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Zehmisch, P. . (2022). Bringing Subalterns into Speech? Investigating Anarchic Resistance to Hegemonic Modernity. Revista De Antropología Y Sociología : Virajes, 24(2), 110–131. https://doi.org/10.17151/rasv.2022.24.2.6
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Philipp Zehmisch
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Resumo
This article aims to critically examine Gayatri Spivak’s (1992) demand to undo subalternity by inserting subalterns into the circuit of hegemonic modernity.
For Spivak, working for the subaltern does not demand speaking for them, rather it entails facilitating their speech acts. From the perspective of an anthropology of anarchy, the opening up of political communication towards inclusion of subaltern speech is, on the one hand, an essential goal. It is congruent with the basic democratic principles of consensual decision-making among social groups living outside or at the margins of state influence. On the other hand, the insistence on including subalterns into hegemony entails an inherent paradox: many subalterns, who resort to anarchic ways of life, escape from the state and its communicational structures as a cultural and political survival strategy. My ethnographic example from the Andaman Islands in India addresses this tension. I focus on the subaltern history and resistance practices of the so-called Ranchis, Adivasis (first settlers, Indigenous Peoples) from the Central Indian hill region, who migrated to the Andamans as contract labourers and settled in marginal forests. The Ranchis’ evasion from the state into the margins, enabled by subsistence practices, presents an alternative to Spivak’s compelling demand to bring subalterns into speech: an inclusion of the Ranchis into the circuits of hegemony would moderately benefit them in terms of getting access to the state and the economy, but, at the same time, it would also imply a loss of their partial autarky, as well as cultural and socio-political autonomy from the outside world.
Referências
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Ahmed, A. S. (1982). Nomadism as Ideological Expression: The Case of Gomal Nomads. Economic and Political Weekly, 17(27), 1101–1106. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4371100
Amborn, H. (1993). Handlungsfähiger Diskurs. In W. Schmied-Kowarzik & J. Stagl (Eds),Grundfragen der Ethnologie: Beiträge zur gegenwärtigen Diskussion (pp. 129-
150). Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
Amborn, H. (2016). Das Recht als Hort der Anarchie. Gesellschaften ohne Herrschaft und Staat. Mattes & Seitz.
Barclay, H. (2009). People without government: an anthropology of anarchy. Kahn & Averill.
Arcilla, C. A.C. (2019). Ethics and Personal Politics in the engaged Ethnography of Urban Subalternity. Aghamtao, 27(1), 57–87. https://www.waunet.org/downloads/wcaa/
dejalu/march_2021/Aghamtao.pdf
Alexandrakis, O. (2013). Neoliberalism and the new agora: Exploring survival, emergence, and political subjectivity among pluralized subaltern communities in Athens, Greece. Anthropological Quarterly, 86(1), 77–105. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41857312
Ashcroft, B, Griffiths, G. & Tiffin, H. (1998). Key concepts in post-colonial studies. Routledge.
Bates, C. & Carter, M. (1992). Tribal migration in India and beyond. In G. Prakash (Ed.), The world of the rural labourer in colonial India (pp. 205–47). Oxford University Press India.
Bharadwaj, A. (2013). Subaltern biology? Local biologies, Indian odysseys, and the pursuit of human embryonic stem cell therapies. Medical anthropology: Cross-cultural studies in health and illness, 32(4), 359–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2013.787533
Borde, R. (2017). Differential Subalterns in the Niyamgiri Movement in India, Interventions, 19(4), 566–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2017.1293553
Chakrabarty, D. (2010). Europa als Provinz: Perspektiven postkolonialer Geschichtsschreibung. Campus.
Chatterjee, P. & Jeganathan, P. (Eds). (2000). Communities, gender and violence: Subaltern studies XI. Columbia University Press.
Chatterjee, P. (2004). The politics of the governed: Reflections on popular politics in most of the world. Permanent Black.
Chatterjee, P. (2010). Reflections on “Can the Subaltern Speak?”: Subaltern studies after Spivak. In Rosalind C. Morris (Ed.), Can the subaltern speak? Reflections on the history of an idea (pp. 81-86). Columbia University Press.
Chatterjee, P. (2011). Lineages of political society: studies in postcolonial democracy. Columbia University Press.
