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Hortúa López, L. C., Cruz Carrillo, A. C., & Rodríguez Molano, C. E. (2026). Extracto artesanal de alfalfa en la dieta de gallinas ponedoras. Luna Azul, (63), 87–103. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2026.63.5
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Autores/as
Anastasia Catalina Cruz Carrillo
Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
Carlos Eduardo Rodríguez Molano
Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
Resumen
La industria avícola enfrenta el desafío de producir alimentos de calidad sosteniblemente, impulsando la búsqueda de alternativas a la soja y harina de pescado. La fracción sólida concentrada de alfalfa, denominada extracto sólido de alfalfa (ESA), representa una opción prometedora por su alto contenido de proteínas y compuestos bioactivos. El objetivo es evaluar el efecto de incluir ESA (0,5 %, 1 % y 2 %) en dietas de gallinas ponedoras sobre parámetros productivos, calidad del huevo y perfil lipídico de la yema. Se utilizaron 108 gallinas Babcock Brown de 14 semanas, distribuidas en cinco grupos (ESA0, ESA0.5, ESA1, ESA2 y control con multivitamínico). El ESA se obtuvo mediante un proceso artesanal de extracción y secado de harina de alfalfa. Se evaluaron peso corporal, tasa de postura, consumo de alimento, peso del huevo, pigmentación de la yema, espesor de cáscara, unidades Haugh y perfil lipídico de la yema por cromatografía de gases. El ESA concentró proteínas (12,2 % a 18,2 %) y redujo la fibra cruda (41,2 % a 2,3 %). Su inclusión no causó mortalidad ni afectó significativamente el peso corporal, consumo, postura o peso del huevo (p > 0,05). Tampoco hubo diferencias en pigmentación, espesor de cáscara o unidades Haugh. En el perfil lipídico, aunque sin significancia estadística, se observaron tendencias hacia menor ácidos grasos saturados y mayor omega-3 en grupos con ESA. La inclusión de hasta 2 % de ESA en dietas de gallinas ponedoras es segura, no compromete la productividad ni calidad del huevo, y muestra potencial para mejorar su valor nutricional. Su bajo costo y método sencillo podría posicionarlo como alternativa funcional y sostenible para la producción avícola.
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Citas
Ahmad, A., y Ashraf, S. S. (2023). Sustainable food and feed sources from microalgae: Food security and the circular bioeconomy. Algal Research, 74(103185). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2023.103185
Alay, T., y Karadas, F. (2016). The effects of carotenoids in quail breeder diets on egg yolk pigmentation and breeder performance. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A — Animal Science, 66(4), 206–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2017.1330360
Batbayar, B., Kryachko, Y., Nickerson, M. T., Korber, D. R., y Tanaka, T. (2023). Solid-state and submerged fermentation effects on functional properties of pea protein-enriched flour. Cereal Chemistry, 100(5), 1092–1105. https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10691
Cui, Y., Diao, Z., Fan, W., Wei, J., Zhou, J., Zhu, H., Li, D., Guo, L., Tian, Y., Song, H., y Su, Y. (2022). Effects of dietary inclusion of alfalfa meal on laying performance, egg quality, intestinal morphology, caecal microbiota and metabolites in Zhuanghe Dagu chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 21(1), 831-846. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051x.2022.2067009
Da Silva Galvão, J., Conceição dos Santos, G., y Lima Neto, R. C. (2018). Uso da geoprópolis da espécie Melipona melanoventer na manutenção da qualidade do ovo. Revista Agroecossistemas, 10(2), 337-352. https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/agroecossistemas/article/view/5163
Englmaierová, M., Skřivan, M., y Vít, T. (2019). Alfalfa meal as a source of carotenoids in combination with ascorbic acid in the diet of laying hens. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 64(1), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.17221/116/2018-cjas
Folch, J., Lees, M., y Sloane Stanley, G. H. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226(1), 497–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64849-5
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2025). Gateway to poultry production and products. https://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/production/en/
Kop-Bozbay, C., Akdag, A., Bozkurt-Kiraz, A., Gore, M., Kurt, O., y Ocak, N. (2021). Laying performance, egg quality characteristics, and egg yolk fatty acids profile in layer hens housed with free access to chicory- and/or white clover-vegetated or non-vegetated areas. Animals, 11(6), 1708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061708
Kulshreshtha, G., Hincke, M. T., Prithiviraj, B., y Critchley, A. (2020). A review of the varied uses of macroalgae as dietary supplements in selected poultry with special reference to laying hen and broiler chickens. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(7), 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070536
Leinonen, I., y Kyriazakis, I. (2016). How can we improve the environmental sustainability of poultry production? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 75(3), 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665116000094
Mateos, G. G., Jiménez-Moreno, E., Serrano, M. P., y Lázaro, R. P. (2012). Poultry response to high levels of dietary fiber sources varying in physical and chemical characteristics. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 21(1), 156-174. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2011-00477
