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Campos Pinilla, C. ., Contreras, A. M. ., & R. Leiva, F. . (2015). Evaluación del riesgo sanitario en un cultivo de lechuga (Lactuca sativa) debido al riego con aguas residuales sin tratar en el centro agropecuario Marengo (Cundinamarca, Colombia). Biosalud, 14(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.17151/biosa.2015.14.1.8
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La inocuidad de los cultivos de hortalizas, y por consiguiente el riesgo sanitario para el agricultor y el consumidor, está relacionada con la calidad del agua utilizada para riego. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el riesgo sanitario debido al riego con aguas residuales sin tratar en un cultivo de lechuga (Lactuca sativa). Para el efecto se analizó la calidad microbiológica del agua utilizada para riego, del suelo y de las lechugas en el Centro Agropecuario Marengo, en una zona agrícola que distribuye alimentos a la capital del país y otros municipios. Se seleccionó un cultivo de lechuga con riego por aspersión y se evaluaron las concentraciones de indicadores de contaminación fecal bacterianos (coliformes fecales y Salmonella spp.), virales (colifagos somáticos) y parasitarios (huevos de helminto). Se encontró que las concentraciones de estos microorganismos superan en algunos casos las propuestas por la normativa (coliformes fecales entre 1,3 x 103 -1,4 x 104 UFC/100 ml y 1,2 HHV/L) lo que puede generar riesgo para la salud de los agricultores y los consumidores. Los valores de Salmonella spp. en las tres matrices estuvieron por debajo del Límite de Cuantificación. Los colifagos no superaron concentraciones de 102 PFP/100 ml en aguas y por 4 g en suelos. Los huevos de helminto 1,2/4 g de suelo y 1,4/kg PF en lechugas.
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2. Lopera MM, Hómez HO, Ordónez MM, Pabón H, et al. Guía Ambiental Hortofrutícola de Colombia. Bogotá, D.C.: Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial - Asohofrucol; 2009.
3. EPA. Guidelines for ecological risk assessment. EPA/630/R-95/002F. Environmental Protection Agency of United States. Federal Register. Washington D.C. 1998; 63(93):26846-26924.
4. Gaspard P, Schwartzbrod J, Glavez L, Dumotier N. Parasitological risk assessment associated with the use of bio solids in agriculture: nematode eggs survival on grass, vegetables. Beneficial reuse of water and biosolids. Water Environmental Federation. Marbella, Spain; 1997. p. 17-27.
5. World Health Organization. Safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Wastewater reuse in agriculture. Volume II. WHO; 2006. p. 182.
6. Asano T, Levine D. Wastewater reclamation, recycling and reuse: an introduction. In: Wastewater reclamation and reuse. Lancaster. Techomic Publishing; 1998. p. 528.
7. Ensink J, Van der Hoek W. Implementation of the WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in Pakistan: balancing risk and benefits. Journal of Water and Health 2009; 07(3):464-468.
8. Gupta N, Khan D, Santra S. Prevalence of intestinal helminth eggs on vegetables grown in wastewaterirrigated areas of Titagarh. Food Control. West Bengal, India 2009; 20(10):942-945.
9. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Process controls. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Part 120.24. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.; 2009.
10. APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21° Ed. Washington: American Public Health Association; 2005. p. 9-53, 55, 113, 118.
11. ICONTEC. Norma Técnica Colombiana. Gestión Ambiental. Toma de muestras del suelo para determinar contaminación. Bogotá, Colombia; 1997. p. 6.
12. Environmental Protection Agency. Method 1682: Salmonella in Sewage Sludge (Biosolids) by Modified Semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis Medium. EPA-821-R-06-014. July 2006. p. 48.
13. ISO. Water Quality Detection and enumeration of Bacteriophages. Part 2: Enumeration of somatic coliphages. ISO 10750-2. Geneva, Switzerland; 1999. p. 17.
14. Guzmán C, Jofre J, Blanch A, Lucena F. Development of feasible method to extract somatic coliphages from sludge, soil and treated biowaste. Journal or Virologica Methods 2007; 144(1-2):41-48.
15. Dubois E, Hennechart C, Deboosere N, Merle G, Legeay O, Burger C, Le Calvé M, Lombard B, Ferré V, Traeré O. Intra-laboratory validation of a concentration method adapted for the enumeration of infectious F-specific RNA coliphage, and hepatitis A virus from inoculated leaves of salad vegetables. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2006; 108(2):164-171.
16. Minhas P, Sharma N, Yadav R, Joshi P. Prevalence and control of pathogenic contamination in some sewage irrigated vegetable, forage and cereal grain crops. Biosurce Technology 2006; 97:1174-1178.
