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Fecha Publicación: 2009-12-18
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Romero Peñuela, M. H., & Sánchez Valencia, J. A. (2009). El diagnóstico de la leishmaniasis visceral canina: Dilemas y retos. Biosalud, 8, 105–116. Recuperado a partir de https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/5532
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La leishmaniasis visceral (LV) es una enfermedad infecciosa de evolución crónica, causada por un protozoario, Leishmania infantum, que afecta al hombre y a los caninos; es transmitida principalmente por la picadura del vector Lutzomyia longipalpis, con incriminación de Lutzomyia evansi en partes de Colombia y Venezuela. El perro actúa como el principal reservorio doméstico del parásito en todo el mundo, haciendo parte del ciclo epidemiológico de transmisión humana. Dada la importancia epidemiológica de los caninos en el control de la LV y la necesidad de determinar el impacto real de la infección en las zonas endémicas, es fundamental el empleo de pruebas diagnósticas eficientes, que no subestimen la incidencia, ni la prevalencia de la enfermedad, y que permitan además obtener resultados confiables, que minimicen las reacciones falsas positivas y la reacción cruzada con otros parásitos relacionados. El presente artículo revisa las técnicas diagnósticas para la leishmaniasis visceral canina (LVC) y establece de forma general algunas prioridades de investigación y desarrollo en esta área.
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Ferroglio, F, Centaro E, Mignone W, Trisciuoglio A. Evaluation of an ELISA rapid device for the serological diagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dog as compared with immunofluorescence assay and Western blot. Vet. Parasitol. 2007;144:162-166.
Dantas-Torres F, Brandão-Filho SP. Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: revisiting paradigms of epidemiology and control. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 2006;48(3):151-156.
Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, Chalib H, Rijai S, Peeling RW, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nature Reviews/Microbiol 2007;5:873-882.
Corredor A, Álvarez CA, Agudelo CA, Bueno M, López MC, Cáceres E, et al. Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania chagasi infection and risk factors in a Colombian indigenous population. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 1999;41(4):229-234.
Travi B. Un enfoque integral al estudio de animales reservorios, con énfasis en las Leishmaniosis del Nuevo mundo. Med UIS 1998;12:311-315.
Ministerio de la Protección Social de Colombia. Guía de Atención de la leishmaniasis; 2006 pp:35.
Travi B, Tabares C, Cadena H, Ferro C, Osorio Y. Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Colombia: relationship between clinical and parasitologic status and infectivity for sand flies. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2001;64(3,4):119-124.
Travi B, Ferro C, Cadena H, Montoya-Lerma J, Adler GH. Canine visceral leishmaniasis: dog infectivity to sand flies from non-endemic areas. Res Vet Sci 2002;72(1):83-86.
Cascio A, Calattini S, Colomba C, Scalamogna Ch, Galazzi M, Pizzuto M, et al. Polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis and prognosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent children. Pediatrics 2002;9(2):1-5.
Zerpa O, Ulrich M, Borges R, Rodríguez V, Centeno M, Negrón E, Belizario D, Convit J. Epidemiological aspects of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in Venezuela. Pan Am J Public Health 2003;13(4):239-245.
Savani E, Schimonsky BV, Camargo OMC, D´auria SR. Surveillance of American visceral Leishmaniasis in dogs from a non-endemic area, Brazil. Rev Saude Pública 2003;37(2):260-262.
Alves, W.A.; Bevilacqua, P.D. Quality of diagnosis of canine visceral Leishmaniasis in epidemiological surveys: an epidemic in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1993-1997. Cad. Saude Pública 2004;20(1):259-265.
Mueller Y, Mbulamberi DB; Odermatt P, Hoffmann A; Loutan L, Chappuis F. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality of visceral leishmaniasis patients in eastern Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 2009;14(8):910-917.
