Publication Date: 2009-12-18
How to Cite
Osorio, J. H. (2009). Opiates: Action mechanisms, metabolism and relation with the neonatal abstinence syndrome. Biosalud, 8, 153–165. Retrieved from https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/5537
More Citation Formats
Authors
Abstract
Infants exposed to certain drugs in utero can become physically dependant on them and after birth they suffer the withdrawal symptoms, this is phenomenon is called neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Infants with NAS have multi-system dysfunction involving the central nervous, gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. The present review analyses the literature related to opiates consumption by pregnant women and NAS.
Keywords:
References
Quiroga PN, Panzuto R, Álvarez G, Mirson DJE, Ochoa CF, Assem EM, et al. First analytical chemistry study on drug abuse in the Buenos Aires (Argentina) university students. Il Farmaco 1998;53:389-94.
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (ONUDD), Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA/CICAD). Primer Estudio Comparativo sobre Uso de Drogas en Población Escolar Secundaria de Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Perú y Uruguay. Lima: Tetis Graf; 2006.
Observatorio Europeo de las Drogas y las Toxicomanías (OEDT). Informe Anual 2004. El problema de la drogodependencia en la Unión Europea y en Noruega. Bélgica: Oficina de Publicaciones Oficiales de las Comunidades Europeas; 2004.
Instituto Nacional sobre la Drogadicción de Estados Unidos (NIDA). Tendencias Nacionales. InfoFacts Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de Estados Unidos - Institutos Nacionales de la Salud; Diciembre 2004.
Observatorio Europeo de las Drogas y las Toxicomanías (OEDT). Informe Anual 2005. El problema de la drogodependencia en Europa. Bélgica: Oficina de Publicaciones Oficiales de las Comunidades Europeas; 2005.
De Lima L, Sweeney C, Palmer L, Bruera E. Potent analgesics are more expensive for patients in developing countries: a comparative study. Poster presentation at the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) 10th World Congress on Pain, San Diego; August 2002.
Pain & Policy Studies Group. University of Wisconsing. WHO Collaborating Center. Descripción de la disponibilidad de opioides en América Latina. Rev Iberoam Dolor 2008;3:18-22.
Camí J. Drogas de diseño: ¿un nuevo reto? En: Laporte JR, ed. Avances en Terapéutica 16. Barcelona: eds. Científico Técnicas masson-Salvat; 1992. pp. 211-223.
Pergera l, Rentschb KM, Kullak-Ublickc GA, Verottad D, Fattingera K. Oral heroin in opioid-dependent patients: Pharmacokinetic comparison of immediate and extended release tablets. Europ J Pharmaceut sci 2009;3(6):421-432.
Sargeant TJ, Miller JH, Day DJ. Opioidergic regulation of astroglial/neuronal proliferation: where are we now? J Neurochem 2008;107(4):883-97.
Nestler, EJ, Hope BT, Widnell KL. Drug addiction a model for the molecular basis of neural plasticity. Neuron 1993;11:995-1006.
Nestler EJ, Aghajanian GK. Molecular and cellular basis of addiction. Science 1997;278:58-63.
Nestler EJ. Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. J Neurosci 1992;12:2439-50.
Clouet DH, Iwatsubo K. Mechanisms of tolerance to and dependence on narcotic analgesic drugs. Annu Rev Pharmacol 1975;15:49-71.
Becker A, Grecksch G, Brodemann R, Kraus J, Peters B, Schroeder H, et al. Morphine self-administration in _μ-opioid receptordeficient mice. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 2000;361:584-89.
Arnsten AF. Through the looking glass: differential noradrenergic modulation of prefrontal cortical function. Neural Plast 2000;7:133-46.
Areda T, Kõks S, Philips MA, Vasar E, Karis A, et al. Alterations in opioid system of the rat brain after cat odor exposure. Neurosci Lett 2005;29:377(2):136-9.
Robinson SE, Guo HZ, McDowell KP, Pascua JR, Enters EK. Prenatal exposure to methadone affects central cholinergic neuronal activity in the weanling rat. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1991;64:183-188.
van Ree JM, Gerrits MA, Vanderschuren LJ. Opioids, reward and addiction: An encounter of biology, psychology, and medicine. Pharmacol Rev 1999;51:341-396.
Vaccarino AL, Kastin AJ. Endogenous opiates: 1999. Peptides 2000;21:1975-2034.
Vaccarino AL, Kastin AJ. Endogenous opiates: 2000. Peptides 2001;22:2257-2328.
Jackson A, Mead AN, Stephens DN. Behavioural effects of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate-receptor antagonists and their relevance to substance abuse. Pharmacol Ther 2000;88:59-76.