Mattioli, S., Cartoni Mancinelli, A., Bravi, E., Angelucci, E., Falcinelli, B., Benincasa, P., Castellini, C., Sileoni, V., Marconi, O., y Dal Bosco, A. (2022). Dietary freeze-dried flaxseed and alfalfa sprouts as additional ingredients to improve the bioactive compounds and reduce the cholesterol content of hen eggs. Antioxidants, 12(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010103
Mottet, A., y Tempio, G. (2017). Global poultry production: Current state and future outlook and challenges. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 73(2), 245-256. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043933917000071
Noori, A. S., Jameel, Z., Saki, A. A., Zamani, P., y Goudarzi, S. M. (2023). Egg yolk cholesterol, egg quality, and performance in response to copper–methionine chelates and alfalfa powder supplementation in Nick chick laying hen diets. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 48(3), 182–193. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.48.3.182-193
Ominski, K., McAllister, T., Stanford, K., Mengistu, G., Kebebe, E. G., Omonijo, F., Cordeiro, M., Legesse, G., y Wittenberg, K. (2021). Utilization of by-products and food waste in livestock production systems: A Canadian perspective. Animal Frontiers, 11(2), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfab004
Pico, S. M., Gutiérrez, D., Aragón, I., Escobar, A., Ortiz, D., Sánchez, T., Imbachí, P., y Pachón, H. (2011). Evaluación de la composición nutricional, antinutricional y biodisponibilidad in vitro de diferentes extractos foliares. Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-75182011000200007
Sajid, Q. U. A., Asghar, M. U., Tariq, H., Wilk, M., y Płatek, A. (2023). Insect meal as an alternative to protein concentrates in poultry nutrition with future perspectives (an updated review). Agriculture, 13(6), 1239. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061239
Sousa, D., Moset, V., López-Luján, M. C., Salgado, J. M., Dias, A., Belo, I., Pascual, J. J., y Cambra-López, M. (2024). Potential of solid-state fermentation to enhance the nutritional value of oilseed cakes for poultry. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 316(116056). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116056
Sufe, A. G., Hassan, M., Hossain, M., y Erdaw, M. M. (2023). Effects of supplementing layers, with varying levels of alfalfa and moringa fresh leaves on egg production and quality. American Journal of Pure and Applied Biosciences, 5(5), 124-130. https://www.universepg.com/public/img/storage/journal-pdf/Effects%20of%20supplementing%20layers,%20with%20varying%20levels%20of%20alfalfa%20and%20moringa%20fresh%20leaves.pdf
Suganya, T., Varman, M., Masjuki, H. H., y Renganathan, S. (2016). Macroalgae and microalgae as a potential source for commercial applications along with biofuels production: A biorefinery approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 909-941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.026
Sulaiman, B., y Al-Sardary, Y. (2021). Alfalfa meal supplementation producing vitamin E and minerals enriched table eggs. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 761(1), 012108. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/761/1/012108
Vaarst, M., Steenfeldt, S., y Horsted, K. (2015). Sustainable development perspectives of poultry production. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 71(4), 609-620. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043933915002433
Zheng, M., Mao, P., Tian, X., Guo, Q., y Meng, L. (2019). Effects of dietary supplementation of alfalfa meal on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat and egg quality, and intestinal microbiota in Beijing-you chicken. Poultry Science, 98(5), 2250–2259. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey550
Alay, T., y Karadas, F. (2016). The effects of carotenoids in quail breeder diets on egg yolk pigmentation and breeder performance. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A — Animal Science, 66(4), 206–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2017.1330360
Batbayar, B., Kryachko, Y., Nickerson, M. T., Korber, D. R., y Tanaka, T. (2023). Solid-state and submerged fermentation effects on functional properties of pea protein-enriched flour. Cereal Chemistry, 100(5), 1092–1105. https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10691
Cui, Y., Diao, Z., Fan, W., Wei, J., Zhou, J., Zhu, H., Li, D., Guo, L., Tian, Y., Song, H., y Su, Y. (2022). Effects of dietary inclusion of alfalfa meal on laying performance, egg quality, intestinal morphology, caecal microbiota and metabolites in Zhuanghe Dagu chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 21(1), 831-846. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051x.2022.2067009
Da Silva Galvão, J., Conceição dos Santos, G., y Lima Neto, R. C. (2018). Uso da geoprópolis da espécie Melipona melanoventer na manutenção da qualidade do ovo. Revista Agroecossistemas, 10(2), 337-352. https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/agroecossistemas/article/view/5163
Englmaierová, M., Skřivan, M., y Vít, T. (2019). Alfalfa meal as a source of carotenoids in combination with ascorbic acid in the diet of laying hens. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 64(1), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.17221/116/2018-cjas
