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Publication Date: 2008-12-19
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Osorio, J. H., Carmona Sepúlveda, J., & Uribe Velásquez, L. F. (2008). Diet lipids degradation by equines, advantages and disadvantages of mixed digestive tract. Biosalud, 7, 91–105. Retrieved from https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/5835
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Abstract
In animals that have a simple stomach, the digestion and absorption of dietetic lipids occur in the small intestine, this is different in equines due to microorganism activities in the cecum. Digestion and utilization of the lipids in the equines is a process that begins with the lipid hydrolysis, followed by biohydrogenation and the production of isomers of fatty acids. However, the mixed digestive tract is also the source of lipids from the carbohydrate fermentation by the microorganisms. The present review analyzes the scientific literature available, explaining the lipid metabolism in the mixed digestive tract, and how this morphophysiological condition affects or benefits the utilization of these nutrients.
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References
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Gondret F, Guitton N, Guillerm-Regost, et al. J Anim Sci. Savoy. 2008;86(9):2115-2126.
Caimari, P. Oliver, Palou, A. Impairment of nutritional regulation of adipose triglyceride lipase expression with age. Int J Obes. London 2008;32(8):1193-1201.
Suzanne Eaton. Multiple roles for lipids in the Hedgehog signalling pathway. Nature Reviews. Mol Cell Biol 2008;9(6):437-46.
Contreras C. Lovastatin inhibits amyloid precursor protein (APP) [beta]-cleavage through reduction of APP distribution in Lubrol WX extractable low density lipid rafts. J Neurochem: 2008;105(4):1536.
Watson TD, Burns L, Packard CJ. Effects of pregnancy and lactation on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, lipoprotein composition and post-heparin lipase activities in Shetland pony mares. J Reprod Fertil 1993;97:563-568.
Vitic J, Stevanovic J. Comparative studies of the serum lipoproteins and lipids in some domestic, laboratory and wild animals. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1993;106B:223-229.
Barrett PH, Baker N, Nestel PJ. Model development to describe the heterogeneous kinetics of apolipoprotein B and triglyceride in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. J Lipid Res 1991;32:743-762.
Othman A, Rosenstein F. Copper deficiency increases in vivo hepatic synthesis of fatty acids, triacylglycerols and phospholipids in rats. Proceedings of the Society for Exp Biol Med 1993;1:204.
Gaziano M, Manson JE, Ridker PM, et al. Primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Braunwald E, Zipes DP, eds. Braunwald‘s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine: 2007;8:45.
Frank N, Sojka JE, Latour MA. Effect of withholding feed on concentration and composition of plasma very low density lipoprotein and serum nonesterified fatty acids in horses. Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1018-1021.
Lichtenstein AH, Hachey DL, Millar JS, et al. Measurement of human apolipoprotein B-48 and B-100 kinetics in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins using [5,5,5-2H3] leucine. J Lipid Res 1992;33:907-914.
Watson TD, Burns L, Love S. Plasma lipids, lipoproteins and post-heparin lipases in ponies with hyperlipaemia. Equine Vet J 1992;24:341-346.
Masanobu H, Hideto T. Fat Utilization in Healthy Subjects Consuming Diacylglycerol Oil Diet: Dietary and Whole Body Fat Oxidation. Lipids 2008;43(6):517-525.
Louise Michaelson, Richard Haslam, Yannick Bellee, et al. The very-long-chain hydroxy fatty acil-coA dehydratase is essential and limiting for plant development. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2008;105(38):14.
Moore, W.E.C., and L.H. Moore. Intestinal floras of populations that have a high risk of colon cancer. Environ. Microbiol.1995;61:3202-207.
Nye C, Kim J, Kalhan SC, Hanson RW. Reassessing triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2008:19(10):356-361.
Mensink P. Effects of products made from a high-palmitic acid, trans-free semiliquid fat or a high-oleic acid, low-trans semiliquid fat on the serum lipoprotein profile and on C-reactive protein concentrations in humans. Eur J Clin Nut. London 2008;62(5):617-25.
Moon, J. Novel black soy peptides with antiobesity effects: activation of leptin-like signaling and AMP-activated protein kinase. Int J Obesity 2008;32(7):1161-1171.
Deedwania P, Barter P, Carmena R, Fruchart JC, Grundy SM, Haffner S, et al. Reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: analysis of the Treating to New Targets study. 2006;9:368.
Bloomfield, Molly M. Química de los organismos vivos. Limusa. Mexico 2001;23:663-67.
Cameron Murphy. Eric, Murphy. Erucic Acid is Differentially Taken up and Metabolized in Rat Liver and Heart. Lipids 2008;43(5):391-401.