Zhu H, Barr GA. The role of AMPA and metabotropic glutamate receptors on morphine withdrawal in infant rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2004;22:379-395.
Özek M, Uresin Y, Gungor M. Comparison of the effects of specific and nonspecific inhibition of nitric oxide synthase on morphine analgesia, tolerance and dependence in mice. Life Sci 2003;72:1943-51.
Pasternak GW, Kolesnikov YA, Babey AM. Perspectives on the N-methyl-D-aspartate / nitric oxide cascade and opioid tolerance. Neuropsychopharmacology 1995;13:309-13.
Trujillo, KA. Are NMDA receptors involved in opiate-induced neural and behavioral plasticity? A review of preclinical studies. Psychopharmacology 2000;151:121-41.
Jones KL, Barr GA. Injections of an opioid antagonist into the locus coeruleus and periaqueductal gray but not the amygdala precipitates morphine withdrawal in the 7-day-old rat. Synapse 2001;39:139-51.
Saiz PA, García-Portilla MP, Flórez G, Arango C, Corcoran P, Morales B, et al. Differential role of serotonergic polymorphisms in alcohol and heroin dependence. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(4):695-700.
Benavides M, Laorden ML, Milanes MV. Involvement of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in regulation of Fos expression and tyrosine hydroxylase levels during morphine withdrawal in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and medulla oblongata catecholaminergic cell groups. J Neurochem 2005;92:246-254.
Ceger P, Kuhn CM. Opiate withdrawal in the neonatal rat: Relationship to duration of treatment and naloxone dose. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000;150:253-259.
Maldonado R. Participation of noradrenergic pathways in the expression of opiate withdrawal: biochemical and pharmacological evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1997;21:91-104.
Bozarth MA. Physical dependence produced by central morphine infusions: An anatomical mapping study. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1994;18:373-83.
Maldonado R, Negus S, Koob GF. Precipitation of morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats by administration of mu-, delta- and kappa -selective opioid antagonists. Neuropharmacology 1992;31:1231-41.
Przewlocki R. Opioid abuse and brain gene expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2005;500:331-49.
Freedman JE, Aghajanian GK. Opiate and alpha 2-adrenoceptor responses of rat amygdaloid neurons: Co-localization and interactions during withdrawal. J Neurosci 1985;5:3016-24.
Williams JT, Christie MJ, Manzoni O. Cellular and synaptic adaptations mediating opioid dependence. Physiol Rev 2001;81:299-43.
Aston-Jones G, Delfs JM, Druhan J, Zhu Y. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. A target site for noradrenergic actions in opiate withdrawal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;877:486-498.
Gold, MS, Redmond, DE Jr, Kleber, HD. Clonidine blocks acute opiate withdrawal symptoms. Lancet 1978;2:599-602.
Delfs JM, Zhu Y, Druhan JP, Aston-Jones G. Noradrenaline in the ventral forebrain is critical for opiate withdrawal-induced aversion. Nature 2000;403:430-434.
Xu K, Liu XH, Nagarajan S, Gu XY, Goldman D. Relationship of the -opioid receptor gene to heroin abuse in a large Chinese case/control sample. Am J Med Genet 2002;110:45-50.
Yuferov V, Fussell D, LaForge KS, Nielsen DA, Gordon D, Ho A. Redefinition of the human kappa opioid receptor gene (OPRK1) structure and association of haplotypes with opiate addiction. Pharmacogenetics 2004;14:793-804.
Yakovlev AG, Krueger KE, Faden AI. Structure and expression of a rat kappa opioid receptor gene. J Biol Chem 1995;270:6421-6424.
Zhu J, Chen C, Xue J-C, Kunapuli S, DeRiel JK. Lui-Chen L.-Y. Cloning of a human opioid receptor from the brain. Life Sci 1995;56:PL201- PL207.
Yuferov V, Zhou Y, Spangler R, Maggos C.E., Ho A. and Kreek M.J. Acute “binge” cocaine increases -opioid receptor mRNA levels in areas of rat mesolimbic mesocortical dopamine system. Brain Res Bull 1999;48:109-112.
Kitanaka N., Sora I., Kinsey S., Zeng Z. and Uhl G.R. No heroin or morphine 6 beta-glucuronide analgesia in -opioid receptor knockout mice. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;355:R1-R3.
Kling M.A., Carson R.E., Borg L., Zametkin A., Matochik J.A., Schluger J., Herscovitch P., Rice K.C., Ho A., Eckelman W.C., et al. Opioid receptor imaging with PET and [18F]cyclofoxy in long-term methadone-treated former heroin addicts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;295:1070-1076.
