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Publication Date: 2009-12-18
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González Correa, C. A., & González Correa, C. H. (2009). Globesity and its possible infectious component. Biosalud, 8, 132–142. Retrieved from https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/5535
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Abstract
Hyperadiposity or excess of body fat, usually classified as overweight or obesity, has become a pandemic, named by some authors as “Globesity” (a blend of Global Obesity”). This huge public health problem affects not only the developed world but also developing countries. It has been customary to consider that excess fat originates from a positive result in the simple equation “energy balance = caloric intake – caloric expenditure”. In other words, if a person does not use up all their calorie intake, this will be stored as fat tissue. This may be also favored by a genetic component. Recent research, however, has shown that the intestinal microbiota (virus and bacteria manly located in the colon), plays an important role in the genesis of overweight and obesity. Although the exact mechanisms underlying this relationship are still to be clarified, there are at least two proposed ways: a) an increase in the intestinal absorption of monosaccharides due to an increased glocosilhydrolase activity, and b) an increase in free fatty acids intestinal absorption due to Fiaf (fasting induced adipocite factor) inhibition. These facts open the possibility of manipulating the colonic microbiota through prebiotics, probiotics, simbiotics and antibiotics as a therapeutic alternative to the treatment of hyperadiposity. The present paper reviews the main issues involved in this problem, considered to be of interest for everybody involved in health care.
References
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Speakman JR. Obesity: the integrated roles of environment and genetics. J Nutr 2004;134(8 Suppl):2090-105S.
WHO (World Health Organization). Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Technical Report Series No. 854. Geneva; 1995. Chap. 7 “Overweight adults”, p. 312.
Heyward VH, Stolarczyc LM. Applied Body Composition. Champlaign-IL: Human Kinetics; 1996. Chap 1, “Body Composition Basics”, p. 7.
Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH. Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA 2005;293:1861-7.
Gregg, EW; Cheng, YJ; Cadwell, BL; Imperatore, G; Williams, DE; Flegal KM, et al. Secular trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors according to body mass index in US adults. JAMA 2005;293:1868-74.
Ho SC, Chen YM, Woo JL, Leung SS, Lam TH, Janus ED. Association between simple anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:1689-97.
WHO (World Health Organization). Obesity: Preventing and managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity, 3-5 June 1997, WHO/NUT/NCD/98. Geneva; 1998.
Lohman TG. Advances in body composition assessment. Current issues in exercise science series. Monograph No. 3. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1992. p. 80.
De Lorenzo A, Deurenberg P, Pietrantuono M, Di Daniele N, Cervelli V, Andreoli A. How fat is obese? Acta Diabetol 2003;40(Suppl 19):S254-7.
WHO (World Health Organization). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemy. Technical Report Series, No. 894. Geneva; 2004. p. 9.
Taras H, Potts-Datema W. Obesity and Student Performance at School. J Sch Health 2005;75(8):291-295.
Pronk NP, Martinson B, Kessler RC, Beck AL, Simon GE, Wang P. The association between work performance and physical activity, cardio respiratory fitness, and obesity. J Occup Environ Med 2004;46(1):19-25.
Truswell S. ABC of Nutrition. 4th. Ed. Navarra-Spain: British Medical Journal Books; 2003. Chap. 11, “Overweight and Obesity”, p. 70.
Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity. Washington: Public Health Service; 2001. Disponible en: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity. Consultado Julio de 2008.
Hensrud DD, Klein S. Extreme obesity: a new medical crisis in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81(10 Suppl):S5-10. Review.
Ogden CL, Yanovski SZ, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. The epidemiology of obesity. Gastroenterology 2007;132(6):2087-102.
WHO (World Health Organization). Obesity and overweight: What are Overweight and Obesity? Fact sheet N° 311; 2006. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index.html. Consultado Julio de 2008.
Worldometers. World Population Clock. Disponible en: http://www.worldometers.info/population/. Consultado Julio de 2008.
ICBF (Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar). ENSIN 2005 (Encuesta Nacional sobre la Situación Nutricional en Colombia); 2005. Disponible en: http://www.icbf.gov.co/ESPANOL/ENSIN_PAGINA%20WEB%202005.pdf. Consultado Julio de 2008.
ICBF (Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar). ENSIN 2005 (Encuesta Nacional sobre la Situación Nutricional en Colombia). Resultados Caldas; 2006. Disponible en: http://www.icbf.gov.co/ESPANOL/informes/encueta_nal_de_la_situa/ENSIN%20CALDAS.ppt. Consultado Julio de 2008.
Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, Wood CL. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:579-84.
NIH (National Institute of Health). Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH publication No. 98-4083; 1998.
AJCN (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition). Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: Executive Summary. Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight in Adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:899-917.
Prentice AM, Jebb SA, Goldberg GR, Coward WA, Murgatroyd PR, Poppitt SD, Cole TJ. Effects of weight cycling on body composition. Am J Clin Nutr l992;56:209-16S.
