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Rueda O. , A. del P. ., & Enríquez S. , L. F. . (2018). Una revisión de técnicas básicas de neuroimagen para el diagnóstico de enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Biosalud, 17(2), 59–90. https://doi.org/10.17151/biosa.2018.17.2.5
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Actualmente los trastornos neurodegenerativos representan un grave problema de salud pública con una prevalencia en ascenso mundial, si bien se ha tratado de armonizar criterios de diagnóstico para estas enfermedades, aún existen obstáculos que dificultan su correcta diferenciación, dando lugar a errores posteriores en etapas terapéuticas. El objeto de esta revisión pretende mostrar el potencial de tres técnicas de neuroimagen (tomografía por emisión de positrones, resonancia magnética de difusión, resonancia magnética estructural), en la identificación de biomarcadores que apoyen el proceso diagnóstico, en tres de las afecciones neurodegenerativas más comunes (enfermedad de Alzheimer, deterioro cognitivo leve, demencia frontotemporal). Se realizó una revisión mediante búsqueda electrónica de literatura. Se destaca el uso de bases de datos como ScienceDirect, PubMed, SciELO, IEEE, para localizar información sobre hallazgos estructurales y funcionales representativos y el poder diagnóstico de estas técnicas. Como lo confirman los estudios, las neuroimágenes ponen en evidencia su potencial para el establecimiento de patrones en la diferenciación de trastornos neurodegenerativos. La resonancia magnética estructural permanece como herramienta central de diagnóstico, en la identificación de patrones de atrofia corticales y subcorticales. Por otro lado, los avances en la tomografía por emisión de positrones han abierto la puerta a un diagnóstico ante-mortem, y una identificación preclínica temprana. Asimismo, el enfoque reciente de la resonancia magnética de difusión posibilita la caracterización de la integridad microestructural de la materia blanca cerebral y su relación con el deterioro cognitivo en el contexto de la enfermedad neurodegenerativa. Al integrar información de diferentes dominios se apoya las herramientas clínicamente aceptadas, garantizando mejor precisión del diagnóstico y la predicción de la aparición de la enfermedad. Los resultados demuestran que, a través de enfoques multimodales, colaboraciones multicentro, armonización de las metodologías y parámetros de adquisición, es posible incluir estas herramientas en el arsenal clínico para la identificación de estas enfermedades.
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14. Rohrer JD. Structural brain imaging in frontotemporal dementia. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Mol Basis Dis. 1 de marzo de 2012; 1822(3):325-32.
15. Xia C, Dickerson BC. Multimodal PET Imaging of Amyloid and Tau Pathology in Alzheimer Disease and Non–Alzheimer Disease Dementias. PET Clin. 1 de julio de 2017; 12(3):351-9.
16. Zhang S, Smailagic N, Hyde C, Noel-Storr AH, Takwoingi Y, McShane R, et al. 11 C-PIB-PET for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group, editor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 23 de julio de 2014 [citado 9 de agosto de 2018]; Disponible en: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD010386.pub2
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18. Le Bihan D, Johansen-Berg H. Diffusion MRI at 25: Exploring brain tissue structure and function. NeuroImage. junio de 2012; 61(2):324-41.
19. Nir TM, Villalon-Reina JE, Prasad G, Jahanshad N, Joshi SH, Toga AW, et al. Diffusion weighted imaging-based maximum density path analysis and classification of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 1 de enero de 2015; 36:S132-40.
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21. Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease with Pittsburgh Compound-B - Klunk - 2004 - Annals of
Neurology - Wiley Online Library [Internet]. [citado 10 de agosto de 2018]. Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ana.20009
22. Sabri O, Sabbagh MN, Seibyl J, Barthel H, Akatsu H, Ouchi Y, et al. Florbetaben PET imaging to detect amyloid beta plaques in Alzheimer’s disease: Phase 3 study. Alzheimers Dement. agosto de 2015;11(8):964-74.
23. Clark CM, Schneider JA, Bedell BJ, Beach TG, Bilker WB, Mintun MA, et al. Use of Florbetapir-PET for Imaging β-Amyloid Pathology. JAMA. 19 de enero de 2011; 305(3):275-83.
24. Forsberg A, Almkvist O, Engler H, Wall A, Nordberg BL and A. High PIB Retention in Alzheimers
Disease is an Early Event with Complex Relationship with CSF Biomarkers and Functional Parameters [Internet]. Current Alzheimer Research. 2010 [citado 10 de agosto de 2018]. Disponible en: http://www.eurekaselect.com/85618/article
25. Villemagne VL, Okamura N. Tau imaging in the study of ageing, Alzheimer’s disease, and other neurodegenerative conditions. Curr Opin Neurobiol. febrero de 2016; 36:43-51.
26. Misra C, Fan Y, Davatzikos C. Baseline and longitudinal patterns of brain atrophy in MCI patients, and their use in prediction of short-term conversion to AD: Results from ADNI. NeuroImage. 15 de febrero de 2009; 44(4):1415-22.
27. Brier MR, Gordon B, Friedrichsen K, McCarthy J, Stern A, Christensen J, et al. Tau and Aβ imaging, CSF measures, and cognition in Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Transl Med. 11 de mayo de 2016; 8(338):338ra66- 338ra66.
28. Johnson KA, Schultz A, Betensky RA, Becker JA, Sepulcre J, Rentz D, et al. Tau positron emission tomographic imaging in aging and early Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 1 de enero de 2016; 79(1):110-9.
29. Kang JM, Lee S-Y, Seo S, Jeong HJ, Woo S-H, Lee H, et al. Tau positron emission tomography using [18F]THK5351 and cerebral glucose hypometabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 1 de noviembre de 2017; 59:210-9.
30. Gray KR, Wolz R, Heckemann RA, Aljabar P, Hammers A, Rueckert D. Multi-region analysis of longitudinal FDG-PET for the classification of Alzheimer’s disease. NeuroImage. 1 de marzo de 2012; 60(1):221-9.
31. Vanhoutte M, Semah F, Rollin Sillaire A, Jaillard A, Petyt G, Kuchcinski G, et al. 18F-FDG PET hypometabolism patterns reflect clinical heterogeneity in sporadic forms of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 1 de noviembre de 2017; 59:184-96.
32. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Herholz K, Pupi A, Drzezga A, Lucignani G, et al. Multicenter Standardized 18F-FDG PET Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Other Dementias. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med. marzo de 2008; 49(3):390-8.
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