Loh H.H., Liu H.-C., Cavalli A., Yang W., Chen Y.-F. and Wei L.-N. Opioid receptor knockout in mice: effects on ligand-induced analgesia and morphine lethality. Mol Brain Res 1998;54:321-326.
Lotsch J., Skarke C., Grosch S., Darimont J., Schmidt H. and Geisslinger G. The polymorphism A118G of the human -opioid receptor gene decreases the pupil constrictory effect of morphine-6-glucuronide but not thatof morphine. Pharmacogenetics 2002;12:3-9.
Kamendulis L.M., Brzezinski M.R., Pindel E.V., Bosron W.F. and Dean R.A. Metabolism of cocaine and heroin is catalyzed by the same human liver carboxylesterases. J Pharmacol Exp 1996;Ther 279:713-717.
Lawford B.R., Young R.M., Noble E.P., Sargent J., Rowell J., Shadforth S., Zhang X. and Ritchie T. The D(2) dopamine receptor A(1) allele and opioid dependence: association with heroin use and response to methadone treatment. Am J Med Genet 2000;96:592-598.
Johnson R.E., Chutuape M.A., Strain E.C., Walsh S.L., Stitzer M.L. and Bigelow G.E. A comparison of levomethadyl acetatE. buprenorphine. and methadone for opioid dependence. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1290-1297.
Strassburg CP. Pharmacogenetics of Gilbert’s syndrome. Pharmacogenomics 2008;9(6):703-715.
Sawyer MB, Innocenti F, Das S, Cheng C, Ramirez J, Pantle-Fisher FH, et al. A pharmacogenetic study of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 in patients receiving morphine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73:566-74.
Holthe M, Klepstad P, Zahlsen K, Borchgrevink PC, Hagen L, Dale O, et al. Morphine glucuronidetomorphine plasma ratios are unaffected by the UGT2B7 H268Y andUGT1A1*28 polymorphisms in cancer patients on chronic morphine therapy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002;58:353-56.
Holthe M, Klepstad P, Idle JR, Kaasa S, Krokan HE. Skorpen F. Sequence variations in the UDP-glucuronsyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7)g ene: identification of 10 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and analysis of their relevance to morphine glucuronidation in cancer patients. Pharmacogenomics J 2003;3:17-26.
Duguay Y, Skorpen F, Guillemette C. A novel functional polymorphism in the uridine diphosphateglucuronsyltransferase 2B7 promoter with significant impact on promoter activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;75:223-233.
Skarke C, Darimont J, Schmidt H, Geisslinger G, Lo¨tsch J. Analgesic effects of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide in a transcutaneous electrical pain model in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73:107-21.
Howard LA, Sellers EM, Tyndale RF. The role of pharmacogenetically variable cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug abuse and dependence. Pharmacogenomics 2002;3:185-99.
Sindrup SH, Brøsen K, Bjerring P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Larsen U, Angelo HR. Codeine increases pain thresholds to copper vapor laser stimuli in extensive but not poor metabolizers of sparteine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;49:686-93.
Sindrup SH., Poulsen L, Brøsen K, Arendt-Nielsen L, Gram L.F. Are poor metabolizers of sparteine/debrisoquine less pain tolerant than extensive metabolizers? Pain 1993;53:335-49.
Kathiramalainathan K, Kaplan HL, Romach MK, Busto UE, Li NY, Tyndale R.F. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6 modifies codeine abuse liability. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20:435-44.
Tyndale RF, Droll KP, Sellers EM. Genetically deficient CYP2D6 metabolism provides protection against oral opiate dependence. Pharmacogenetics 1997;7:375-79.
Romach MK, Otton SV, Somer G, Tyndale RF, Sellers EM. Cytochrome P450 2D6 and treatment of codeine dependence. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20:43-5.
Fernandes LC, Kilicarlsan T, Kaplan HL, Tyndale RF, Sellers EM. Romach MK. Treatment of codeine dependence with inhibitors of cytochrome P450 2D6. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2002. 22:326-29.
Eap CB, Broly F, Mino A, Ha¨mmig R, De´glon JJ, Uehlinger C, Cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype and methadone steady-state concentrations. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:229-34.
Nath R.P., Upton R.A. and Everhart E.T. Buprenorphine pharmacokinetics: relative bioavailability of sublingual tablet and liquid formulations. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:619-23.
Dai D. Tang J. Rose R. Hodgson E. Bienstock R.J. Mohrenweiser H.W. and Goldstein J.A. Identifi cation of variants of CYP3A4 and characterization of their abilities to metabolize testosterone and chlorpyrifos. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;299:825-31.