Solano-Gallego L, LLul J, Ramis A, Fernández-Bellon H, Rodríguez A, Ferrer LL, et al. Longitudinal study of dogs living in ana rea of Spain highly endemic for leishmaniasis by serologic análisis and the leishmanin skin test. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2005;72(6):815-818.
Marzochi MC, Marzochi KBF. Tegumentary and Visceral Leishmaniases in Brazil. Emerging Anthropozoonosis and Possibilities for their control. Cad. Saude Pública 1994;10(Supl 2):359-375.
Troncarelli MZ, Camargo JB, Machado JG, Lucheis SB, Langoni H. Leishmania spp. And/or Trypanosoma cruzi diagnosis in dogs from endemic and nonendemic areas for canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2009;164(2-4):118-123.
Palatnik-De-Sousa CB, Wania R, Franca-Silva JC, Da Costa RT, Reis BA, Palatnik M, Mayrink W, Genaro O. Impact of canine control on the epidemiology of canine and human visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil. The Am Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001;65(5):510-517.
Lachaud L; Marchergui-Hammami S, Chabbert E, Dereure J, Dedet JP, Bastien P. Comparison of six PCR methods using peripheral blood for detection of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 2001;40(1):210-215.
Mettler M, Grimm F, Capelli G, Camp H, Deplazes P. Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, an immunofluorescent-antibody test, and two rapid tests (immunochoromatographic-dipstickand gel tests) for serological diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania infections in dogs. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43(11):5515-5519.
Pinelli E, Killick-Kendrick R, Wagenaar J, Bernadina W, Del Real G, Ruitenberg J. Cellular and Humoral immune responses in dogs experimentally and naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Infect Immun1994;62(1):229-235.
Moreira MA, Luvizotto MC, García JF, Corbett CE, Laurenti MD. Comparison of parasitological, immunological and molecular methods for the diagnosis of Leishmaniasis in dogs with different clinical signs. Vet Parasitol 2007;145(3-4): 245-252.
Binhazim A, Chpman Jr, Shin S, Hanson W. Determination of virulence and pathogenesis of canine strain of Leishmania leishmania infantum in hamsters and dogs. Am J Vet R 1993;54:13-120.
Ciaramella P; Oliva G, De Luna R, Gradoni R, Ambrosio R, Cortese L, et al. A retrospective clinical study of canine leishmaniosis in 150 dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Vet Rec 1997;141(21):539-543.
Dias El; Batista ZDS, Guerra RMS, Calabrese KDS, Lima T, Abreu-Silva AL. Canine visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL): Seroprevalence, clinical, hematological and biochemical findings of dogs naturally infected in an endemic area of São José de Ribamar municipality, Marahão State, Brazil. Ciênc. Anim. Bras. 2008;9(3):740-745.
Troncarelli MZ, Camargo JB, Machado JG, Lucheis SB, Langoni H. Leishmania spp. And/or Trypanosoma cruzi diagnosis in dogs from endemic and noendemic areas for canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2009;164(2-4):118-123.
Silva AV, Paula AA, Cabrera MA, Carreira JC. Leishmaniasis in domestic dogs: epidemiological aspects. Cad. Saude Pública 2005;21(1):324-328.
Romero MH, López MC, Echeverry MC, Rivas F. Leishmaniasis visceral canina: pruebas diagnósticas no identifican estados reales de la infección. Rev. Salud Pública 2008;10(2):290-298.
Madeira MF, Figueiredo FB, Pinto AGS, Nascimento LD, Furtado M, Mouta-Confort E, et al. Parasitological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: Is intact skin a good target? Res Vet Sci 2009;87(2):260-272.
Fernández J, Bello F, López MC, Moncada LI, Vargas JJ, Ayala MS, Nicholls RS, Lozano CA. Seroprevalencia de la leishmaniasis visceral canina en la comuna 8 de Neiva y en cuatro municipios del Huila, Colombia. Biomédica 2006;26(Supl 1):121-130.
