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Venegas Marcel, M., Martínez Torán, M., Jacob Dazarola, R., & Miranda Rojas, F. (2023). Caracterización y valoración de residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos, RAEE en Chile. Una propuesta hacia un diseño de producto más ecoeficiente. Kepes, 20(27), 75–104. https://doi.org/10.17151/kepes.2023.20.27.4
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Autores/as
Marcelo Venegas Marcel
Perfil Google Scholar
Manuel Martínez Torán
Rubén Jacob Dazarola
Francisco Miranda Rojas
Resumen
Esta investigación, tiene como objetivo proponer un protocolo de incorporación de procedimientos para evaluar, caracterizar y establecer parámetros generales aplicables a la gestión de RAEE —residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos— el cual puede también ser incorporado dentro del marco de los procesos de diseño y desarrollo de productos más usados frecuentemente; brindando así, información clave para proyectos dirigidos a la recuperación de partes, componentes y sus materias primas.
Para lograr lo anterior, este artículo primero establece los problemas generales, posicionando a Chile como un caso de estudio válido en América Latina y define los objetivos de la investigación. Posteriormente, se describe el método ocupado, el cual ha sido aplicado a diez electrodomésticos de pequeño formato, obteniendo resultados prometedores en cuanto a una rápida determinación de las posibilidades de gestión sostenible de sus residuos. Se propone un método de fácil aplicación y comprensión, el que puede funcionar en el marco de la formación de nuevos diseñadores, el trabajo con pequeñas empresas y con actores relevantes en los procesos de reciclaje y valorización. Finalmente, se presentan conclusiones respecto al logro de los objetivos propuestos y evaluaciones para futuras investigaciones. Contribuyendo de esta forma, con resultados significativos destinados a impulsar proyectos de interés tecnológico y económico con miras al manejo sostenible de los residuos al final de su vida útil.
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Citas
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Genève.
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Government of Chile. National Corporation of the Environment. (2009). Diagnosis of production, importation, and distribution of electronic products and management of end-of-life equipment. Santiago de Chile.
Habib, K., Parajuly, K., & Wenzel, H. (2015). Tracking the Flow of Resources in Electronic Waste - The Case of End-of-Life Computer Hard Disk Drives. Environmental Science & Technology, 49, 12441–12449. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02264
Issa, I. I., Pigosso, D. C., McAloone, T. C., & Rozenfeld, H. (2015). Leading product-related environmental performance indicators: a selection guide and database. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 321–330.
Koutamanis, A., van Reijn, B., & van Bueren, E. (2018). Urban mining and buildings: A review of possibilities and limitations. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 138, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.06.024
Krausmann, F., Gingrich, S., Eisenmenger, N., Erb, K. H., Haberl, H., & Fischer-Kowalski, M. (2009). Growth in global materials use, GDP and population during the 20th century. Ecological Economics, 68, 2696–2705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.05.007
Manzini, E. (1992). Limits and Possibilities of Ecodesign: From the “ecological re-design” of products to the suggestion of “new environmental scenarios” [Web document]. sckool.org. URL https://sckool.org/limits-and-possibilities-of-ecodesign-by-ezio-manzini.html (accessed 6.10.21).
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Aranda U., A., & Zabalza B., I. (2010). Ecodesign and life cycle analysis. Zaragoza University.
Balboa C. C. H. & Domínguez, M. (2014). Circular economy as a framework for ecodesign: The ECO-3 model. Informador técnico, 78(1), 82-90.
Bautista, M. E., Cabrera, R., Rolón, J. C., Pichardo, R., & Gordillo, A. (2015). Review of policies for the management of electrical and electronic waste for their application in Mexico. Tamatli, 6, 66–72.
Boeni, H., Silva, U., & Ott, D. (2009). Recycling of electronic waste in Latin America: Overview, challenges, and potential. In U. Silva (Ed.), Management of Electronic Waste in Latin America (pp. 8-11). Ediciones Sur.