Eiselt R, Domanski TL, Zibat A, Mueller R, Presecan-Siedel E, Hustert E, et al. Identification and functional characterization of eight CYP3A4 protein variants. Pharmacogenetics 2001;11:447-58.
Lim S, Prasad MR, Samuels P, Gardner DK, Cordero L. High-dose methadone in pregnant women and its effect on duration of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200(1):70.e1-5.
García del Río M, Lastra Sánchez G, Medina Soto A, Martínez León M, Lucena Travé J, Martínez Valverde A. Enfoque diagnóstico-terapéutico del hijo de madre drogadicta. In: Nelson, W.E.Tratado de Pediatría. 15ª edición. Interamericana; México1999. pp. 119-25.
Echeverría-Lecuona J. Drogas en el embarazo y morbilidad neonatal. An Pediatr 2003;58:519-22.
Finnegan LP, Ehrlich S. Maternal drug abuse during pregnancy: evaluation and pharmacotherapy for neonatal abstinence. Modern Met Pharmacol 1990;6:255-63.
Johnson RE, Jones HE, Jasinski DR, Svikis DS, Haug NA, Jansson L, et Al. Buprenorphine treatment of pregnant opioid-dependent women: maternal and neonatal outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001;63:97-103.
Connaughton, JF, Finnegan LP, Schut J., Emich,JP. Current concepts in the management of the pregnant addict. Addict Dis 1975;2:21-35.
Blinick G, Wallach RC, Jerez E. Pregnancy in narcotics addicts-treated by medical withdrawal: the methadone detoxification program. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969;105:997-03.
Barr GA, Jones K. Opiate withdrawal in the infant. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1994;16:219-25.
Blinick G, Wallach RC, Jerez E, Ackerman BD. Drug addiction in pregnancy and the neonate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976;125:135-42.
Dashe JS, Sheffield JS, Olscher DA, Todd SJ, Jackson GL, Wendel GD. Relationship between maternal methadone dosage and neonatal withdrawal. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:1244-49.
Kaltenbach KA, Finnegan LP. Studies of prenatal drug exposure and environmental research issues: The benefits of integrating research within a treatment program. NIDA Res Monogr 1992;117:259-70.
Suresh S, Anand K. Opioid tolerance in neonates: A state-of-the-art review. Paediatr Anaesth 2001;11:511-21.
Finnegan LP. Perinatal substance abuse: Comments and perspectives. Semin Perinatol 1991;15:331-39.
Kandall SR, Gaines J, Habel L, Davidson G, Jessop D. Relationship of maternal substance abuse to subsequent sudden infant death syndrome in offspring. J Pediatr 1993;123:120-26.
Ward SL, Schuetz S, Kirshna V, Bean X, Wingert W, Wachsman L. Abnormal sleeping ventilatory pattern in infants of substance-abusing mothers. Am J Dis Child 1986;140:1015-20.
Marsh DF, Hatch DJ, Fitzgerald M. Opioid systems and the newborn. Br J Anaesth 1997;79:787-95.
Barr GA, Zmitrovich, A, Hamowy AS, Liu PY, Wang S, Hutchings DE. Neonatal withdrawal following pre-and postnatal exposure to methadone in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998;60:97-104.
Nanovskaya TN, Deshmukh SV, Nekhayeva IA, Zharikova OL, Hankins GDV, Mahmoud S., et al. Methadone metabolism by human placenta. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;68:583-91.
Glass L. Effects of narcotics on the fetus. In: Morselli, P., Garattini, S., Sereni, F., eds. Basic and Therapeutic Aspects of Perinatal Pharmacology. New York: Raven Press; 1975. pp. 131-38.
Harper RG, Solish G, Feingold E, Gersten-Woolf, NB, Sokal MM. Maternal ingested methadone, body fluid methadone, and the neonatal withdrawal syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;129:417-24.
Kosten, TR, Schottenfeld R, Ziedonis D, Falcioni J. Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993;181:358-64.
Johnson RE, Jones HE, Fischer G. Use of buprenorphine in pregnancy: patient management and effects on the neonate. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003;70:S87-S101.
Fudala, P.J., Jaffe, J.H., Dax, E.M., Johnson, R.E. Use of buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid addiction. II. Physiologic and behavioral effects of daily and alternate-day administration and abrupt withdrawal. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;47:525-34.
Díaz-Delgado Rubio M J, Belmonte M, Chamizo-Moreno B, Ortega- Montes MA, Espín-Gálvez J, Arcos-Martínez F. Análisis descriptivo del síndrome de abstinencia neonatal en nuestro medio. Rev Esp Pediatr 2001;57(G):491-96.