17. Norma Oficial Mexicana –NOM–. SEMANART. Anexo V: Método para la cuantificación de huevos de helminto en lodos y biosólidos. Protección Ambiental: Lodos y biosólidos. Especificaciones y límites máximos permisibles de contaminantes para su aprovechamiento y disposición final. Diario Oficial de la Federación; 2002. p. 18-60.
18. Kozan E, Gonenc B, Sarimenhmetoglu O, Aycicek H. Prevalence of helminth eggs on raw vegetables used for salads. Food Control 2005; 16:239-242.
19. Kindzierski W, Gabos S. Health effects associated with wastewater treatment, disposal and reuse. Water Environment Research 1996; 68(4):818-826.
20. Larkin E, Tierney J, Sullivan R. Persistence of virus on sewage-irrigated vegetables. Journal of Environmental Engineering Division 1976; 102:29-35.
21. Navarro I, Jiménez B. Approaches to evaluate and develop health risk-based standards using available data. In: Wastewater Irrigation and Health. Ottawa. IDRC Publishes; 2010. p. 63-89.
22. Indelicato S, Tamburino V, Barbagallo S. Agronomical and health aspects of municipal wastewater irrigation. Proc of the 2nd International Conference on Environmental Protection. Angelo (Italia). 5-7 October 1988. S25-32.
23. Oron G, DeMalach Y, Hoffman Z, Keren Y, Hartman H, Plazner N. Wastewater disposal by subsurface trickle irrigation. Water Science and Technology 1990; 23:2149-2158.
24. Oron G, DeMalach Y, Hoffman Z, Manor Y. Effect of effluent quality and application method on agricultural productivity and environmental control. Water Science and Technology 1992; 26(7-8):1593-1601.
25. Rosas I, Báez A, Coutiño M. Bacteriological quality of crops irrigated with wastewater in the Xochimilco plots, Mexico city, Mexico. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1984; 47(5):1074-1079.
26. Oron G, Armon R, Mandelbaum R, Manor Y, Campos C, Gillerman L, Salgot M, Gerba C, Klein I, Enriquez C. Secondary wastewater disposal for crop irrigation with minimal risk. Water Science and Technology 2001; 43(10):139-146.
27. Melloul A, Hassani L, Rafouk L. Salmonella contamination of vegetables irrigated with untreated wastewater. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2001; 17:207-209.
28. Mara D, Sleigh A. Estimation of norovirus infection risks to consumers of wastewater-irrigates food crops eaten raw. Journal of Water and Health 2010; 8(1):39-43.
29. Mara D, Sleigh A. Estimation of norovirus and Ascaris infection risk to urban farmers in developing countries using wastewater for crop irrigation. Journal of Water and Health 2010; 8(3):572-576.
30. Bryan K, Irving L. Virus survival on vegetables spray-irrigated with wastewater. Water Research 1987; 21(81):57-63.
31. Blumental U, Mara D, Peasey A, Ruiz-Palacios G, Stott R. Guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: recommendations for revising WHO guidelines. Bulletin World Health Organization 2000; 78(9):1104-1116.
32. Harris L, Bender J, Bihn E, Blesssington T, Danyluk M, Delaquis P, et al. A framework for developing research protocols for evaluation of microbial hazards and controls during production that pertain to the quality of agriculture water contacting fresh produce that may be consumed raw. Journal of Food Protection 2012; 75(12):2251-2273.
2. Lopera MM, Hómez HO, Ordónez MM, Pabón H, et al. Guía Ambiental Hortofrutícola de Colombia. Bogotá, D.C.: Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial - Asohofrucol; 2009.
3. EPA. Guidelines for ecological risk assessment. EPA/630/R-95/002F. Environmental Protection Agency of United States. Federal Register. Washington D.C. 1998; 63(93):26846-26924.
4. Gaspard P, Schwartzbrod J, Glavez L, Dumotier N. Parasitological risk assessment associated with the use of bio solids in agriculture: nematode eggs survival on grass, vegetables. Beneficial reuse of water and biosolids. Water Environmental Federation. Marbella, Spain; 1997. p. 17-27.
5. World Health Organization. Safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Wastewater reuse in agriculture. Volume II. WHO; 2006. p. 182.
6. Asano T, Levine D. Wastewater reclamation, recycling and reuse: an introduction. In: Wastewater reclamation and reuse. Lancaster. Techomic Publishing; 1998. p. 528.
7. Ensink J, Van der Hoek W. Implementation of the WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in Pakistan: balancing risk and benefits. Journal of Water and Health 2009; 07(3):464-468.
8. Gupta N, Khan D, Santra S. Prevalence of intestinal helminth eggs on vegetables grown in wastewaterirrigated areas of Titagarh. Food Control. West Bengal, India 2009; 20(10):942-945.
9. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Process controls. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Part 120.24. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.; 2009.
10. APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21° Ed. Washington: American Public Health Association; 2005. p. 9-53, 55, 113, 118.
