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Vargas-Chaves, I. (2026). La justicia térmica ¿un nuevo horizonte del derecho ambiental?. Luna Azul, (63), 294–319. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2026.63.14
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El presente artículo analiza la justicia térmica como un marco para abordar la vulneración de derechos derivada de la inacción estatal frente al calor extremo. El objetivo principal es demostrar que la exposición desigual a altas temperaturas y la falta de acceso a refrigeración constituyen una falla estructural del Estado que viola derechos fundamentales. La investigación se basa en una metodología de análisis documental y teórico-conceptual, revisando la transición desde la justicia ambiental hacia la justicia térmica y examinando las obligaciones estatales en materia de salud, vivienda y medio ambiente. Se emplean conceptos como "zonas de sacrificio térmico" y "pobreza sistémica de refrigeración" para identificar las inequidades socialmente construidas. Los resultados establecen que, aunque no exista un "derecho a estar fresco" explícito, este se ancla en la interpretación de derechos preexistentes. Se evidencia que la omisión de estándares de confort térmico en la planificación urbana y códigos de construcción constituye una negligencia estatal que perpetúa la desigualdad. La principal conclusión es que esta falta de acción sistemática configura una omisión inconstitucional que transforma las olas de calor en desastres sociales, violando los derechos a la vida, la salud y la igualdad de las poblaciones más vulnerables. La justicia térmica emerge, por tanto, como una exigencia de responsabilidad estatal para garantizar una vida digna en un contexto de calentamiento global.
Citas
Amorim-Maia, A. T., Anguelovski, I., Chu, E., y Connolly, J. (2022). Intersectional climate justice: A conceptual pathway for bridging adaptation planning, transformative action, and social equity. Urban Climate, 41, 101053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.101053
Bellver Capella, V. (1996). El movimiento por la justicia ambiental: entre el ecologismo y los derechos humanos. Anuario de Filosofía del Derecho, (13), 327-347. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=142361
Bhambra, G. K., y Newell, P. (2022). More than a Metaphor: ‘Climate Colonialism’ in Perspective. Global Social Challenges Journal, 2(2), 179-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/EIEM6688
Borràs-Pentinat, S., y Villavicencio-Calzadilla, P. (Eds.). (2021). Justicia climática: Visiones constructivas desde el reconocimiento de la desigualdad. Tirant lo Blanch. https://editorial.tirant.com/es/ebook/justicia-climatica-visiones-constructivas-desde-el-reconocimiento-de-la-desigualdad-susana-borras-pentinat-9788413973470
Bouzarovski, S., y Simcock, N. (2017). Spatializing energy justice. Energy Policy, 107, 640-648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.064
Bullard, R. D. (2000). Dumping in Dixie: Race, class, and environmental quality (3rd ed.). Westview Press.
Chen, Z., O'Sullivan, K. C., Dohig, R. K., Pierse, N., Jiang, T., Riva, M., y Das, R.. (2025). Identifying summer energy poverty and public health risks in a temperate climate. Climate Risk Management, 48, 100698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2025.100698
Cole, L. W., y Foster, S. R. (2001). From the Ground up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement. New York University Press.
Colucci, A. R., Vecellio, D. J., y Allen, M. J. (2021). Thermal (In)Equity and Incarceration: A Necessary Nexus for Geographers. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 6(1), 638–657. https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486211063488
Corburn, J. (2017). Concepts for studying urban environmental justice. Current Environmental Health Reports, 4, 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-017-0123-6
Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., y Webb, J. (2008). A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change, 18(4), 598–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013
Espinosa González, A. (2012). La justicia ambiental, hacia la igualdad en el disfrute del derecho a un medio ambiente sano. Universitas. Revista de Filosofía, Derecho y Política, (16), 51-77. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4245455
Fabbri, K. (2024). Energy poverty and poor buildings: A brief literature review to promote new topics for future studies. Sustainability, 16(22), 9638. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229638
Farbotko, C., y Waitt, G. (2011). Residential air-conditioning and climate change: voices of the vulnerable. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 22(4), 13-15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22518913/
Gelobter, M. (1993). The meaning of urban environmental justice. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 21(3). https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol21/iss3/19
Gould, K., y Lewis, T. (2016). Green Gentrification: Urban sustainability and the struggle for environmental justice. Routledge.