Mur A, Viñolas M. Consumo de drogas durante la gestación y sus repercusiones pediátricas. Arch Pediatr 1995;46:9-15.
Jansson LM, Vélez M, Harrow C. The opioid-exposed newborn: assessment and pharmacologic management. J Opioid Manag 2009;5(1):47-55.
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (ONUDD), Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA/CICAD). Primer Estudio Comparativo sobre Uso de Drogas en Población Escolar Secundaria de Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Perú y Uruguay. Lima: Tetis Graf; 2006.
Observatorio Europeo de las Drogas y las Toxicomanías (OEDT). Informe Anual 2004. El problema de la drogodependencia en la Unión Europea y en Noruega. Bélgica: Oficina de Publicaciones Oficiales de las Comunidades Europeas; 2004.
Instituto Nacional sobre la Drogadicción de Estados Unidos (NIDA). Tendencias Nacionales. InfoFacts Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de Estados Unidos - Institutos Nacionales de la Salud; Diciembre 2004.
Observatorio Europeo de las Drogas y las Toxicomanías (OEDT). Informe Anual 2005. El problema de la drogodependencia en Europa. Bélgica: Oficina de Publicaciones Oficiales de las Comunidades Europeas; 2005.
De Lima L, Sweeney C, Palmer L, Bruera E. Potent analgesics are more expensive for patients in developing countries: a comparative study. Poster presentation at the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) 10th World Congress on Pain, San Diego; August 2002.
Pain & Policy Studies Group. University of Wisconsing. WHO Collaborating Center. Descripción de la disponibilidad de opioides en América Latina. Rev Iberoam Dolor 2008;3:18-22.
Camí J. Drogas de diseño: ¿un nuevo reto? En: Laporte JR, ed. Avances en Terapéutica 16. Barcelona: eds. Científico Técnicas masson-Salvat; 1992. pp. 211-223.
Pergera l, Rentschb KM, Kullak-Ublickc GA, Verottad D, Fattingera K. Oral heroin in opioid-dependent patients: Pharmacokinetic comparison of immediate and extended release tablets. Europ J Pharmaceut sci 2009;3(6):421-432.
Sargeant TJ, Miller JH, Day DJ. Opioidergic regulation of astroglial/neuronal proliferation: where are we now? J Neurochem 2008;107(4):883-97.
Nestler, EJ, Hope BT, Widnell KL. Drug addiction a model for the molecular basis of neural plasticity. Neuron 1993;11:995-1006.
Nestler EJ, Aghajanian GK. Molecular and cellular basis of addiction. Science 1997;278:58-63.
Nestler EJ. Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. J Neurosci 1992;12:2439-50.
Clouet DH, Iwatsubo K. Mechanisms of tolerance to and dependence on narcotic analgesic drugs. Annu Rev Pharmacol 1975;15:49-71.
Becker A, Grecksch G, Brodemann R, Kraus J, Peters B, Schroeder H, et al. Morphine self-administration in _μ-opioid receptordeficient mice. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 2000;361:584-89.
Arnsten AF. Through the looking glass: differential noradrenergic modulation of prefrontal cortical function. Neural Plast 2000;7:133-46.
Areda T, Kõks S, Philips MA, Vasar E, Karis A, et al. Alterations in opioid system of the rat brain after cat odor exposure. Neurosci Lett 2005;29:377(2):136-9.
Robinson SE, Guo HZ, McDowell KP, Pascua JR, Enters EK. Prenatal exposure to methadone affects central cholinergic neuronal activity in the weanling rat. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1991;64:183-188.
van Ree JM, Gerrits MA, Vanderschuren LJ. Opioids, reward and addiction: An encounter of biology, psychology, and medicine. Pharmacol Rev 1999;51:341-396.
Vaccarino AL, Kastin AJ. Endogenous opiates: 1999. Peptides 2000;21:1975-2034.
Vaccarino AL, Kastin AJ. Endogenous opiates: 2000. Peptides 2001;22:2257-2328.
Jackson A, Mead AN, Stephens DN. Behavioural effects of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate-receptor antagonists and their relevance to substance abuse. Pharmacol Ther 2000;88:59-76.
Zhu H, Barr GA. The role of AMPA and metabotropic glutamate receptors on morphine withdrawal in infant rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2004;22:379-395.
Özek M, Uresin Y, Gungor M. Comparison of the effects of specific and nonspecific inhibition of nitric oxide synthase on morphine analgesia, tolerance and dependence in mice. Life Sci 2003;72:1943-51.