11. ICONTEC. Norma Técnica Colombiana. Gestión Ambiental. Toma de muestras del suelo para determinar contaminación. Bogotá, Colombia; 1997. p. 6.
12. Environmental Protection Agency. Method 1682: Salmonella in Sewage Sludge (Biosolids) by Modified Semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis Medium. EPA-821-R-06-014. July 2006. p. 48.
13. ISO. Water Quality Detection and enumeration of Bacteriophages. Part 2: Enumeration of somatic coliphages. ISO 10750-2. Geneva, Switzerland; 1999. p. 17.
14. Guzmán C, Jofre J, Blanch A, Lucena F. Development of feasible method to extract somatic coliphages from sludge, soil and treated biowaste. Journal or Virologica Methods 2007; 144(1-2):41-48.
15. Dubois E, Hennechart C, Deboosere N, Merle G, Legeay O, Burger C, Le Calvé M, Lombard B, Ferré V, Traeré O. Intra-laboratory validation of a concentration method adapted for the enumeration of infectious F-specific RNA coliphage, and hepatitis A virus from inoculated leaves of salad vegetables. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2006; 108(2):164-171.
16. Minhas P, Sharma N, Yadav R, Joshi P. Prevalence and control of pathogenic contamination in some sewage irrigated vegetable, forage and cereal grain crops. Biosurce Technology 2006; 97:1174-1178.
17. Norma Oficial Mexicana –NOM–. SEMANART. Anexo V: Método para la cuantificación de huevos de helminto en lodos y biosólidos. Protección Ambiental: Lodos y biosólidos. Especificaciones y límites máximos permisibles de contaminantes para su aprovechamiento y disposición final. Diario Oficial de la Federación; 2002. p. 18-60.
18. Kozan E, Gonenc B, Sarimenhmetoglu O, Aycicek H. Prevalence of helminth eggs on raw vegetables used for salads. Food Control 2005; 16:239-242.
19. Kindzierski W, Gabos S. Health effects associated with wastewater treatment, disposal and reuse. Water Environment Research 1996; 68(4):818-826.
20. Larkin E, Tierney J, Sullivan R. Persistence of virus on sewage-irrigated vegetables. Journal of Environmental Engineering Division 1976; 102:29-35.
21. Navarro I, Jiménez B. Approaches to evaluate and develop health risk-based standards using available data. In: Wastewater Irrigation and Health. Ottawa. IDRC Publishes; 2010. p. 63-89.
22. Indelicato S, Tamburino V, Barbagallo S. Agronomical and health aspects of municipal wastewater irrigation. Proc of the 2nd International Conference on Environmental Protection. Angelo (Italia). 5-7 October 1988. S25-32.
23. Oron G, DeMalach Y, Hoffman Z, Keren Y, Hartman H, Plazner N. Wastewater disposal by subsurface trickle irrigation. Water Science and Technology 1990; 23:2149-2158.
24. Oron G, DeMalach Y, Hoffman Z, Manor Y. Effect of effluent quality and application method on agricultural productivity and environmental control. Water Science and Technology 1992; 26(7-8):1593-1601.
25. Rosas I, Báez A, Coutiño M. Bacteriological quality of crops irrigated with wastewater in the Xochimilco plots, Mexico city, Mexico. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1984; 47(5):1074-1079.
26. Oron G, Armon R, Mandelbaum R, Manor Y, Campos C, Gillerman L, Salgot M, Gerba C, Klein I, Enriquez C. Secondary wastewater disposal for crop irrigation with minimal risk. Water Science and Technology 2001; 43(10):139-146.
27. Melloul A, Hassani L, Rafouk L. Salmonella contamination of vegetables irrigated with untreated wastewater. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2001; 17:207-209.
28. Mara D, Sleigh A. Estimation of norovirus infection risks to consumers of wastewater-irrigates food crops eaten raw. Journal of Water and Health 2010; 8(1):39-43.
29. Mara D, Sleigh A. Estimation of norovirus and Ascaris infection risk to urban farmers in developing countries using wastewater for crop irrigation. Journal of Water and Health 2010; 8(3):572-576.
30. Bryan K, Irving L. Virus survival on vegetables spray-irrigated with wastewater. Water Research 1987; 21(81):57-63.
31. Blumental U, Mara D, Peasey A, Ruiz-Palacios G, Stott R. Guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: recommendations for revising WHO guidelines. Bulletin World Health Organization 2000; 78(9):1104-1116.
32. Harris L, Bender J, Bihn E, Blesssington T, Danyluk M, Delaquis P, et al. A framework for developing research protocols for evaluation of microbial hazards and controls during production that pertain to the quality of agriculture water contacting fresh produce that may be consumed raw. Journal of Food Protection 2012; 75(12):2251-2273.
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