Grant, A., Millward, A. A., Edge, S., Roman, L. A., y Teelucksingh, C. (2022). Where is environmental justice? A review of US urban forest management plans. Urban Forestry y Urban Greening, 77, 127737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127737
Hamstead, Z. A. (2023). Critical heat studies: Deconstructing heat studies for climate justice. Planning Theory y Practice, 24(2), 153-172. 10.1080/14649357.2023.2201604
He, B. J., Zhao, D., Xiong, K., Qi, J., Ulpiani, G., Pignatta, G., Prasad, D., y Jones, P. (2021). A framework for addressing urban heat challenges and associated adaptive behavior by the public and the issue of willingness to pay for heat resilient infrastructure in Chongqing, China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 75, 103361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103361
Hervé Espejo, D. (2023). Más allá del cumplimiento: La justicia como un objetivo de la fiscalización y sanción ambiental. Revista Derecho del Estado, (58), 361-388. https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n58.13
Hincapié, S. (2022). Gobernanza Ambiental Global y Derechos de la Naturaleza en América Latina. Revista Derecho del Estado, (54), 277-305. https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n54.09
Jennings, V., Johnson Gaither, C., y Schulterbrandt Gragg, R. (2012). Promoting environmental justice through urban green space access: A synopsis. Environmental Justice, 5(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2011.0007
Kake, J. (2020). Spatial justice—decolonising our cities and settlements. Counterfutures, 9, 123-135. https://doi.org/10.26686/cf.v9.6777
Lee, Y., Haile, B., Seymour, G., y Azzarri, C. (2021). The heat never bothered me anyway: Gender-specific response of agricultural labor to climatic shocks in Tanzania. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 43(2), 732–749. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13153
Magnetti, J., Marks, D., y Dominioni, G. (2025). Towards an intersectional justice approach to carbon taxation: Energy poverty, vulnerable households, and revenue recycling in Ireland. Energy Research y Social Science, 125, 104116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104116
Maninggar, N. (2025). Thermal justice for urban residents: Who bears the responsibility? Center for Southeast Asian Studies. https://kyoto.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/G5_Nimas-Maninggar_Pre-Seminar-Assignment.pdf
Martínez Alier, J., Temper, L., del Bene, D., y Scheidel, A. (2016). Is there a global environmental justice movement? The Journal of Peasant Studies, 43(3), 731-755. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1141198
Mazzone, A. (2020). Thermal comfort and cooling strategies in the Brazilian Amazon. An assessment of the concept of fuel poverty in tropical climates. Energy Policy, 139, 111256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111256
Mazzone, A., De Cian, E., Falchetta, G., Jani, A., Mistry, M., y Khosla. (2023). Understanding systemic cooling poverty. Nature Sustainability, 6, 1533-1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-023-01221-6
Mazzone, A., De Cian, E., de Paula, E., Ferreira, A., y Khosla, R. (2024). Understanding thermal justice and systemic cooling poverty from the margins: intersectional perspectives from Rio de Janeiro. Local Environment, 29(8), 1026-1043. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2024.2345610
Mesa Cuadros, G. (2018). Una idea de justicia ambiental: Elementos para su conceptualización y fundamentación. Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Peker, E., y Street, E. (2025). Spatial planning for thermal comfort justice in an era of climate extremes: The case of Mardin, Türkiye. Habitat International, 166, 103600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2025.103600
Robinson, C. (2025). Raising the temperature: A critical geographical perspective on heat. Progress in Environmental Geography, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/27539687251331070
Rodríguez, G. A. (2022). Fundamentos del derecho ambiental colombiano. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Colombia; Foro Nacional Ambiental. https://collections.fes.de/publikationen/ident/fes/19179
Rojas Calderón, C. (2019). Bases metodológicas para el análisis del derecho del medio ambiente en su faz activa o direccional. Revista Derecho del Estado, (45), 275-303. https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n45.10
Schlosberg, D. (1999). Environmental justice and the new pluralism: The challenge of difference for environmentalism. Oxford University Press.
Schlosberg, D. (2007). Defining environmental justice: Theories, movements, and nature. Oxford University Press.
Shue, H. (2017). Climate dreaming: negative emissions, risk transfer, and irreversibility. Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, 8(2), 203-216. https://doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2017.02.02
Shue, H. (2023). Justicia climática: Vulnerabilidad y protección. Palestra.
Sikkink, K. (2024). Justice for the Americas: A human rights-based approach to climate change. Harvard University Press.
Singh, C., y Nirwan. (2024). Effective heat adaptation must engage with unequal heat risk. One Earth, 7(8), 1320-1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.07.023
Soja, E. W. (2010). Seeking Spatial Justice. University of Minnesota Press.