Pasternak GW, Kolesnikov YA, Babey AM. Perspectives on the N-methyl-D-aspartate / nitric oxide cascade and opioid tolerance. Neuropsychopharmacology 1995;13:309-13.
Trujillo, KA. Are NMDA receptors involved in opiate-induced neural and behavioral plasticity? A review of preclinical studies. Psychopharmacology 2000;151:121-41.
Jones KL, Barr GA. Injections of an opioid antagonist into the locus coeruleus and periaqueductal gray but not the amygdala precipitates morphine withdrawal in the 7-day-old rat. Synapse 2001;39:139-51.
Saiz PA, García-Portilla MP, Flórez G, Arango C, Corcoran P, Morales B, et al. Differential role of serotonergic polymorphisms in alcohol and heroin dependence. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(4):695-700.
Benavides M, Laorden ML, Milanes MV. Involvement of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in regulation of Fos expression and tyrosine hydroxylase levels during morphine withdrawal in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and medulla oblongata catecholaminergic cell groups. J Neurochem 2005;92:246-254.
Ceger P, Kuhn CM. Opiate withdrawal in the neonatal rat: Relationship to duration of treatment and naloxone dose. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000;150:253-259.
Maldonado R. Participation of noradrenergic pathways in the expression of opiate withdrawal: biochemical and pharmacological evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1997;21:91-104.
Bozarth MA. Physical dependence produced by central morphine infusions: An anatomical mapping study. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1994;18:373-83.
Maldonado R, Negus S, Koob GF. Precipitation of morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats by administration of mu-, delta- and kappa -selective opioid antagonists. Neuropharmacology 1992;31:1231-41.
Przewlocki R. Opioid abuse and brain gene expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2005;500:331-49.
Freedman JE, Aghajanian GK. Opiate and alpha 2-adrenoceptor responses of rat amygdaloid neurons: Co-localization and interactions during withdrawal. J Neurosci 1985;5:3016-24.
Williams JT, Christie MJ, Manzoni O. Cellular and synaptic adaptations mediating opioid dependence. Physiol Rev 2001;81:299-43.
Aston-Jones G, Delfs JM, Druhan J, Zhu Y. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. A target site for noradrenergic actions in opiate withdrawal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;877:486-498.
Gold, MS, Redmond, DE Jr, Kleber, HD. Clonidine blocks acute opiate withdrawal symptoms. Lancet 1978;2:599-602.
Delfs JM, Zhu Y, Druhan JP, Aston-Jones G. Noradrenaline in the ventral forebrain is critical for opiate withdrawal-induced aversion. Nature 2000;403:430-434.
Xu K, Liu XH, Nagarajan S, Gu XY, Goldman D. Relationship of the -opioid receptor gene to heroin abuse in a large Chinese case/control sample. Am J Med Genet 2002;110:45-50.
Yuferov V, Fussell D, LaForge KS, Nielsen DA, Gordon D, Ho A. Redefinition of the human kappa opioid receptor gene (OPRK1) structure and association of haplotypes with opiate addiction. Pharmacogenetics 2004;14:793-804.
Yakovlev AG, Krueger KE, Faden AI. Structure and expression of a rat kappa opioid receptor gene. J Biol Chem 1995;270:6421-6424.
Zhu J, Chen C, Xue J-C, Kunapuli S, DeRiel JK. Lui-Chen L.-Y. Cloning of a human opioid receptor from the brain. Life Sci 1995;56:PL201- PL207.
Yuferov V, Zhou Y, Spangler R, Maggos C.E., Ho A. and Kreek M.J. Acute “binge” cocaine increases -opioid receptor mRNA levels in areas of rat mesolimbic mesocortical dopamine system. Brain Res Bull 1999;48:109-112.
Kitanaka N., Sora I., Kinsey S., Zeng Z. and Uhl G.R. No heroin or morphine 6 beta-glucuronide analgesia in -opioid receptor knockout mice. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;355:R1-R3.
Kling M.A., Carson R.E., Borg L., Zametkin A., Matochik J.A., Schluger J., Herscovitch P., Rice K.C., Ho A., Eckelman W.C., et al. Opioid receptor imaging with PET and [18F]cyclofoxy in long-term methadone-treated former heroin addicts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;295:1070-1076.
Loh H.H., Liu H.-C., Cavalli A., Yang W., Chen Y.-F. and Wei L.-N. Opioid receptor knockout in mice: effects on ligand-induced analgesia and morphine lethality. Mol Brain Res 1998;54:321-326.