Aisa J, Castellejo S, Gallego M, Fisa R, Riera MC, Colmenares M, et al. Diagnostic potencial of western blot analysis of sera from dogs with Leishmaniasis in endemic areas and significance of the pattern. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1998;58(2):54-159.
Vercammen F, Fernández-Pérez FJ, Amo C, Alunda JM. Follow-up of Leishmania infantum naturally infected dogs treated with allopurinol: immunofluorescence antibody test, ELISA and Western blot. Acta Trop 2002;84(3):175-181.
Iniesta L, Fernández-Barredo S, Bulle B, Gómez MT, Piarroux R, Gállego M, et al. Diagnostic techniques to detect Cryptic Leishmaniasis in dogs. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002;9(5):1137-1141.
Gomes YM Paiva Cavalcanti M, Lira RA, Abath FG, Alves LC. Diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: Biotechnological advances. Vet J. 2008;175(1):45-52.
Vargas JJ. Inmunodiagnóstico de la leishmaniosis visceral zoonótica en caninos infectados con Leishmania (leishmania) chagasi. Tesis de Maestría, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia; 2005.
Guhl S, Nicholls S. Manual de procedimientos para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Chagas. Bogotá, Organización Mundial de la Salud, Ministerio de Salud de Colombia, Instituto Nacional de Salud y Universidad de los Andes; 2001. p. 96-98.
Cabrera MA, Paula A, Camacho LA, Marzochi MC, Xavier SC, Silva AV, et al. Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Assesment of risk factors. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2003;45(2):79-83.
Alexandre W, Dias P. Reflexõnes sobre a quealidade do diagnòstico da leishmaniose visceral canina em inquéritos epidemiológicos: o caso da epidemia de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 1993-1997. Cad. Saude Pública 2004;20:259-265.
Bernardina WE, Luna R, Oliva G, Ciaramella P. An immunodifusion assay for the detection of canine leishmaniosis due to infection with Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 1997;73:207-213.
Vega JC, López MC, Vargas J, Ayala M, Nicholls S, Bello F, Fernández J, Escobar J. Estandarización de la prueba de ELISA para el inmunodiagnóstico de la Leishmaiosis visceral canina. En: Agudelo C. (ed.). I Encuentro de Investigadores en Salud Pública de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá: Instituto de Salud Pública; 2003.
Lauricella MA, Castanera MB, Gürtler RE, Segura EL. Immunodiagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas´ Disease) infection in naturally infected dogs. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1998;93(4);501-507.
Braz RF, Nascimento ET, Martins DR, Wilson ME, Pearson RD, et al. The sensitivity and specificity of Leishmania chagasi recombinant k39 antigen in the diagnosis of American Visceral Leishmaniasis and in differentiating active from subclinical infection. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2002;67(4):344-348.
Bastrenta B, Mita N, Buitrago R, Vargas F, Flores M, Machane M, et al. Human mixed infections of Leishmania spp. and Leishmania-Trypanosoma cruzi in a Sub Andean Bolivian Area: identification by Polymerasa Chain reaction/hybridization and isoenzyme. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2003;98(2):255-264.
Maalej I, Chenik M, Louzir H, Salah A, Bahloui CH, et al. Comparative evaluation of ELISAs based on ten recombinant or purified Leishmania antigens for the serodiagnosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2003;68(3):312-330.
Courtenay O, Rupert J; Quinnell L, Garcez M, Shaw J, Dye D. Infectiousness in a Cohort of Brazilian dogs: Why culling fails to control visceral leishmaniasis in areas of high transmission. J. Infect. Dis. 2000;186:1314-1320.
Riera C, Valladares JE, Gallego M, Aisa MJ, Castillejo S, Fisa R, et al. Serological and parasitological follow-up in dogs experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum and treated with meglumine antimoniate. Vet Parasitol 1999;84:33-47.
de Paula A, da Silva A, Fernándes O, Jansen A. The use of immunoblot analysis in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic área of Rio de Janeiro. J. Parasitol 2003;89:832-836.
