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Muratov, Z., Zotaj, A., Kalandarova, A., Wisniewska, K., & Dobrovanov, O. (2026). Influencias ambientales en el desarrollo de enfermedades respiratorias: enfoques actuales para la prevención. Luna Azul, (63), 159–194. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2026.63.8
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El deterioro de la calidad del aire ambiental a nivel mundial exige la investigación de los factores que contribuyen al aumento de las patologías respiratorias en la población. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar patrones generalizados de los efectos adversos de diversos factores ambientales en el sistema respiratorio, considerando las especificidades regionales y los grupos de riesgo. Se realizó un análisis sistemático de la literatura entre abril y diciembre de 2024 utilizando cuatro bases de datos internacionales (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus y Google Scholar), lo que resultó en la selección de 71 publicaciones relevantes. Los hallazgos revelan que en la India, los niveles de material particulado con diámetros de hasta 10 y 2,5 micras superan los estándares recomendados en 2,56 veces, mientras que en el norte de Tailandia, una reducción del 5,3-34,3 % en estos indicadores disminuyó significativamente las tasas de hospitalización. En China y Sudáfrica, las concentraciones de contaminantes superan considerablemente los cinco microgramos por metro cúbico recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, ya que las normas locales en algunos casos permiten límites de hasta cuarenta microgramos, lo que aumenta el riesgo de enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas. El análisis también confirmó que en la capital de Colombia, el tráfico intenso contribuye a una mayor morbilidad y mortalidad por complicaciones respiratorias, mientras que en Kirguistán, los cambios estacionales y los patrones alterados de la vegetación han provocado un aumento de las reacciones alérgicas. En Eslovaquia, la prolongada temporada de polen se asocia con un aumento de los casos de asma bronquial. Las poblaciones más vulnerables incluyen a los niños (especialmente los menores de 5 años), los ancianos y los trabajadores industriales. Los cambios climáticos exacerban estas tendencias al amplificar los efectos de las partículas finas y los contaminantes gaseosos. Se concluye que las políticas integrales dirigidas a la reducción de emisiones y a la sensibilización pública pueden aliviar la carga de los trastornos respiratorios agudos y crónicos. La importancia práctica del estudio radica en la aplicabilidad de los patrones identificados para la planificación intersectorial de medidas preventivas y la armonización de las normas ambientales.
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