Boothroyd, G., & Alting, L. (1992). Design for Assembly and Disassembly. CIRP Annals, 41, 625–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)63249-1
Cámara de Comercio de Santiago & Regenerativa. (2019). Sector Diagnosis. Clean Production Agreement: Implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility in the Electrical and Electronic Equipment Sector (p. 117). Santiago Chamber of Commerce, Chile.
http://www.traee.cl/multimedia/2021/07/11_04_19_Estudio_de_Diagno%CC%81stico_Sectorial_REP_RAEE_Versio%CC%81n-Final.pdf
Chiu, M.-C., & Okudan, G. E. (2010). Evolution of Design for X tools applicable to design stages: A literature review. Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference, 6, 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2010-29091
Clerc, J., Pereira, A. M., Alfaro, C., & Yunis, C. (2021). Circular economy and valorization of metals: Waste electrical and electronic equipment. ECLAC. https://www.cepal.org/en/publications/47429-circular-economy-valorization-metals-waste-electrical-and-electronicequipment
Cyranek, G., & Silva, U. (2010). Electronic waste: A challenge for the knowledge society in Latin America and the Caribbean. UNESCO, Montevideo.
De Aguiar, J., Oliveira, L. de, Silva, J. O. da, Bond, D., Scalice, R. K., & Becker, D. (2017). A design tool to diagnose product recyclability during the product design phase. Journal of Cleaner Production, 0(141), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.074
Duque, I. (2019). Operational framework for establishing a WEEE management system in Chile. Deliverable I: Current situation of WEEE collection and valorization in Chile, with emphasis on the integration of base recyclers (p. 56). U4E.
https://rechile.mma.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Entrega-1-Recoleccion-y-valorizacion-de-RAEE-en-Chile_I-Duque.pdf
Ellen MacArthur Foundation, Stiftungsfonds für Umweltökonomie und Nachhaltigkeit (SUN), Deutsche Post Foundation, McKinsey Center for Business and Environment. (2015). Growth Within: A circular economy vision for a competitive Europe.
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EU Commission. (1991). Directive 91/156/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities. Brussels.
Fajarado, D. (2018, May 16). ¿Qué falta para que se concrete la Ley de Reciclaje? [Digital news article]. La Tercera. https://www.latercera.com/pulso/noticia/falta-se-concrete-la-leyreciclaje/166491/
Fajardo, D. (2019, August 7). Chilenos aumentarán en 45% su basura electrónica en 10 años [Digital news article]. La Tercera. https://www.latercera.com/pulso/noticia/chilenosaumentaran-45-basura-electronica-10-anos/771299/
Fernández Protomastro, G. (2013). Urban mining and electronic waste management. Grupo Uno.
Forti, V., Baldé, C.P., Kuehr, R. & Bel, G., (2020). Suivi des déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques à l’échelle mondiale pour 2020: Quantités, flux et potentiel de l’économie circulaire. Université des Nations Unies (UNU), Institut des Nations Unies pour la formation et la recherche (UNITAR), Programme SCYCLE co-administré par l’Union internationale des télécommunications (UIT) et l’Association internationale des déchets solides (ISWA), Bonn,
Genève.
Franco, M. A. (2019). A system dynamics approach to product design and business model strategies for the circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 241, 118327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118327
Geng, Y., Doberstein, B., (2008). Developing the circular economy in China: Challenges and opportunities for achieving “leapfrog development.” International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 15, 231–239. https://doi.org/10.3843/SusDev.15.3:6
Goosey, M. (2004). End-of-life electronics legislation – an industry perspective. Circuit World, 30, 41–45. https://doi.org/10.1108/03056120410512235
Government of Chile. Ministry of Health. (2004). Decreto 148 [Decree 148]. Diario Oficial. Chile.
Government of Chile. Ministry of the Environment. (2016). Ley n°20.920 [Law No. 20.920]. Diario Oficial. Library of the National Congress of Chile.
Government of Chile. National Corporation of the Environment. (2009). Diagnosis of production, importation, and distribution of electronic products and management of end-of-life equipment. Santiago de Chile.
Habib, K., Parajuly, K., & Wenzel, H. (2015). Tracking the Flow of Resources in Electronic Waste - The Case of End-of-Life Computer Hard Disk Drives. Environmental Science & Technology, 49, 12441–12449. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02264
Issa, I. I., Pigosso, D. C., McAloone, T. C., & Rozenfeld, H. (2015). Leading product-related environmental performance indicators: a selection guide and database. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 321–330.