Sultana, F. (2022). The unbearable heaviness of climate coloniality. Political Geography, 99, 102638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102638
Turek-Hankins, L. L., Coughlan de Perez, E., Scarpa, G., Ruiz-Diaz, R., Schwerdtle, P. N., Joe, E. T., Galappaththi, E. K., French, E. M., Austin, S. E.,
Singh, C., Siña, M., Siders, A. R., van Aalst, M. K., Templeman, S., Nunbogu, A. M., Berrang-Ford, L., Agrawal, T., the Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative
team, y Mach, K. J. (2021). Climate Change Adaptation to Extreme Heat: A Global Systematic Review of Implemented Action. Oxford Open Climate Change, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgab005
Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Beagley, J., Belesova, K., Boykoff, M., Byass, P., Cai, W., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Capstick, S.,
Chambers, J., Coleman, S., Dalin, C., Daly, M., Dasandi, N., Dasgupta, S., Davies, M., y Di Napoli, C., ... Costello, A. (2021). The 2020 Report of the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: Responding to Converging Crises. The Lancet, 397(10269), 129-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32290-X
Yenneti, K., Day, R., y Golubchikov, O. (2016). Spatial justice and the land politics of renewables: Dispossessing vulnerable communities through solar energy mega-projects. Geoforum, 76, 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.09.004
Bellver Capella, V. (1996). El movimiento por la justicia ambiental: entre el ecologismo y los derechos humanos. Anuario de Filosofía del Derecho, (13), 327-347. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=142361
Bhambra, G. K., y Newell, P. (2022). More than a Metaphor: ‘Climate Colonialism’ in Perspective. Global Social Challenges Journal, 2(2), 179-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/EIEM6688
Borràs-Pentinat, S., y Villavicencio-Calzadilla, P. (Eds.). (2021). Justicia climática: Visiones constructivas desde el reconocimiento de la desigualdad. Tirant lo Blanch. https://editorial.tirant.com/es/ebook/justicia-climatica-visiones-constructivas-desde-el-reconocimiento-de-la-desigualdad-susana-borras-pentinat-9788413973470
Bouzarovski, S., y Simcock, N. (2017). Spatializing energy justice. Energy Policy, 107, 640-648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.064
Bullard, R. D. (2000). Dumping in Dixie: Race, class, and environmental quality (3rd ed.). Westview Press.
Chen, Z., O'Sullivan, K. C., Dohig, R. K., Pierse, N., Jiang, T., Riva, M., y Das, R.. (2025). Identifying summer energy poverty and public health risks in a temperate climate. Climate Risk Management, 48, 100698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2025.100698
Cole, L. W., y Foster, S. R. (2001). From the Ground up: Environmental Racism and the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement. New York University Press.
Colucci, A. R., Vecellio, D. J., y Allen, M. J. (2021). Thermal (In)Equity and Incarceration: A Necessary Nexus for Geographers. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 6(1), 638–657. https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486211063488
Corburn, J. (2017). Concepts for studying urban environmental justice. Current Environmental Health Reports, 4, 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-017-0123-6
Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., y Webb, J. (2008). A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change, 18(4), 598–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013
Espinosa González, A. (2012). La justicia ambiental, hacia la igualdad en el disfrute del derecho a un medio ambiente sano. Universitas. Revista de Filosofía, Derecho y Política, (16), 51-77. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4245455
Fabbri, K. (2024). Energy poverty and poor buildings: A brief literature review to promote new topics for future studies. Sustainability, 16(22), 9638. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229638
Farbotko, C., y Waitt, G. (2011). Residential air-conditioning and climate change: voices of the vulnerable. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 22(4), 13-15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22518913/
Gelobter, M. (1993). The meaning of urban environmental justice. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 21(3). https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol21/iss3/19
Gould, K., y Lewis, T. (2016). Green Gentrification: Urban sustainability and the struggle for environmental justice. Routledge.