Monica Darland; James Mapes. Protein in Maintaining Plasma Membrane Phosphatidylserine Asymmetry. Science. Washington 2008;320:528.
Christensen JH, Skou HA, Madsen. Heart rate variability and w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Intern Med 2001; Cap. 249:545-552.
Li D, Bode O, Drummond H. Omega-3 (w-3) fatty acids. In Frank D Gunstone ed. Lipids for functional foods and nutraceuticals. The Oily Press (UK): 2002;pp. 225-262.
Kies, AK, Van Hemert S. effect of phytase on protein and amino acid digestibility and energy utilisation. W Poult Sci J. 2001;57(2):109-127.
Serena M, Hedemann K, Bach Knudsen. Influence of dietary fiber on luminal environment and morphology in the small and large intestine of sows1. J Anim Sci 2008;86(9):2217-228.
Patterson BW, Mittendorfer B, Elias N. Use of stable isotopically labeled tracers to measure very low density lipoproteintriglyceride turnover. J Lipid Res 2002;43:223-233.
Yanagita K, Kamagata Y. Phylogenetic analysis of methanogens in sheep rumen ecosystem and detection of Methanomicrobium mobile by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000;64:1737-1742.
Karen S. Mineral Absorption in the Monogastric GI Tract. J Am Diet Assoc 1990;90:156.
Jarvis G. Strompl N. Burgess C. Isolation and identification of ruminal methanogens from grazing cattle. Curr Microbiol. 2000;40:327-332.
Sullivan, H.M. and S.A. Martin.Effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation. J Dairy Sci 1999;82:19-22.
Rust, S.: Burnett, R. Increases in microbial nitrogen production and efficiency in vitro mixed ruminal inhibitors of ruminal methanogenesis. Can J Microbiol. 2007;53(4):496-104.
Ungerfeld, M. Newbold A. Meta-analysis of fumarate effects on methane production in ruminal batch cultures. J Anim Sci. 2007;85(10):2556-64.
Dukes Swenson. Fisiología de los animales domésticos. Offset universal. México 1981;28:711-734.
Taguchi H, Watanabe H, Onizawa K, et al. Double-blind controlled study on the effects of dietary diacylglycerol on postprandial serum and chylomicron triacylglycerol responses in healthy humans. J Am Coll Nutr 2000; Cap. 19:789-796.
Kodama S, Tanaka S, Saito K, Shu M, Sone Y, Onitake F, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a meta-analysis. 2007;4:167.
Damien Jaques. ‘Fat Pig,’ its playwright don’t shrink from a topic that makes people uncomfortable. McClatchy - Tribune Business News. 2008; Cap. 24.
Ian Shuttleworth. Fat Pig, Trafalgar Studio One, London. FT.com. London 2008;34-46.
Elia, M. Physiological aspects of energy metabolism and gastrointestinal effects of carbohydrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. London 2007;6: 40-75.
Skaar TC, Grummer R R, Dentine MR, Stauffacher RH. Seasonal effects of prepartum and postpartum fat and niacin feeding on lactation performance and lipid metabolism. J. Dairy Sci. 1989;72:2028-2038.
Nikki Mandir.; Hans Englyst.; Robert, Goodlad. et al. Resistant carbohydrates stimulate cell proliferation and crypt fission in wild-type mice and in the Apc mouse model of intestinal cancer, association with enhanced polyp development. Brit J Nut. 2008;100(4):711-722.
Galtier, N; Gouy, M; Gautier. Graphic tools for sequence alignment and molecular phylogeny. Comput Appl Biosci 1996;12:543-548.
Mori TA, Bao DQ, Burke V. Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Hypertension 1999;34:253-260.
Jarvinen R, Knekt P, Hakulinen T. Dietary fat, cholesterol and colorectal cancer in a peospective study. Br J Cancer 2001;85:357-361.
Levent K, Ahmet A, Muhittin S. Protective Effects of Diets Supplemented with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Calcium Against Colorectal Tumor Formation. Digest Dis Sci 2008;53(8):2177-2183.
Guyard-Dangremont V, Desrumaux C, Gambert P. Phospholipid and cholesteryl ester transfer activities in plasma from 14 vertebrate species. Relation to atherogenesis susceptibility. Com Biochem Physiol 1998;120B:517-525.
Marianne Raff.; Ellen Straarup.; Pia Lund, et al. An Oil Mixture with Trans-10, Cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Increases Markers of Inflammation and in Vivo Lipid Peroxidation Compared with Cis-9, Trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Postmenopausal Women1,2. J Nut. 2008;138(8):1445-1452.
Leplaix-Charlet, L., D. Durand, and D. Bauchart. Effects of diets containing tallow and soybean oil with and without cholesterol on hepatic metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins in the preruminant calf. J. Dairy Sci. 1996;79:1826-1835.
