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Fecha Publicación: 2003-01-01
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Reyna, S. (2003). Estados no imaginados. Una historia estructural de la guerra en Chad (1968-1990). Revista De Antropología Y Sociología : Virajes, 5, 57–72. Recuperado a partir de https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/virajes/article/view/5871
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A través del caso del Chad y ubicándolo en un contexto comparativo, este artículo sugiere que el militarismo tercermundista no ha sido completamente imaginado. Específicamente, se argumenta que el proceso por el cual se constituyen instituciones violentas ha escapado de la atención de los estudiosos del militarismo. Adicionalmente se sugerirá que ese proceso, llamado la dispersión de la fuerza violenta, ha ubicado bajo la mira a varios estados tercermundistas derivando ocasionalmente en su anarquía. A la existencia de tales procesos subyace la cuestión de una historia que es fundamentalmente diferente a aquella que caracteriza la evolución de los grandes poderes modernos. Esta investigación se elabora a partir de una aproximación de la historia estructural.
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Citas
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AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1986b. «Guinea: The General's Hand». 27( 16):36.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1990a. «Gabon: Ethnic Intrigue». 31 (7):23.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1990b. «Chad: Operation Rezzou». 31 (9): 23.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1990c. «Burundi: Buyoya's Rubicon». 31 (20): 23.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1990d. «Senegal: Cisis in Casamance». 31 (23): 12.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1990e. «Chad: Habré out, Déby In». 31 (24): 23.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 199 1 a. «CAR: Conciliation or Clampdown». 32(15):67.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1991 b. «Gambia: Heros No More». 32(15):7.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1992a. «Sierra Leone: Junior Officers Jump the Gun». 33(9):34.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1992b. «Liberia: The Forces in Contention». 33(22):34.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1993. «Chad: Finding Oil in Troubled Waters». 34(4):56.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1994a. «Rwanda: Civilian Slaughter». 35(9):56.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1 994b. «Rwanda: A Double Agent». 35(10):7.
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ANDERSON, B. 1983. lmagíned Communities, Reflectíons on the Origin and Spread of Natíonalism. New York, Verso
APTER, D. and C. ROSBERG (eds). 1994. Polítical Development and the New Realism in Sub Saharan Afríca.
AVRIGAN, T. and M. HOVEY. 1982. War ín Uganda, The Legaqy of !dí Amín. London, Zed.
BALLIF, N. 1993. Le Congo. París: Karthala.
BOUQUET. C. 1982. Tchad, Genesed'unConffít París: Harmattan.
BOYD, H. 1984. «Chad: A Civil War Without End», in journa/ of African Studíes 1 0(4). pp. 119 26.
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CABRAL. A. 1974. Guiné Bissau, Naro African Forjada na Luta. Lisbon: Nova Aurora.
CAMMACK. P.. D. POOL and W. TORDOFF. 1993. Third World Politics, A Comparative Approach. 2nd Ed. Baltímore. Johns Hopkins University Press.
CIAMMAICHELLA. G. 1990 «Ciad: conflittualita permanente e ricerca di un identita nazionale (XiX XX sec)», in Oriente Moderno. 9(l/6), pp.1O 135.
CHAPELLE. J. 1980. Le Peuple Tchadien; Ses Racines, Sa Vie Quotidienne et ses Combats. Paris. Harmattan.
COX. J.T. G. 1988. «Chad: France in Africa». In Army Quarterjy and Defénse fournal. 1 18(2). pp. 161 67.
DALY. M. and A.A. SIKAINGA. 1993. Sudan's Civil War. New York. St. Martín.
FBIS.1993. Rebels Threaten to Sabotage Oil Exploration Project. Foreign Broadcasl lnformation Service. FBIS AFR 93 178. Springfield. VA, National Technicallnformation Service.
FBIS. 1994. Government Said Satisfied With Talks Foreign Broadcast lnformation Service. FBIS AFR 94 039. Srpingfield, VA. National Technical lnformation Service.
FEGLEY. R. 1989. Equatorial Guinea, An African Tragedy. New York. Peter Lang.
FINNEGAN. W. 1992. A Complicated War, The Harrowing of Mozambique. Los Angeles. University of California Press
FOLTZ. W.J. and H.S. BIENEN. 198S. Arms and the African. New Haven. Vale University Press.