Koutamanis, A., van Reijn, B., & van Bueren, E. (2018). Urban mining and buildings: A review of possibilities and limitations. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 138, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.06.024
Krausmann, F., Gingrich, S., Eisenmenger, N., Erb, K. H., Haberl, H., & Fischer-Kowalski, M. (2009). Growth in global materials use, GDP and population during the 20th century. Ecological Economics, 68, 2696–2705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.05.007
Manzini, E. (1992). Limits and Possibilities of Ecodesign: From the “ecological re-design” of products to the suggestion of “new environmental scenarios” [Web document]. sckool.org. URL https://sckool.org/limits-and-possibilities-of-ecodesign-by-ezio-manzini.html (accessed 6.10.21).
Manzini, E., & Bigues, J. (2000). Ecology and democracy: from ecological injustice to environmental democracy, More wood. Icaria Editorial.
Manzini, E., & Jégou, F. (2003). Quotidiano sostenibile: scenari di vita urbana [Sustainable everyday: scenarios of urban life]. Edizioni Ambiente.
McDonough, W., & Braungart, M. (2002). Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. North Point Press.
Meyer, M. W., & Norman, D. (2020). Changing Design Education for the 21st Century. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation,6, 13-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2019.12.002
Murdock, G. (2006). Under the beach, the cobblestones: Commodities, Consumerism, Contradictions. Economía política de la comunicación, 11, 31–46
National Institute of Normalization. (2013). NCh. 3321: Caracterización de residuos sólidos municipales (RSM) [Characterization of municipal solid waste (MSW)]. Chile.
Park, Y. J., & Fray, D. J. (2009). Recovery of high purity precious metals from printed circuit boards. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164, 1152–1158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.043
Piñero, F. (2004). The Fordist-Keynesian mode of industrial development: Characteristics, crises, and restructuring of capitalism. Contribuciones a la economía, 1er semest, 1–18.
Pontis, S., & Van der Waarde, K. (2020). Looking for Alternatives: Challenging Assumptions in Design Education. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, 6, 228–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2020.05.005
Redström, J. (2020). Certain Uncertainties and the Design of Design Education. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, 6, 83–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2020.02.001
Sariatli, F. (2017). Linear Economy Versus Circular Economy: A Comparative and Analyzer Study for Optimization of Economy for Sustainability. Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development, 6, 31–34. https://doi.org/10.1515/vjbsd-2017-0005
Savino, A., Solórzano, G., Quispe, C., & Correal, M. C. (2018). Perspective on Waste Management in Latin America and the Caribbean. ONU Medioambiente.
Schaffartzik, A., Mayer, A., Gingrich, S., Eisenmenger, N., Loy, C., & Krausmann, F. (2014). The global metabolic transition: Regional patterns and trends of global material flows, 1950–2010. Global Environmental Change, 26, 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.03.013
Schwarzer, S., Bono, A., Giuliani, G., Kluser, S., & Peduzzi, P. (2005). E-waste, the hidden side of IT equipment’s manufacturing and use, Environment Alert Bulletin. United Nations Environment Programme.
Signoret, C., Caro-Bretelle, A.-S., Lopez-Cuesta, J.-M., Ienny, P., & Perrin, D. (2019). MIR spectral characterization of plastic to enable discrimination in an industrial recycling context: II. Specific case of polyolefins. Waste Management, 98, 160–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.08.010
Silva, U. (2019). Guía para Comunicadores y Periodistas. Residuos de Aparatos electrónicos y eléctricos (RAEE). En el marco de la ley 20.920 y la Responsabilidad extendida del producto (REP). Guía informativa para Chile 2020. Santiago de Chile.
Toledo, M. (2022, April 19). IMF refines forecast: Now expects Chile’s per capita GDP to exceed US$30,000 in 2024. Diario Financiero [Digital newspaper article]. https://www.df.cl/economia-y-politica/macro/fmi-afina-pronostico-ahora-espera-que-pib-per-capita-dechile-supere
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