Latham, M. J., J. D. Sutton, and M. E. Sharpe. Fermentation and microorganisms in therumen and the content of fat in the milk of cows. given low roughage rations. Dairy Sci. 1974;57:803.
Ashley M. Stokes; Eades, T. Assessment of apoptosis in epidermal lamellar cells in clinically normal horses and those with laminitis. Am J Vet Res 2004;65:5:578-585.
Gondret F, Guitton N, Guillerm-Regost, et al. J Anim Sci. Savoy. 2008;86(9):2115-2126.
Caimari, P. Oliver, Palou, A. Impairment of nutritional regulation of adipose triglyceride lipase expression with age. Int J Obes. London 2008;32(8):1193-1201.
Suzanne Eaton. Multiple roles for lipids in the Hedgehog signalling pathway. Nature Reviews. Mol Cell Biol 2008;9(6):437-46.
Contreras C. Lovastatin inhibits amyloid precursor protein (APP) [beta]-cleavage through reduction of APP distribution in Lubrol WX extractable low density lipid rafts. J Neurochem: 2008;105(4):1536.
Watson TD, Burns L, Packard CJ. Effects of pregnancy and lactation on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, lipoprotein composition and post-heparin lipase activities in Shetland pony mares. J Reprod Fertil 1993;97:563-568.
Vitic J, Stevanovic J. Comparative studies of the serum lipoproteins and lipids in some domestic, laboratory and wild animals. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1993;106B:223-229.
Barrett PH, Baker N, Nestel PJ. Model development to describe the heterogeneous kinetics of apolipoprotein B and triglyceride in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. J Lipid Res 1991;32:743-762.
Othman A, Rosenstein F. Copper deficiency increases in vivo hepatic synthesis of fatty acids, triacylglycerols and phospholipids in rats. Proceedings of the Society for Exp Biol Med 1993;1:204.
Gaziano M, Manson JE, Ridker PM, et al. Primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Braunwald E, Zipes DP, eds. Braunwald‘s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine: 2007;8:45.
Frank N, Sojka JE, Latour MA. Effect of withholding feed on concentration and composition of plasma very low density lipoprotein and serum nonesterified fatty acids in horses. Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1018-1021.
Lichtenstein AH, Hachey DL, Millar JS, et al. Measurement of human apolipoprotein B-48 and B-100 kinetics in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins using [5,5,5-2H3] leucine. J Lipid Res 1992;33:907-914.
Watson TD, Burns L, Love S. Plasma lipids, lipoproteins and post-heparin lipases in ponies with hyperlipaemia. Equine Vet J 1992;24:341-346.
Masanobu H, Hideto T. Fat Utilization in Healthy Subjects Consuming Diacylglycerol Oil Diet: Dietary and Whole Body Fat Oxidation. Lipids 2008;43(6):517-525.
Louise Michaelson, Richard Haslam, Yannick Bellee, et al. The very-long-chain hydroxy fatty acil-coA dehydratase is essential and limiting for plant development. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2008;105(38):14.
Moore, W.E.C., and L.H. Moore. Intestinal floras of populations that have a high risk of colon cancer. Environ. Microbiol.1995;61:3202-207.
Nye C, Kim J, Kalhan SC, Hanson RW. Reassessing triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2008:19(10):356-361.
Mensink P. Effects of products made from a high-palmitic acid, trans-free semiliquid fat or a high-oleic acid, low-trans semiliquid fat on the serum lipoprotein profile and on C-reactive protein concentrations in humans. Eur J Clin Nut. London 2008;62(5):617-25.
Moon, J. Novel black soy peptides with antiobesity effects: activation of leptin-like signaling and AMP-activated protein kinase. Int J Obesity 2008;32(7):1161-1171.
Deedwania P, Barter P, Carmena R, Fruchart JC, Grundy SM, Haffner S, et al. Reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: analysis of the Treating to New Targets study. 2006;9:368.
Bloomfield, Molly M. Química de los organismos vivos. Limusa. Mexico 2001;23:663-67.
Cameron Murphy. Eric, Murphy. Erucic Acid is Differentially Taken up and Metabolized in Rat Liver and Heart. Lipids 2008;43(5):391-401.
Monica Darland; James Mapes. Protein in Maintaining Plasma Membrane Phosphatidylserine Asymmetry. Science. Washington 2008;320:528.
Christensen JH, Skou HA, Madsen. Heart rate variability and w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Intern Med 2001; Cap. 249:545-552.
Li D, Bode O, Drummond H. Omega-3 (w-3) fatty acids. In Frank D Gunstone ed. Lipids for functional foods and nutraceuticals. The Oily Press (UK): 2002;pp. 225-262.