Reithinger R, Davies C. Is the domestic dog (canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous Leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1999;61(4):530-541.
Solano-Gallego L, Morell P, Arboix M, Alberola J, Ferrer LF. Prevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs living in an area of canine Leishmaniasis endemicity using PCR on several tissues and serology. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39(2):560-563.
Quaresma PF, Murta SMF, Ferreira EDC, Da Rocha-Lima AC, Prates AA, Ferreira CM. Molecular diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: identification of Leishmania species by PCR-RFLP and quantification of parasite DNA by real-time PCR. Acta Trop 2009;111(3):289-94.
Manna L, Reale S, Vitale F, Gravino A, Gravino AE. Evidence for a relationship between Leishmania load and clinical manifestations. Res Vet Sci 2009;87(1):76-8.
Dantas-Torres F, Brandão-Filho SP. Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: revisiting paradigms of epidemiology and control. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 2006;48(3):151-156.
Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, Chalib H, Rijai S, Peeling RW, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nature Reviews/Microbiol 2007;5:873-882.
Corredor A, Álvarez CA, Agudelo CA, Bueno M, López MC, Cáceres E, et al. Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania chagasi infection and risk factors in a Colombian indigenous population. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 1999;41(4):229-234.
Travi B. Un enfoque integral al estudio de animales reservorios, con énfasis en las Leishmaniosis del Nuevo mundo. Med UIS 1998;12:311-315.
Ministerio de la Protección Social de Colombia. Guía de Atención de la leishmaniasis; 2006 pp:35.
Travi B, Tabares C, Cadena H, Ferro C, Osorio Y. Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Colombia: relationship between clinical and parasitologic status and infectivity for sand flies. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2001;64(3,4):119-124.
Travi B, Ferro C, Cadena H, Montoya-Lerma J, Adler GH. Canine visceral leishmaniasis: dog infectivity to sand flies from non-endemic areas. Res Vet Sci 2002;72(1):83-86.
Cascio A, Calattini S, Colomba C, Scalamogna Ch, Galazzi M, Pizzuto M, et al. Polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis and prognosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent children. Pediatrics 2002;9(2):1-5.
Zerpa O, Ulrich M, Borges R, Rodríguez V, Centeno M, Negrón E, Belizario D, Convit J. Epidemiological aspects of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in Venezuela. Pan Am J Public Health 2003;13(4):239-245.
Savani E, Schimonsky BV, Camargo OMC, D´auria SR. Surveillance of American visceral Leishmaniasis in dogs from a non-endemic area, Brazil. Rev Saude Pública 2003;37(2):260-262.
Alves, W.A.; Bevilacqua, P.D. Quality of diagnosis of canine visceral Leishmaniasis in epidemiological surveys: an epidemic in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1993-1997. Cad. Saude Pública 2004;20(1):259-265.
Mueller Y, Mbulamberi DB; Odermatt P, Hoffmann A; Loutan L, Chappuis F. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality of visceral leishmaniasis patients in eastern Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 2009;14(8):910-917.
Solano-Gallego L, LLul J, Ramis A, Fernández-Bellon H, Rodríguez A, Ferrer LL, et al. Longitudinal study of dogs living in ana rea of Spain highly endemic for leishmaniasis by serologic análisis and the leishmanin skin test. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2005;72(6):815-818.
Marzochi MC, Marzochi KBF. Tegumentary and Visceral Leishmaniases in Brazil. Emerging Anthropozoonosis and Possibilities for their control. Cad. Saude Pública 1994;10(Supl 2):359-375.
Troncarelli MZ, Camargo JB, Machado JG, Lucheis SB, Langoni H. Leishmania spp. And/or Trypanosoma cruzi diagnosis in dogs from endemic and nonendemic areas for canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2009;164(2-4):118-123.
Palatnik-De-Sousa CB, Wania R, Franca-Silva JC, Da Costa RT, Reis BA, Palatnik M, Mayrink W, Genaro O. Impact of canine control on the epidemiology of canine and human visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil. The Am Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001;65(5):510-517.