HOLM. J.D. and P. MOLUTSI. 1992. «State Society Relations in Botswana». In Governance and Politics in Africa. G.Hyden and M. Bratton (eds) Boulder. Colorado, Lynne Rienner.
INNES. D. 1977. «lmperialism and the National Struggle in Nambia», in Review of African Polítical Economy9. pp. 44 60.
JACKMAN. R. W. 1976. «Politicians in Uniform. Military Governments and Social Change in the Third World», in American Political Science Review 70, pp. 1078 1097.
JAFFRÉ. B. 1989. Burkina Faso; les Années Sankara, de la Révolution a la Rectification. Paris. Harmattan.
JOFFE. E.G.H. 1986. «The lnternational Consequences of the Civil War in Chad», in Reviewof African Polítical Economy 7(6). pp. 91 104.
KELLEY. M. P. 1986. A State in Disarray: Conditions of Chad's Survival. Boulder, Colorado. Westview.
LANNE. B. 1987. «Quinze Ans d'ouvrages Politiques sur le Tchad», in Afrique Contemporaine 144, pp. 37 47.
LEMARCHAND. R. 1984. Burundí, Ethnocide as Discourse & Practice. New York. Cambridge University Press.
LUCKHAM. R. «French Militarism in Africa», in Review of African Polítical Economy 24. pp. 55 8S.
MAGNANT. J. P. 1984. «Peuple, Ethnies et Nation: le Cas du Tchad», in Droit et Culture 8. pp. 29 5O.
MARCHESIN. P. Tribu, Ethnies, et Pouvoir en Mauretanie. Paris: Karthala.
MARTIN. D. and P. JOHNSON. 1981. The Struggle for Zimbabwe. New York, Monthly Review Press.
MAY. R. 1990. «Internal Dimensions of Warfare in Chad», in Cambridge Anthropology 13(2). pp. 17-27.
MICHALON, T. 1979. «Le Drame du Tchad et I'Héritage Colonial de I'Afrique: I'Echec de la Greffe Jacobine». In L'Monde Diplomatique April.
MILLER, R.W. 1987. Fact and Method Princeton: Princeton University Press.
MOKOENA. K. 1993. South Africa and the United States, A National Security Archive Documents Reader. New York: New Press.
NEUBERGER, B. 1982. lnvolvement, lnvasion, and Withdrawal, Qaddafi's Libya and Chad 1969 198l. Tel Aviv. Shiloah Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University.
PIETROWSKI, M. 1991. «Cessation of Tuareg Repression, Respite or Resolution», in Africa Today 38, pp. 41-47.
RANGER, T. 1985. Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe. Los Angeles, Universiry of California Press.
REYNA, S. P. 1991. «What is to be Done?», in The Polítical Economy of African Fa mine. R. E. Downs, D.O. Kerner, and S.P. Reyna. (eds). Philadelphia, Gordon & Breach.
REYNA, S. P. 1994a. «A Mode of Domination Approach to Organized Violence» in S. Reyna and R. Downs (eds) Studying War: Anthropological Perspectives. New York, Gordon and Breach.
REYNA, S. P. 1994b. «Predatory Accumulation and Religious Conflict in the Early 19th Century>>, in S. Reyna. and R. Downs (eds) Stucfying War: Anthropological Perspectives. New York. Gordon and Breach.
REYNA. S. P. Forthcoming. «Domination in the Absence of the Means» in G. Bond and 1. Vincent (eds.). Paths of Violence. Destruction and Deconstruction in African States. New York. Gordon and Breach.
RUSK, J. D. 1987. «Warfare & Human Rights in Angola & Mozambique», in Africa Today 34(4), pp. 33-43.
SPIKES, O. 1993. Angola & the Politics of lntervention. Jefferson, NC, McFarland.
STREMLAU.J.J. 1978. The lnternational Politics of the Nigeria Civil War, 1967 1970. Princeton, Princeton Universiry Press.
TILLY. Charles. 1990. Coercían, Capital. and European States. Oxford. Blackwell.
TIRYNEH. A. 1993. Ethiopian Revolution 1974 1987. New York, Cambridge Universiry Press.
WATTS, M. 1991 . «Heart of Darkness. Reflections of Famine and Starvation in Africa», in The Polítical Economy of African Famine. R.E. Downs, D.0. Kerner, & S.P. Reyna (eds). Philadelphia. Gordon & Breach.
WEBER, M. 1958. From Max Weber; Essays in Sociology. New York. Oxford University Press.