Clastres, P. (2008). Archäologie der Gewalt. Diaphanes.
Clifford, J. & Marcus, G. (1986). Writing culture: The poetics and politics of ethnography. University of California Press.
Dhawan, N. (2007a). Impossible speech: on the politics of silence and violence. Akademia Verlag.
Dhawan, N. (2007b). Can the Subaltern speak German? And other risky questions: Migrant hybridism versus subalternity. http://translate.eipcp.net/strands/03/dhawanstrands01en.html
Dhawan, N. & Randeria, S. (2013). Perspectives on globalization and subalternity. In G. Huggan (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Postcolonial Studies (pp. 559–586), Oxford University Press.
Fadlalla, A. H. (2009). Contested borders of (in)humanity: Sudanese refugees and the mediation of suffering and subaltern visibilities. Urban anthropology and studies
of cultural systems and world economic development, 38(1). 79–120. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4783239
Fortes, M. & Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1940). African political systems. Oxford University Press.
Georgiou, M. (2017). Does the subaltern speak? Migrant voices in digital Europe. Popular Communication, 16(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2017.1412440
Ghosh, K. (1999). A market for aboriginality: Primitivism and race classification in the indentured labour market of colonial India. In G. Bhadra, G. Prakash & S. Tharu (Eds), Subaltern studies x: writings on South Asian history and society (pp. 8-48), Oxford University Press India.
Gibson, T. & Sillander, K. (Ed.). (2011). Anarchic solidarity: Autonomy, equality, and fellowship in Southeast Asia. Yale Southeast Asia Studies.
Graeber, D. (2008). Frei von Herrschaft: Fragmente einer anarchistischen Anthropologie. Peter Hammer Verlag.
Graeber, D. & Wengrow, D. (2021). The dawn of everything: A new history of humanity. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Gupta, A. (2012). Red tape: Bureaucracy, structural violence, and poverty in India. Duke University Press.
Hale, C. (2007). In praise of “reckless minds”: Making a case for activist anthropology. In L. Field & R. Fox (Eds.), Anthropology put to work (pp. 103–127), Berg.
Hymes, D. (1974). Reinventing anthropology. Vintage Books.
Jalais, A. (2013). Geographies and identities: Subaltern Partition stories along Bengal’s Southern frontier. In D. Gellner (Ed.), Borderland lives in Northern South Asia (pp. 245–265). Duke University Press.
Lagalisse, E. (2013). Gossip as direct action. In L. Phillips & S. Cole (Eds.), Contesting publics – Feminism, activism, ethnography (pp. 112–137), Pluto Press.
Lagalisse, E. (2016). “Good politics”: Property, intersectionality, and the making of the anarchist self. [PhD thesis. Department of Anthropology, McGill University].
Leach, E. R. (1954). Political systems of highland Burma: A study of Kachin social structure. Bell. Maine, H. S. (1861). Ancient law, Henry Holt and Company.
Meret, S. (2020). What can we learn from Gramsci today? Migrant subalternity and refugee movements: Perspectives from the Lampedusa in Hamburg, In F. Antonini, A.
Bernstein L. Fusaro & R. Jackson (Eds.), Revisiting Gramsci’s Notebooks (pp. 209–230), Brill.
Moore, D. (1998). Subaltern struggles and the politics of place: Remapping resistance in Zimbabwe’s Eastern Highlands. Cultural Anthropology, 13(3). 344–381. http://www.jstor.org/stable/656594
Morgan, L. H. (1877). Ancient society. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23276904M/Ancient_society
Morris, B. (1986). Forest traders: a socio-economic study of the Hill Pandaram. Athlone Press.
Morris, B. (2014). Anthropology, ecology, and anarchism: a Brian Morris reader. PM Press.
Nilsen, A. G. (2018). Adivasis and the state: Subaltern citizenship in India’s Bhil heartland. Cambridge University Press.
Nur, M. (2012). The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising history, narrating the subaltern, reclaiming memory. Zed Books.
Pandey, G. (2010). Subaltern citizens and their histories: Investigations from India and the USA. Routledge.