Lachaud L; Marchergui-Hammami S, Chabbert E, Dereure J, Dedet JP, Bastien P. Comparison of six PCR methods using peripheral blood for detection of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 2001;40(1):210-215.
Mettler M, Grimm F, Capelli G, Camp H, Deplazes P. Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, an immunofluorescent-antibody test, and two rapid tests (immunochoromatographic-dipstickand gel tests) for serological diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania infections in dogs. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43(11):5515-5519.
Pinelli E, Killick-Kendrick R, Wagenaar J, Bernadina W, Del Real G, Ruitenberg J. Cellular and Humoral immune responses in dogs experimentally and naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Infect Immun1994;62(1):229-235.
Moreira MA, Luvizotto MC, García JF, Corbett CE, Laurenti MD. Comparison of parasitological, immunological and molecular methods for the diagnosis of Leishmaniasis in dogs with different clinical signs. Vet Parasitol 2007;145(3-4): 245-252.
Binhazim A, Chpman Jr, Shin S, Hanson W. Determination of virulence and pathogenesis of canine strain of Leishmania leishmania infantum in hamsters and dogs. Am J Vet R 1993;54:13-120.
Ciaramella P; Oliva G, De Luna R, Gradoni R, Ambrosio R, Cortese L, et al. A retrospective clinical study of canine leishmaniosis in 150 dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Vet Rec 1997;141(21):539-543.
Dias El; Batista ZDS, Guerra RMS, Calabrese KDS, Lima T, Abreu-Silva AL. Canine visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL): Seroprevalence, clinical, hematological and biochemical findings of dogs naturally infected in an endemic area of São José de Ribamar municipality, Marahão State, Brazil. Ciênc. Anim. Bras. 2008;9(3):740-745.
Troncarelli MZ, Camargo JB, Machado JG, Lucheis SB, Langoni H. Leishmania spp. And/or Trypanosoma cruzi diagnosis in dogs from endemic and noendemic areas for canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2009;164(2-4):118-123.
Silva AV, Paula AA, Cabrera MA, Carreira JC. Leishmaniasis in domestic dogs: epidemiological aspects. Cad. Saude Pública 2005;21(1):324-328.
Romero MH, López MC, Echeverry MC, Rivas F. Leishmaniasis visceral canina: pruebas diagnósticas no identifican estados reales de la infección. Rev. Salud Pública 2008;10(2):290-298.
Madeira MF, Figueiredo FB, Pinto AGS, Nascimento LD, Furtado M, Mouta-Confort E, et al. Parasitological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: Is intact skin a good target? Res Vet Sci 2009;87(2):260-272.
Fernández J, Bello F, López MC, Moncada LI, Vargas JJ, Ayala MS, Nicholls RS, Lozano CA. Seroprevalencia de la leishmaniasis visceral canina en la comuna 8 de Neiva y en cuatro municipios del Huila, Colombia. Biomédica 2006;26(Supl 1):121-130.
Aisa J, Castellejo S, Gallego M, Fisa R, Riera MC, Colmenares M, et al. Diagnostic potencial of western blot analysis of sera from dogs with Leishmaniasis in endemic areas and significance of the pattern. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1998;58(2):54-159.
Vercammen F, Fernández-Pérez FJ, Amo C, Alunda JM. Follow-up of Leishmania infantum naturally infected dogs treated with allopurinol: immunofluorescence antibody test, ELISA and Western blot. Acta Trop 2002;84(3):175-181.
Iniesta L, Fernández-Barredo S, Bulle B, Gómez MT, Piarroux R, Gállego M, et al. Diagnostic techniques to detect Cryptic Leishmaniasis in dogs. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002;9(5):1137-1141.
Gomes YM Paiva Cavalcanti M, Lira RA, Abath FG, Alves LC. Diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: Biotechnological advances. Vet J. 2008;175(1):45-52.