Kies, AK, Van Hemert S. effect of phytase on protein and amino acid digestibility and energy utilisation. W Poult Sci J. 2001;57(2):109-127.
Serena M, Hedemann K, Bach Knudsen. Influence of dietary fiber on luminal environment and morphology in the small and large intestine of sows1. J Anim Sci 2008;86(9):2217-228.
Patterson BW, Mittendorfer B, Elias N. Use of stable isotopically labeled tracers to measure very low density lipoproteintriglyceride turnover. J Lipid Res 2002;43:223-233.
Yanagita K, Kamagata Y. Phylogenetic analysis of methanogens in sheep rumen ecosystem and detection of Methanomicrobium mobile by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000;64:1737-1742.
Karen S. Mineral Absorption in the Monogastric GI Tract. J Am Diet Assoc 1990;90:156.
Jarvis G. Strompl N. Burgess C. Isolation and identification of ruminal methanogens from grazing cattle. Curr Microbiol. 2000;40:327-332.
Sullivan, H.M. and S.A. Martin.Effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation. J Dairy Sci 1999;82:19-22.
Rust, S.: Burnett, R. Increases in microbial nitrogen production and efficiency in vitro mixed ruminal inhibitors of ruminal methanogenesis. Can J Microbiol. 2007;53(4):496-104.
Ungerfeld, M. Newbold A. Meta-analysis of fumarate effects on methane production in ruminal batch cultures. J Anim Sci. 2007;85(10):2556-64.
Dukes Swenson. Fisiología de los animales domésticos. Offset universal. México 1981;28:711-734.
Taguchi H, Watanabe H, Onizawa K, et al. Double-blind controlled study on the effects of dietary diacylglycerol on postprandial serum and chylomicron triacylglycerol responses in healthy humans. J Am Coll Nutr 2000; Cap. 19:789-796.
Kodama S, Tanaka S, Saito K, Shu M, Sone Y, Onitake F, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a meta-analysis. 2007;4:167.
Damien Jaques. ‘Fat Pig,’ its playwright don’t shrink from a topic that makes people uncomfortable. McClatchy - Tribune Business News. 2008; Cap. 24.
Ian Shuttleworth. Fat Pig, Trafalgar Studio One, London. FT.com. London 2008;34-46.
Elia, M. Physiological aspects of energy metabolism and gastrointestinal effects of carbohydrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. London 2007;6: 40-75.
Skaar TC, Grummer R R, Dentine MR, Stauffacher RH. Seasonal effects of prepartum and postpartum fat and niacin feeding on lactation performance and lipid metabolism. J. Dairy Sci. 1989;72:2028-2038.
Nikki Mandir.; Hans Englyst.; Robert, Goodlad. et al. Resistant carbohydrates stimulate cell proliferation and crypt fission in wild-type mice and in the Apc mouse model of intestinal cancer, association with enhanced polyp development. Brit J Nut. 2008;100(4):711-722.
Galtier, N; Gouy, M; Gautier. Graphic tools for sequence alignment and molecular phylogeny. Comput Appl Biosci 1996;12:543-548.
Mori TA, Bao DQ, Burke V. Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Hypertension 1999;34:253-260.
Jarvinen R, Knekt P, Hakulinen T. Dietary fat, cholesterol and colorectal cancer in a peospective study. Br J Cancer 2001;85:357-361.
Levent K, Ahmet A, Muhittin S. Protective Effects of Diets Supplemented with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Calcium Against Colorectal Tumor Formation. Digest Dis Sci 2008;53(8):2177-2183.
Guyard-Dangremont V, Desrumaux C, Gambert P. Phospholipid and cholesteryl ester transfer activities in plasma from 14 vertebrate species. Relation to atherogenesis susceptibility. Com Biochem Physiol 1998;120B:517-525.
Marianne Raff.; Ellen Straarup.; Pia Lund, et al. An Oil Mixture with Trans-10, Cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Increases Markers of Inflammation and in Vivo Lipid Peroxidation Compared with Cis-9, Trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Postmenopausal Women1,2. J Nut. 2008;138(8):1445-1452.
Leplaix-Charlet, L., D. Durand, and D. Bauchart. Effects of diets containing tallow and soybean oil with and without cholesterol on hepatic metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins in the preruminant calf. J. Dairy Sci. 1996;79:1826-1835.
Latham, M. J., J. D. Sutton, and M. E. Sharpe. Fermentation and microorganisms in therumen and the content of fat in the milk of cows. given low roughage rations. Dairy Sci. 1974;57:803.
Ashley M. Stokes; Eades, T. Assessment of apoptosis in epidermal lamellar cells in clinically normal horses and those with laminitis. Am J Vet Res 2004;65:5:578-585.
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