Pandey, G. (2016). Racialization of subaltern populations across the globe: The politics of difference. The Review of Black Political Economy, 43(2), 87-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-015-9224-3
Pandya, V. (2009). In the forest: Visual and material worlds of Andamanese history (1858-2006). University Press of America.
Rabasa, J. (2010). Without history: Subaltern studies, the Zapatista insurgency, and the specter of history. University of Pittsburgh Press.
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (1922). The Andaman islanders. Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
Raju, G. (2010). Ranchiwallahs’ battle cry. The Light of Andamans, 35(2).
Sahlins, M. D. (1974). Stone age economics. Tavistock Publications.
Salwa, I. (2013). Urban Subalterns in the Arab revolutions: Cairo and Damascus in comparative perspective. Comparative Studies in History and Society, 55(4). 865–894. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23526036
Schäfers, M. (2011). Writing against loss: Kurdish women, subaltern authorship, and the politics of voice in contemporary Turkey. Journal of the Royal Anthropological
Institute, 23(3), 543-561. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12648
Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance. Yale University Press.
Scott, J. C. (2009). The art of not being governed: An anarchist history of upland South East Asia. Yale University Press.
Sen, S. (2000). Disciplining punishment: Colonialism and convict society in the Andaman Islands. Oxford University Press India.
Shah, A. (2010). In the shadows of the state: Indigenous politics, environmentalism, and insurgency in Jharkhand, India. Duke University Press.
Spivak, G. Ch. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the interpretation of culture (pp. 271–313), University of Illinois Press.
Spivak, G. Ch. (1992). Interview with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: New nation writers conference in South Africa (Interviewer Leon de Kock). Ariel: a Review of International English Literature, 23(3), 29–47. https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/ariel/article/view/33464
Spivak, G. Ch. (2000). The new subaltern: A silent interview. In V. Chaturvedi (Ed.), Mapping subaltern studies and the postcolonial (pp. 324–5). Verso.
Sundar, N. (2007). Subalterns and sovereigns: an anthropological history of Bastar (1854-2006), second edition, Oxford University Press India.
Tinker, H. (1974). A new system of slavery: The export of Indian labour overseas 1830-1920. Oxford University Press.
Vaidik, A. (2010). Imperial Andamans: Colonial encounter and island history. Palgrave Macmillan.
Van Schendel, W. (2002). Geographies of knowing, geographies of ignorance: Jumping scale in Southeast Asia. Environment and Planning: Society and Space, 20(6), 647–68.
Zehmisch, P. (2012). A xerox of India: Policies and politics of migration in the Andaman Islands. In Working papers in social and cultural anthropology, LMU Munich, Vol 2. Institut für Ethnologie.
Zehmisch, P. (2016). The invisible architects of Andaman: Manifestations of aboriginal migration from Ranchi. In F. Heidemann & P. Zehmisch (Eds), Manifestations of
history: time, space and community in the Andaman Islands (pp. 122–138). Primus.
Zehmisch, P. (2017). Mini-India: The politics of migration and subalternity in the Andaman Islands. Oxford University Press.
Ahmed, A. S. (1982). Nomadism as Ideological Expression: The Case of Gomal Nomads. Economic and Political Weekly, 17(27), 1101–1106. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4371100
Amborn, H. (1993). Handlungsfähiger Diskurs. In W. Schmied-Kowarzik & J. Stagl (Eds),Grundfragen der Ethnologie: Beiträge zur gegenwärtigen Diskussion (pp. 129-
150). Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
Amborn, H. (2016). Das Recht als Hort der Anarchie. Gesellschaften ohne Herrschaft und Staat. Mattes & Seitz.
Barclay, H. (2009). People without government: an anthropology of anarchy. Kahn & Averill.
Arcilla, C. A.C. (2019). Ethics and Personal Politics in the engaged Ethnography of Urban Subalternity. Aghamtao, 27(1), 57–87. https://www.waunet.org/downloads/wcaa/
dejalu/march_2021/Aghamtao.pdf
Alexandrakis, O. (2013). Neoliberalism and the new agora: Exploring survival, emergence, and political subjectivity among pluralized subaltern communities in Athens, Greece. Anthropological Quarterly, 86(1), 77–105. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41857312
Ashcroft, B, Griffiths, G. & Tiffin, H. (1998). Key concepts in post-colonial studies. Routledge.
