R Health Sci J, 1993. 12:287-289.
SHAUFUS, P; STELLER, U. Haemolytic activities of Trichophyton species. Med Mycol, 2003. 41:511-516.
SPIEWAK, R; SZOSTAK, W. Zoophilic and geophilic dermatophytoses among farmers and non-farmers in eastern poland. Ann agric. Environ Med, 2000. 7:125-129.
TORSSANDER, J; KARLSSON, A; MORFELDT-MANSON, L; PUTKONEN, PO; WASSERMAN, J. Dermatophytosis and HIV infection. A study in homosexual men. Acta Derm Venereol, 1988. 68:53-56.
UCHIDA, K; TANAKA, T; HIDEYO, Y. Achievement of complete mycological cure by topical antifungal agent NND-502 in guinea pig model of tinea pedis. Microbiol. Immunol., 2003. 47:143-146.
VENUGOPAL, PV; VENUGOPAL, TV. Tinea capitis in Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Dermatol, 1993. 32:39-40.
VERENKAR, MP; PINTO, M.J.; RODRIGUES, S; ROQUE, W.P; SINGH, y. Clinico-microbiological study of dermatophytoses. Indian J. Oathol. Microbiol., 1991. 34:186-192.
VIANI, F.C; DOS SANTOS, J.I; PAULA, C.R; LARSON, C.E; GAMBALE, W. Production of extracellular enzymes by Microsporum canis and their role in its virulence. Med Mycol., 2001. 39:463-468.
VIDOTTO, V; GARCIA, R; PONCE, L.M; VALVERDE, M; BRUATTO, M. Dermatophytoses in Cusco (Peru). Mycoses, 1991. 34:183-186.
VILANI-MORENO, FR; de ARRUDA, MSP; CLARO, SG; MARCOS, EVC; URA, S. Dermatophytosis: association between ABO blood groups and reactivity to the trichophytin. Rev. Inst. Med Trop. S. Paulo, 1999. 41:285-289.
VOLLEKOVA, A; KOSTALOVA, D; KETTMAN, V; TOTH, J. Antifungal activity of Mahonia equifolium extract and its major protoberberine alkaloids. Phytoter Res., 2003. 17:834-837.
VONSHAK, A; BARAZANI, O; SATHIYAMOORTHY, P; SHALEV, R; VARDY, D; GOLAN-GOLDHIRSH, A. Screening South indian medicinal plants antifungal activity against cutaneous pathogens. Phytoter Res, 2003. 17:1123-1125.
WAGNER, D.K; SOHNLE, P. Cutaneous defenses against dermatophytes and yeasts. Clin. Microbiol. Rev, 1995. 8:317-335.
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WATANABE, K; TANIGUCHI, H; MARUYAMA, R; KATOH, T. Preventive effects of various socks against adhesion of dermatophytes to healthy feet. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi, 2000. 41:183-186.
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