Folch, J., Lees, M., y Sloane Stanley, G. H. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226(1), 497–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64849-5
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2025). Gateway to poultry production and products. https://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/production/en/
Kop-Bozbay, C., Akdag, A., Bozkurt-Kiraz, A., Gore, M., Kurt, O., y Ocak, N. (2021). Laying performance, egg quality characteristics, and egg yolk fatty acids profile in layer hens housed with free access to chicory- and/or white clover-vegetated or non-vegetated areas. Animals, 11(6), 1708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061708
Kulshreshtha, G., Hincke, M. T., Prithiviraj, B., y Critchley, A. (2020). A review of the varied uses of macroalgae as dietary supplements in selected poultry with special reference to laying hen and broiler chickens. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(7), 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070536
Leinonen, I., y Kyriazakis, I. (2016). How can we improve the environmental sustainability of poultry production? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 75(3), 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665116000094
Mateos, G. G., Jiménez-Moreno, E., Serrano, M. P., y Lázaro, R. P. (2012). Poultry response to high levels of dietary fiber sources varying in physical and chemical characteristics. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 21(1), 156-174. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2011-00477
Mattioli, S., Cartoni Mancinelli, A., Bravi, E., Angelucci, E., Falcinelli, B., Benincasa, P., Castellini, C., Sileoni, V., Marconi, O., y Dal Bosco, A. (2022). Dietary freeze-dried flaxseed and alfalfa sprouts as additional ingredients to improve the bioactive compounds and reduce the cholesterol content of hen eggs. Antioxidants, 12(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010103
Mottet, A., y Tempio, G. (2017). Global poultry production: Current state and future outlook and challenges. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 73(2), 245-256. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043933917000071
Noori, A. S., Jameel, Z., Saki, A. A., Zamani, P., y Goudarzi, S. M. (2023). Egg yolk cholesterol, egg quality, and performance in response to copper–methionine chelates and alfalfa powder supplementation in Nick chick laying hen diets. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 48(3), 182–193. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.48.3.182-193
Ominski, K., McAllister, T., Stanford, K., Mengistu, G., Kebebe, E. G., Omonijo, F., Cordeiro, M., Legesse, G., y Wittenberg, K. (2021). Utilization of by-products and food waste in livestock production systems: A Canadian perspective. Animal Frontiers, 11(2), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfab004
Pico, S. M., Gutiérrez, D., Aragón, I., Escobar, A., Ortiz, D., Sánchez, T., Imbachí, P., y Pachón, H. (2011). Evaluación de la composición nutricional, antinutricional y biodisponibilidad in vitro de diferentes extractos foliares. Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-75182011000200007
Sajid, Q. U. A., Asghar, M. U., Tariq, H., Wilk, M., y Płatek, A. (2023). Insect meal as an alternative to protein concentrates in poultry nutrition with future perspectives (an updated review). Agriculture, 13(6), 1239. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061239
Sousa, D., Moset, V., López-Luján, M. C., Salgado, J. M., Dias, A., Belo, I., Pascual, J. J., y Cambra-López, M. (2024). Potential of solid-state fermentation to enhance the nutritional value of oilseed cakes for poultry. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 316(116056). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116056
Sufe, A. G., Hassan, M., Hossain, M., y Erdaw, M. M. (2023). Effects of supplementing layers, with varying levels of alfalfa and moringa fresh leaves on egg production and quality. American Journal of Pure and Applied Biosciences, 5(5), 124-130. https://www.universepg.com/public/img/storage/journal-pdf/Effects%20of%20supplementing%20layers,%20with%20varying%20levels%20of%20alfalfa%20and%20moringa%20fresh%20leaves.pdf
Suganya, T., Varman, M., Masjuki, H. H., y Renganathan, S. (2016). Macroalgae and microalgae as a potential source for commercial applications along with biofuels production: A biorefinery approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 909-941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.026
Sulaiman, B., y Al-Sardary, Y. (2021). Alfalfa meal supplementation producing vitamin E and minerals enriched table eggs. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 761(1), 012108. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/761/1/012108
Vaarst, M., Steenfeldt, S., y Horsted, K. (2015). Sustainable development perspectives of poultry production. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 71(4), 609-620. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043933915002433
Zheng, M., Mao, P., Tian, X., Guo, Q., y Meng, L. (2019). Effects of dietary supplementation of alfalfa meal on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat and egg quality, and intestinal microbiota in Beijing-you chicken. Poultry Science, 98(5), 2250–2259. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey550
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