Grant, A., Millward, A. A., Edge, S., Roman, L. A., y Teelucksingh, C. (2022). Where is environmental justice? A review of US urban forest management plans. Urban Forestry y Urban Greening, 77, 127737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127737
Hamstead, Z. A. (2023). Critical heat studies: Deconstructing heat studies for climate justice. Planning Theory y Practice, 24(2), 153-172. 10.1080/14649357.2023.2201604
He, B. J., Zhao, D., Xiong, K., Qi, J., Ulpiani, G., Pignatta, G., Prasad, D., y Jones, P. (2021). A framework for addressing urban heat challenges and associated adaptive behavior by the public and the issue of willingness to pay for heat resilient infrastructure in Chongqing, China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 75, 103361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103361
Hervé Espejo, D. (2023). Más allá del cumplimiento: La justicia como un objetivo de la fiscalización y sanción ambiental. Revista Derecho del Estado, (58), 361-388. https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n58.13
Hincapié, S. (2022). Gobernanza Ambiental Global y Derechos de la Naturaleza en América Latina. Revista Derecho del Estado, (54), 277-305. https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n54.09
Jennings, V., Johnson Gaither, C., y Schulterbrandt Gragg, R. (2012). Promoting environmental justice through urban green space access: A synopsis. Environmental Justice, 5(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2011.0007
Kake, J. (2020). Spatial justice—decolonising our cities and settlements. Counterfutures, 9, 123-135. https://doi.org/10.26686/cf.v9.6777
Lee, Y., Haile, B., Seymour, G., y Azzarri, C. (2021). The heat never bothered me anyway: Gender-specific response of agricultural labor to climatic shocks in Tanzania. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 43(2), 732–749. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13153
Magnetti, J., Marks, D., y Dominioni, G. (2025). Towards an intersectional justice approach to carbon taxation: Energy poverty, vulnerable households, and revenue recycling in Ireland. Energy Research y Social Science, 125, 104116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104116
Maninggar, N. (2025). Thermal justice for urban residents: Who bears the responsibility? Center for Southeast Asian Studies. https://kyoto.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/G5_Nimas-Maninggar_Pre-Seminar-Assignment.pdf
Martínez Alier, J., Temper, L., del Bene, D., y Scheidel, A. (2016). Is there a global environmental justice movement? The Journal of Peasant Studies, 43(3), 731-755. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1141198
Mazzone, A. (2020). Thermal comfort and cooling strategies in the Brazilian Amazon. An assessment of the concept of fuel poverty in tropical climates. Energy Policy, 139, 111256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111256
Mazzone, A., De Cian, E., Falchetta, G., Jani, A., Mistry, M., y Khosla. (2023). Understanding systemic cooling poverty. Nature Sustainability, 6, 1533-1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-023-01221-6
Mazzone, A., De Cian, E., de Paula, E., Ferreira, A., y Khosla, R. (2024). Understanding thermal justice and systemic cooling poverty from the margins: intersectional perspectives from Rio de Janeiro. Local Environment, 29(8), 1026-1043. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2024.2345610
Mesa Cuadros, G. (2018). Una idea de justicia ambiental: Elementos para su conceptualización y fundamentación. Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Peker, E., y Street, E. (2025). Spatial planning for thermal comfort justice in an era of climate extremes: The case of Mardin, Türkiye. Habitat International, 166, 103600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2025.103600
Robinson, C. (2025). Raising the temperature: A critical geographical perspective on heat. Progress in Environmental Geography, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/27539687251331070
Rodríguez, G. A. (2022). Fundamentos del derecho ambiental colombiano. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Colombia; Foro Nacional Ambiental. https://collections.fes.de/publikationen/ident/fes/19179
Rojas Calderón, C. (2019). Bases metodológicas para el análisis del derecho del medio ambiente en su faz activa o direccional. Revista Derecho del Estado, (45), 275-303. https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n45.10
Schlosberg, D. (1999). Environmental justice and the new pluralism: The challenge of difference for environmentalism. Oxford University Press.
Schlosberg, D. (2007). Defining environmental justice: Theories, movements, and nature. Oxford University Press.
Shue, H. (2017). Climate dreaming: negative emissions, risk transfer, and irreversibility. Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, 8(2), 203-216. https://doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2017.02.02
Shue, H. (2023). Justicia climática: Vulnerabilidad y protección. Palestra.
Sikkink, K. (2024). Justice for the Americas: A human rights-based approach to climate change. Harvard University Press.
Singh, C., y Nirwan. (2024). Effective heat adaptation must engage with unequal heat risk. One Earth, 7(8), 1320-1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.07.023
Soja, E. W. (2010). Seeking Spatial Justice. University of Minnesota Press.
Sultana, F. (2022). The unbearable heaviness of climate coloniality. Political Geography, 99, 102638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102638
Turek-Hankins, L. L., Coughlan de Perez, E., Scarpa, G., Ruiz-Diaz, R., Schwerdtle, P. N., Joe, E. T., Galappaththi, E. K., French, E. M., Austin, S. E.,
Singh, C., Siña, M., Siders, A. R., van Aalst, M. K., Templeman, S., Nunbogu, A. M., Berrang-Ford, L., Agrawal, T., the Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative
team, y Mach, K. J. (2021). Climate Change Adaptation to Extreme Heat: A Global Systematic Review of Implemented Action. Oxford Open Climate Change, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgab005
Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Beagley, J., Belesova, K., Boykoff, M., Byass, P., Cai, W., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Capstick, S.,
Chambers, J., Coleman, S., Dalin, C., Daly, M., Dasandi, N., Dasgupta, S., Davies, M., y Di Napoli, C., ... Costello, A. (2021). The 2020 Report of the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: Responding to Converging Crises. The Lancet, 397(10269), 129-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32290-X
Yenneti, K., Day, R., y Golubchikov, O. (2016). Spatial justice and the land politics of renewables: Dispossessing vulnerable communities through solar energy mega-projects. Geoforum, 76, 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.09.004
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