Lotsch J., Skarke C., Grosch S., Darimont J., Schmidt H. and Geisslinger G. The polymorphism A118G of the human -opioid receptor gene decreases the pupil constrictory effect of morphine-6-glucuronide but not thatof morphine. Pharmacogenetics 2002;12:3-9.
Kamendulis L.M., Brzezinski M.R., Pindel E.V., Bosron W.F. and Dean R.A. Metabolism of cocaine and heroin is catalyzed by the same human liver carboxylesterases. J Pharmacol Exp 1996;Ther 279:713-717.
Lawford B.R., Young R.M., Noble E.P., Sargent J., Rowell J., Shadforth S., Zhang X. and Ritchie T. The D(2) dopamine receptor A(1) allele and opioid dependence: association with heroin use and response to methadone treatment. Am J Med Genet 2000;96:592-598.
Johnson R.E., Chutuape M.A., Strain E.C., Walsh S.L., Stitzer M.L. and Bigelow G.E. A comparison of levomethadyl acetatE. buprenorphine. and methadone for opioid dependence. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1290-1297.
Strassburg CP. Pharmacogenetics of Gilbert’s syndrome. Pharmacogenomics 2008;9(6):703-715.
Sawyer MB, Innocenti F, Das S, Cheng C, Ramirez J, Pantle-Fisher FH, et al. A pharmacogenetic study of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 in patients receiving morphine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73:566-74.
Holthe M, Klepstad P, Zahlsen K, Borchgrevink PC, Hagen L, Dale O, et al. Morphine glucuronidetomorphine plasma ratios are unaffected by the UGT2B7 H268Y andUGT1A1*28 polymorphisms in cancer patients on chronic morphine therapy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002;58:353-56.
Holthe M, Klepstad P, Idle JR, Kaasa S, Krokan HE. Skorpen F. Sequence variations in the UDP-glucuronsyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7)g ene: identification of 10 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and analysis of their relevance to morphine glucuronidation in cancer patients. Pharmacogenomics J 2003;3:17-26.
Duguay Y, Skorpen F, Guillemette C. A novel functional polymorphism in the uridine diphosphateglucuronsyltransferase 2B7 promoter with significant impact on promoter activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;75:223-233.
Skarke C, Darimont J, Schmidt H, Geisslinger G, Lo¨tsch J. Analgesic effects of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide in a transcutaneous electrical pain model in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73:107-21.
Howard LA, Sellers EM, Tyndale RF. The role of pharmacogenetically variable cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug abuse and dependence. Pharmacogenomics 2002;3:185-99.
Sindrup SH, Brøsen K, Bjerring P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Larsen U, Angelo HR. Codeine increases pain thresholds to copper vapor laser stimuli in extensive but not poor metabolizers of sparteine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;49:686-93.
Sindrup SH., Poulsen L, Brøsen K, Arendt-Nielsen L, Gram L.F. Are poor metabolizers of sparteine/debrisoquine less pain tolerant than extensive metabolizers? Pain 1993;53:335-49.
Kathiramalainathan K, Kaplan HL, Romach MK, Busto UE, Li NY, Tyndale R.F. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6 modifies codeine abuse liability. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20:435-44.
Tyndale RF, Droll KP, Sellers EM. Genetically deficient CYP2D6 metabolism provides protection against oral opiate dependence. Pharmacogenetics 1997;7:375-79.
Romach MK, Otton SV, Somer G, Tyndale RF, Sellers EM. Cytochrome P450 2D6 and treatment of codeine dependence. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20:43-5.
Fernandes LC, Kilicarlsan T, Kaplan HL, Tyndale RF, Sellers EM. Romach MK. Treatment of codeine dependence with inhibitors of cytochrome P450 2D6. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2002. 22:326-29.
Eap CB, Broly F, Mino A, Ha¨mmig R, De´glon JJ, Uehlinger C, Cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype and methadone steady-state concentrations. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:229-34.
Nath R.P., Upton R.A. and Everhart E.T. Buprenorphine pharmacokinetics: relative bioavailability of sublingual tablet and liquid formulations. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:619-23.
Dai D. Tang J. Rose R. Hodgson E. Bienstock R.J. Mohrenweiser H.W. and Goldstein J.A. Identifi cation of variants of CYP3A4 and characterization of their abilities to metabolize testosterone and chlorpyrifos. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;299:825-31.
Eiselt R, Domanski TL, Zibat A, Mueller R, Presecan-Siedel E, Hustert E, et al. Identification and functional characterization of eight CYP3A4 protein variants. Pharmacogenetics 2001;11:447-58.
Lim S, Prasad MR, Samuels P, Gardner DK, Cordero L. High-dose methadone in pregnant women and its effect on duration of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200(1):70.e1-5.