Bates, C. & Carter, M. (1992). Tribal migration in India and beyond. In G. Prakash (Ed.), The world of the rural labourer in colonial India (pp. 205–47). Oxford University Press India.
Bharadwaj, A. (2013). Subaltern biology? Local biologies, Indian odysseys, and the pursuit of human embryonic stem cell therapies. Medical anthropology: Cross-cultural studies in health and illness, 32(4), 359–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2013.787533
Borde, R. (2017). Differential Subalterns in the Niyamgiri Movement in India, Interventions, 19(4), 566–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2017.1293553
Chakrabarty, D. (2010). Europa als Provinz: Perspektiven postkolonialer Geschichtsschreibung. Campus.
Chatterjee, P. & Jeganathan, P. (Eds). (2000). Communities, gender and violence: Subaltern studies XI. Columbia University Press.
Chatterjee, P. (2004). The politics of the governed: Reflections on popular politics in most of the world. Permanent Black.
Chatterjee, P. (2010). Reflections on “Can the Subaltern Speak?”: Subaltern studies after Spivak. In Rosalind C. Morris (Ed.), Can the subaltern speak? Reflections on the history of an idea (pp. 81-86). Columbia University Press.
Chatterjee, P. (2011). Lineages of political society: studies in postcolonial democracy. Columbia University Press.
Clastres, P. (2008). Archäologie der Gewalt. Diaphanes.
Clifford, J. & Marcus, G. (1986). Writing culture: The poetics and politics of ethnography. University of California Press.
Dhawan, N. (2007a). Impossible speech: on the politics of silence and violence. Akademia Verlag.
Dhawan, N. (2007b). Can the Subaltern speak German? And other risky questions: Migrant hybridism versus subalternity. http://translate.eipcp.net/strands/03/dhawanstrands01en.html
Dhawan, N. & Randeria, S. (2013). Perspectives on globalization and subalternity. In G. Huggan (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Postcolonial Studies (pp. 559–586), Oxford University Press.
Fadlalla, A. H. (2009). Contested borders of (in)humanity: Sudanese refugees and the mediation of suffering and subaltern visibilities. Urban anthropology and studies
of cultural systems and world economic development, 38(1). 79–120. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4783239
Fortes, M. & Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1940). African political systems. Oxford University Press.
Georgiou, M. (2017). Does the subaltern speak? Migrant voices in digital Europe. Popular Communication, 16(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2017.1412440
Ghosh, K. (1999). A market for aboriginality: Primitivism and race classification in the indentured labour market of colonial India. In G. Bhadra, G. Prakash & S. Tharu (Eds), Subaltern studies x: writings on South Asian history and society (pp. 8-48), Oxford University Press India.
Gibson, T. & Sillander, K. (Ed.). (2011). Anarchic solidarity: Autonomy, equality, and fellowship in Southeast Asia. Yale Southeast Asia Studies.
Graeber, D. (2008). Frei von Herrschaft: Fragmente einer anarchistischen Anthropologie. Peter Hammer Verlag.
Graeber, D. & Wengrow, D. (2021). The dawn of everything: A new history of humanity. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Gupta, A. (2012). Red tape: Bureaucracy, structural violence, and poverty in India. Duke University Press.
Hale, C. (2007). In praise of “reckless minds”: Making a case for activist anthropology. In L. Field & R. Fox (Eds.), Anthropology put to work (pp. 103–127), Berg.
Hymes, D. (1974). Reinventing anthropology. Vintage Books.
Jalais, A. (2013). Geographies and identities: Subaltern Partition stories along Bengal’s Southern frontier. In D. Gellner (Ed.), Borderland lives in Northern South Asia (pp. 245–265). Duke University Press.
Lagalisse, E. (2013). Gossip as direct action. In L. Phillips & S. Cole (Eds.), Contesting publics – Feminism, activism, ethnography (pp. 112–137), Pluto Press.
Lagalisse, E. (2016). “Good politics”: Property, intersectionality, and the making of the anarchist self. [PhD thesis. Department of Anthropology, McGill University].
Leach, E. R. (1954). Political systems of highland Burma: A study of Kachin social structure. Bell. Maine, H. S. (1861). Ancient law, Henry Holt and Company.