Vargas JJ. Inmunodiagnóstico de la leishmaniosis visceral zoonótica en caninos infectados con Leishmania (leishmania) chagasi. Tesis de Maestría, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia; 2005.
Guhl S, Nicholls S. Manual de procedimientos para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Chagas. Bogotá, Organización Mundial de la Salud, Ministerio de Salud de Colombia, Instituto Nacional de Salud y Universidad de los Andes; 2001. p. 96-98.
Cabrera MA, Paula A, Camacho LA, Marzochi MC, Xavier SC, Silva AV, et al. Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Assesment of risk factors. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2003;45(2):79-83.
Alexandre W, Dias P. Reflexõnes sobre a quealidade do diagnòstico da leishmaniose visceral canina em inquéritos epidemiológicos: o caso da epidemia de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 1993-1997. Cad. Saude Pública 2004;20:259-265.
Bernardina WE, Luna R, Oliva G, Ciaramella P. An immunodifusion assay for the detection of canine leishmaniosis due to infection with Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 1997;73:207-213.
Vega JC, López MC, Vargas J, Ayala M, Nicholls S, Bello F, Fernández J, Escobar J. Estandarización de la prueba de ELISA para el inmunodiagnóstico de la Leishmaiosis visceral canina. En: Agudelo C. (ed.). I Encuentro de Investigadores en Salud Pública de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá: Instituto de Salud Pública; 2003.
Lauricella MA, Castanera MB, Gürtler RE, Segura EL. Immunodiagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas´ Disease) infection in naturally infected dogs. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1998;93(4);501-507.
Braz RF, Nascimento ET, Martins DR, Wilson ME, Pearson RD, et al. The sensitivity and specificity of Leishmania chagasi recombinant k39 antigen in the diagnosis of American Visceral Leishmaniasis and in differentiating active from subclinical infection. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2002;67(4):344-348.
Bastrenta B, Mita N, Buitrago R, Vargas F, Flores M, Machane M, et al. Human mixed infections of Leishmania spp. and Leishmania-Trypanosoma cruzi in a Sub Andean Bolivian Area: identification by Polymerasa Chain reaction/hybridization and isoenzyme. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2003;98(2):255-264.
Maalej I, Chenik M, Louzir H, Salah A, Bahloui CH, et al. Comparative evaluation of ELISAs based on ten recombinant or purified Leishmania antigens for the serodiagnosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2003;68(3):312-330.
Courtenay O, Rupert J; Quinnell L, Garcez M, Shaw J, Dye D. Infectiousness in a Cohort of Brazilian dogs: Why culling fails to control visceral leishmaniasis in areas of high transmission. J. Infect. Dis. 2000;186:1314-1320.
Riera C, Valladares JE, Gallego M, Aisa MJ, Castillejo S, Fisa R, et al. Serological and parasitological follow-up in dogs experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum and treated with meglumine antimoniate. Vet Parasitol 1999;84:33-47.
de Paula A, da Silva A, Fernándes O, Jansen A. The use of immunoblot analysis in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic área of Rio de Janeiro. J. Parasitol 2003;89:832-836.
Reithinger R, Davies C. Is the domestic dog (canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous Leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1999;61(4):530-541.
Solano-Gallego L, Morell P, Arboix M, Alberola J, Ferrer LF. Prevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs living in an area of canine Leishmaniasis endemicity using PCR on several tissues and serology. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39(2):560-563.
Quaresma PF, Murta SMF, Ferreira EDC, Da Rocha-Lima AC, Prates AA, Ferreira CM. Molecular diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: identification of Leishmania species by PCR-RFLP and quantification of parasite DNA by real-time PCR. Acta Trop 2009;111(3):289-94.
Manna L, Reale S, Vitale F, Gravino A, Gravino AE. Evidence for a relationship between Leishmania load and clinical manifestations. Res Vet Sci 2009;87(1):76-8.
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