WEST AFRICA. 1992. «Chadian Affairs» 3878 (Jan.13 19), pp. 69 70.
YOUNG, C. and T. TURNER. 1985. The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State. Madison, Wisconsin: Universiry of Wisconsin Press
ADAM, H. 1992. «Somalia, Militarism, Warlordism, or Democracy?», in Revíew of Afrícan Polítical Economy 54, pp. 11 27
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1986a. «Lesotho: Uneasy Nuptials». 27(7):7 8.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1986b. «Guinea: The General's Hand». 27( 16):36.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1990a. «Gabon: Ethnic Intrigue». 31 (7):23.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1990b. «Chad: Operation Rezzou». 31 (9): 23.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1990c. «Burundi: Buyoya's Rubicon». 31 (20): 23.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1990d. «Senegal: Cisis in Casamance». 31 (23): 12.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1990e. «Chad: Habré out, Déby In». 31 (24): 23.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 199 1 a. «CAR: Conciliation or Clampdown». 32(15):67.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1991 b. «Gambia: Heros No More». 32(15):7.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1992a. «Sierra Leone: Junior Officers Jump the Gun». 33(9):34.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1992b. «Liberia: The Forces in Contention». 33(22):34.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1993. «Chad: Finding Oil in Troubled Waters». 34(4):56.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1994a. «Rwanda: Civilian Slaughter». 35(9):56.
AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL. 1 994b. «Rwanda: A Double Agent». 35(10):7.
AMONDJI, M. 1986. Cote lvoíre, le P.D.C.I et la vie Polítíque de 1945 á 1985. París, Harmattan.
ANDERSON, B. 1983. lmagíned Communities, Reflectíons on the Origin and Spread of Natíonalism. New York, Verso
APTER, D. and C. ROSBERG (eds). 1994. Polítical Development and the New Realism in Sub Saharan Afríca.
AVRIGAN, T. and M. HOVEY. 1982. War ín Uganda, The Legaqy of !dí Amín. London, Zed.
BALLIF, N. 1993. Le Congo. París: Karthala.
BOUQUET. C. 1982. Tchad, Genesed'unConffít París: Harmattan.
BOYD, H. 1984. «Chad: A Civil War Without End», in journa/ of African Studíes 1 0(4). pp. 119 26.
BUIJTENHIJS. R. 1978. Frolinat et les Révoltes Populairesdu Tchad. 1965 1976. La Haye. Mouton.
CABRAL. A. 1974. Guiné Bissau, Naro African Forjada na Luta. Lisbon: Nova Aurora.
CAMMACK. P.. D. POOL and W. TORDOFF. 1993. Third World Politics, A Comparative Approach. 2nd Ed. Baltímore. Johns Hopkins University Press.
CIAMMAICHELLA. G. 1990 «Ciad: conflittualita permanente e ricerca di un identita nazionale (XiX XX sec)», in Oriente Moderno. 9(l/6), pp.1O 135.
CHAPELLE. J. 1980. Le Peuple Tchadien; Ses Racines, Sa Vie Quotidienne et ses Combats. Paris. Harmattan.
COX. J.T. G. 1988. «Chad: France in Africa». In Army Quarterjy and Defénse fournal. 1 18(2). pp. 161 67.
DALY. M. and A.A. SIKAINGA. 1993. Sudan's Civil War. New York. St. Martín.
FBIS.1993. Rebels Threaten to Sabotage Oil Exploration Project. Foreign Broadcasl lnformation Service. FBIS AFR 93 178. Springfield. VA, National Technicallnformation Service.
FBIS. 1994. Government Said Satisfied With Talks Foreign Broadcast lnformation Service. FBIS AFR 94 039. Srpingfield, VA. National Technical lnformation Service.
FEGLEY. R. 1989. Equatorial Guinea, An African Tragedy. New York. Peter Lang.
FINNEGAN. W. 1992. A Complicated War, The Harrowing of Mozambique. Los Angeles. University of California Press
FOLTZ. W.J. and H.S. BIENEN. 198S. Arms and the African. New Haven. Vale University Press.
HOLM. J.D. and P. MOLUTSI. 1992. «State Society Relations in Botswana». In Governance and Politics in Africa. G.Hyden and M. Bratton (eds) Boulder. Colorado, Lynne Rienner.
INNES. D. 1977. «lmperialism and the National Struggle in Nambia», in Review of African Polítical Economy9. pp. 44 60.