Meret, S. (2020). What can we learn from Gramsci today? Migrant subalternity and refugee movements: Perspectives from the Lampedusa in Hamburg, In F. Antonini, A.
Bernstein L. Fusaro & R. Jackson (Eds.), Revisiting Gramsci’s Notebooks (pp. 209–230), Brill.
Moore, D. (1998). Subaltern struggles and the politics of place: Remapping resistance in Zimbabwe’s Eastern Highlands. Cultural Anthropology, 13(3). 344–381. http://www.jstor.org/stable/656594
Morgan, L. H. (1877). Ancient society. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23276904M/Ancient_society
Morris, B. (1986). Forest traders: a socio-economic study of the Hill Pandaram. Athlone Press.
Morris, B. (2014). Anthropology, ecology, and anarchism: a Brian Morris reader. PM Press.
Nilsen, A. G. (2018). Adivasis and the state: Subaltern citizenship in India’s Bhil heartland. Cambridge University Press.
Nur, M. (2012). The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising history, narrating the subaltern, reclaiming memory. Zed Books.
Pandey, G. (2010). Subaltern citizens and their histories: Investigations from India and the USA. Routledge.
Pandey, G. (2016). Racialization of subaltern populations across the globe: The politics of difference. The Review of Black Political Economy, 43(2), 87-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-015-9224-3
Pandya, V. (2009). In the forest: Visual and material worlds of Andamanese history (1858-2006). University Press of America.
Rabasa, J. (2010). Without history: Subaltern studies, the Zapatista insurgency, and the specter of history. University of Pittsburgh Press.
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (1922). The Andaman islanders. Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
Raju, G. (2010). Ranchiwallahs’ battle cry. The Light of Andamans, 35(2).
Sahlins, M. D. (1974). Stone age economics. Tavistock Publications.
Salwa, I. (2013). Urban Subalterns in the Arab revolutions: Cairo and Damascus in comparative perspective. Comparative Studies in History and Society, 55(4). 865–894. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23526036
Schäfers, M. (2011). Writing against loss: Kurdish women, subaltern authorship, and the politics of voice in contemporary Turkey. Journal of the Royal Anthropological
Institute, 23(3), 543-561. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12648
Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance. Yale University Press.
Scott, J. C. (2009). The art of not being governed: An anarchist history of upland South East Asia. Yale University Press.
Sen, S. (2000). Disciplining punishment: Colonialism and convict society in the Andaman Islands. Oxford University Press India.
Shah, A. (2010). In the shadows of the state: Indigenous politics, environmentalism, and insurgency in Jharkhand, India. Duke University Press.
Spivak, G. Ch. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the interpretation of culture (pp. 271–313), University of Illinois Press.
Spivak, G. Ch. (1992). Interview with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: New nation writers conference in South Africa (Interviewer Leon de Kock). Ariel: a Review of International English Literature, 23(3), 29–47. https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/ariel/article/view/33464
Spivak, G. Ch. (2000). The new subaltern: A silent interview. In V. Chaturvedi (Ed.), Mapping subaltern studies and the postcolonial (pp. 324–5). Verso.
Sundar, N. (2007). Subalterns and sovereigns: an anthropological history of Bastar (1854-2006), second edition, Oxford University Press India.
Tinker, H. (1974). A new system of slavery: The export of Indian labour overseas 1830-1920. Oxford University Press.
Vaidik, A. (2010). Imperial Andamans: Colonial encounter and island history. Palgrave Macmillan.
Van Schendel, W. (2002). Geographies of knowing, geographies of ignorance: Jumping scale in Southeast Asia. Environment and Planning: Society and Space, 20(6), 647–68.
Zehmisch, P. (2012). A xerox of India: Policies and politics of migration in the Andaman Islands. In Working papers in social and cultural anthropology, LMU Munich, Vol 2. Institut für Ethnologie.
Zehmisch, P. (2016). The invisible architects of Andaman: Manifestations of aboriginal migration from Ranchi. In F. Heidemann & P. Zehmisch (Eds), Manifestations of
history: time, space and community in the Andaman Islands (pp. 122–138). Primus.
Zehmisch, P. (2017). Mini-India: The politics of migration and subalternity in the Andaman Islands. Oxford University Press.
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