García del Río M, Lastra Sánchez G, Medina Soto A, Martínez León M, Lucena Travé J, Martínez Valverde A. Enfoque diagnóstico-terapéutico del hijo de madre drogadicta. In: Nelson, W.E.Tratado de Pediatría. 15ª edición. Interamericana; México1999. pp. 119-25.
Echeverría-Lecuona J. Drogas en el embarazo y morbilidad neonatal. An Pediatr 2003;58:519-22.
Finnegan LP, Ehrlich S. Maternal drug abuse during pregnancy: evaluation and pharmacotherapy for neonatal abstinence. Modern Met Pharmacol 1990;6:255-63.
Johnson RE, Jones HE, Jasinski DR, Svikis DS, Haug NA, Jansson L, et Al. Buprenorphine treatment of pregnant opioid-dependent women: maternal and neonatal outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001;63:97-103.
Connaughton, JF, Finnegan LP, Schut J., Emich,JP. Current concepts in the management of the pregnant addict. Addict Dis 1975;2:21-35.
Blinick G, Wallach RC, Jerez E. Pregnancy in narcotics addicts-treated by medical withdrawal: the methadone detoxification program. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969;105:997-03.
Barr GA, Jones K. Opiate withdrawal in the infant. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1994;16:219-25.
Blinick G, Wallach RC, Jerez E, Ackerman BD. Drug addiction in pregnancy and the neonate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976;125:135-42.
Dashe JS, Sheffield JS, Olscher DA, Todd SJ, Jackson GL, Wendel GD. Relationship between maternal methadone dosage and neonatal withdrawal. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:1244-49.
Kaltenbach KA, Finnegan LP. Studies of prenatal drug exposure and environmental research issues: The benefits of integrating research within a treatment program. NIDA Res Monogr 1992;117:259-70.
Suresh S, Anand K. Opioid tolerance in neonates: A state-of-the-art review. Paediatr Anaesth 2001;11:511-21.
Finnegan LP. Perinatal substance abuse: Comments and perspectives. Semin Perinatol 1991;15:331-39.
Kandall SR, Gaines J, Habel L, Davidson G, Jessop D. Relationship of maternal substance abuse to subsequent sudden infant death syndrome in offspring. J Pediatr 1993;123:120-26.
Ward SL, Schuetz S, Kirshna V, Bean X, Wingert W, Wachsman L. Abnormal sleeping ventilatory pattern in infants of substance-abusing mothers. Am J Dis Child 1986;140:1015-20.
Marsh DF, Hatch DJ, Fitzgerald M. Opioid systems and the newborn. Br J Anaesth 1997;79:787-95.
Barr GA, Zmitrovich, A, Hamowy AS, Liu PY, Wang S, Hutchings DE. Neonatal withdrawal following pre-and postnatal exposure to methadone in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998;60:97-104.
Nanovskaya TN, Deshmukh SV, Nekhayeva IA, Zharikova OL, Hankins GDV, Mahmoud S., et al. Methadone metabolism by human placenta. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;68:583-91.
Glass L. Effects of narcotics on the fetus. In: Morselli, P., Garattini, S., Sereni, F., eds. Basic and Therapeutic Aspects of Perinatal Pharmacology. New York: Raven Press; 1975. pp. 131-38.
Harper RG, Solish G, Feingold E, Gersten-Woolf, NB, Sokal MM. Maternal ingested methadone, body fluid methadone, and the neonatal withdrawal syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;129:417-24.
Kosten, TR, Schottenfeld R, Ziedonis D, Falcioni J. Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993;181:358-64.
Johnson RE, Jones HE, Fischer G. Use of buprenorphine in pregnancy: patient management and effects on the neonate. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003;70:S87-S101.
Fudala, P.J., Jaffe, J.H., Dax, E.M., Johnson, R.E. Use of buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid addiction. II. Physiologic and behavioral effects of daily and alternate-day administration and abrupt withdrawal. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;47:525-34.
Díaz-Delgado Rubio M J, Belmonte M, Chamizo-Moreno B, Ortega- Montes MA, Espín-Gálvez J, Arcos-Martínez F. Análisis descriptivo del síndrome de abstinencia neonatal en nuestro medio. Rev Esp Pediatr 2001;57(G):491-96.
Mur A, Viñolas M. Consumo de drogas durante la gestación y sus repercusiones pediátricas. Arch Pediatr 1995;46:9-15.
Jansson LM, Vélez M, Harrow C. The opioid-exposed newborn: assessment and pharmacologic management. J Opioid Manag 2009;5(1):47-55.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.