JACKMAN. R. W. 1976. «Politicians in Uniform. Military Governments and Social Change in the Third World», in American Political Science Review 70, pp. 1078 1097.
JAFFRÉ. B. 1989. Burkina Faso; les Années Sankara, de la Révolution a la Rectification. Paris. Harmattan.
JOFFE. E.G.H. 1986. «The lnternational Consequences of the Civil War in Chad», in Reviewof African Polítical Economy 7(6). pp. 91 104.
KELLEY. M. P. 1986. A State in Disarray: Conditions of Chad's Survival. Boulder, Colorado. Westview.
LANNE. B. 1987. «Quinze Ans d'ouvrages Politiques sur le Tchad», in Afrique Contemporaine 144, pp. 37 47.
LEMARCHAND. R. 1984. Burundí, Ethnocide as Discourse & Practice. New York. Cambridge University Press.
LUCKHAM. R. «French Militarism in Africa», in Review of African Polítical Economy 24. pp. 55 8S.
MAGNANT. J. P. 1984. «Peuple, Ethnies et Nation: le Cas du Tchad», in Droit et Culture 8. pp. 29 5O.
MARCHESIN. P. Tribu, Ethnies, et Pouvoir en Mauretanie. Paris: Karthala.
MARTIN. D. and P. JOHNSON. 1981. The Struggle for Zimbabwe. New York, Monthly Review Press.
MAY. R. 1990. «Internal Dimensions of Warfare in Chad», in Cambridge Anthropology 13(2). pp. 17-27.
MICHALON, T. 1979. «Le Drame du Tchad et I'Héritage Colonial de I'Afrique: I'Echec de la Greffe Jacobine». In L'Monde Diplomatique April.
MILLER, R.W. 1987. Fact and Method Princeton: Princeton University Press.
MOKOENA. K. 1993. South Africa and the United States, A National Security Archive Documents Reader. New York: New Press.
NEUBERGER, B. 1982. lnvolvement, lnvasion, and Withdrawal, Qaddafi's Libya and Chad 1969 198l. Tel Aviv. Shiloah Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University.
PIETROWSKI, M. 1991. «Cessation of Tuareg Repression, Respite or Resolution», in Africa Today 38, pp. 41-47.
RANGER, T. 1985. Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe. Los Angeles, Universiry of California Press.
REYNA, S. P. 1991. «What is to be Done?», in The Polítical Economy of African Fa mine. R. E. Downs, D.O. Kerner, and S.P. Reyna. (eds). Philadelphia, Gordon & Breach.
REYNA, S. P. 1994a. «A Mode of Domination Approach to Organized Violence» in S. Reyna and R. Downs (eds) Studying War: Anthropological Perspectives. New York, Gordon and Breach.
REYNA, S. P. 1994b. «Predatory Accumulation and Religious Conflict in the Early 19th Century>>, in S. Reyna. and R. Downs (eds) Stucfying War: Anthropological Perspectives. New York. Gordon and Breach.
REYNA. S. P. Forthcoming. «Domination in the Absence of the Means» in G. Bond and 1. Vincent (eds.). Paths of Violence. Destruction and Deconstruction in African States. New York. Gordon and Breach.
RUSK, J. D. 1987. «Warfare & Human Rights in Angola & Mozambique», in Africa Today 34(4), pp. 33-43.
SPIKES, O. 1993. Angola & the Politics of lntervention. Jefferson, NC, McFarland.
STREMLAU.J.J. 1978. The lnternational Politics of the Nigeria Civil War, 1967 1970. Princeton, Princeton Universiry Press.
TILLY. Charles. 1990. Coercían, Capital. and European States. Oxford. Blackwell.
TIRYNEH. A. 1993. Ethiopian Revolution 1974 1987. New York, Cambridge Universiry Press.
WATTS, M. 1991 . «Heart of Darkness. Reflections of Famine and Starvation in Africa», in The Polítical Economy of African Famine. R.E. Downs, D.0. Kerner, & S.P. Reyna (eds). Philadelphia. Gordon & Breach.
WEBER, M. 1958. From Max Weber; Essays in Sociology. New York. Oxford University Press.
WEST AFRICA. 1992. «Chadian Affairs» 3878 (Jan.13 19), pp. 69 70.
YOUNG, C. and T. TURNER. 1985. The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State. Madison, Wisconsin: Universiry of Wisconsin Press
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