McCormick B, Stone I, Corporate Analytical Team. Economic costs of obesity and the case for government intervention. Obes Rev 2007;8(Suppl 1):161-4.
Runge CF. Economic Consequences of the Obese. Diabetes 2007;56:2668-72.
Yach D, Stuckler D, Brownell KD. Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes. Nat Med 2006;12(1):2668-72.
Thompson D, Wolf AM. The medical-care cost burden of obesity. Obes Rev 2001;2:189-97.
Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 2006;444(7122):1022-3.
Bäckhed F, Manchester JK, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI. Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007;104(3):979-84.
Bäckhed F, Ley RE, Sonnenburg JL, Peterson DA, Gordon JI. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 2005;307(5717):1915-20.
Atkinson RL. Could viruses contribute to the worldwide epidemic of obesity? Int J Ped Obes 2008;3:37-43.
Vasilakopoulou A, Roux CW. Could a virus contribute to weight gain? Review. Int J Obes 2007;31:1350-6.
Cani PD, Delzenne NM, Amar J, Burcelin R. Role of gut microflora in the development of obesity and insulin resistance following high-fat diet feeding. Pathol Biol 2008;56(5):305-9.
DiBaise JK, Zhang H, Crowell MD, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Decker GA, Rittmann BE. Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83(4):460-9. Review.
Turnbaugh PJ, Bäckhed F, Fulton L, Gordon JI. Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe 2008;3(4):213-23.
Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 2006;444(7122):1027-31.
Ley RE, Bäckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD, Gordon JI. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2005;102(31):11070-5.
Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L, Sargent M, et al. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 2005;308(5728):1635-8.
Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2004;101(44):15718-23.
Kalliomäki M, Collado MC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict overweight. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(3):534-8.
Duncan SH, Belenguer A, Holtrop G, Johnstone AM, Flint HJ, Lobley GE. Reduced Dietary Intake of Carbohydrates by Obese Subjects Results in Decreased Concentrations of Butyrate and Butyrate-Producing Bacteria in Feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73(4):1073-8l.
Limdi JK, O’Neill C, McLaughlin J. Do probiotics have a therapeutic role in gastroenterology? World J Gastroenterol 2006;12(34):5447-57.
Fuller R. Probiotics in man and animals. J Appl Bacteriol 1989;(66):365-78.
Charteris WP, Kelly PM, Morelli L, Collins JK. Selective detection, enumeration and identification of potentially probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species in mixed bacterial populations. Int J Food Microbiol 1997;35(1):1-27.
Salminen S, Bouley C, Boutron-Ruault MC, Cummings JH, Franck A, Gibson GR, et al. Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function. Review. Br J Nutr 1998;80(Suppl 1):S147-71.
Marteau P, Cuillerier E, Meance S, Gerhardt MF, Myara A, Bouvier M, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis strain DN-173 010 shortens the colonic transit time in healthy women: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16(3):587-93.
NLM (National Library of Medicine). Consultado en PubMed en Noviembre de 2009.
Martin FPJ, Wang Y, Sprenger N, Yap IKS, Lek TLP, Rezzi S, Ramadan Z, van Bladeren P, Fay LB, Kochhar S, Lindon JC, Holmes E and Nicholson JK. Probiotic modulation of symbiotic gut microbial–host metabolic interactions in a humanized microbiome mouse model. Molecular Systems Biology 2009;4:157.
Tennyson CA, Friedman G. Microecology, obesity, and probiotics. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity 2008;15:422-7.
Collado MC, Meriluoto J, Salminen S. Role of commercial probiotic strains against human pathogen adhesion to intestinal mucus. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007;45(4):454-60.
Forstner JF, Fortsner GG. Gastrointestinal mucus. Chapter 33. pp. 1255-83. In: Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, Vol. 2. 3rd. ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994.
Pullan RD, Thomas GA, Rhodes M, Newcombe RG, Williams GT, Allen A, et al. Thickness of adherent mucus gel on colonic mucosa in humans and its relevance to colitis. Gut 1994;35(3):353-9.
Deplancke B, Gaskins HR. Microbial modulation of innate defense: goblet cells and the intestinal mucus layer. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73(6):1131S-41S.
Lidell ME, Moncada DM, Chadee K, Hansson GC. Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteases cleave the MUC2 mucin in its C-terminal domain and dissolve the protective colonic mucus gel. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2006;103(24):9298-303.
Mack DR, Michail S, Wei S, Mcdougall L, Hollingsworth MA. Probiotics inhibit enteropathogenic E. coli adherence in vitro by inducing intestinal mucin gene expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 1999;276:941-50.
Gaudier E, Michel C, Segain JP, Cherbut C, Hoebler C. The VSL# 3 probiotic mixture modifies microflora but does not heal chronic dextran-sodium sulfate-induced colitis or reinforce the mucus barrier in mice. J Nutr 2005;135(12):2753-61.
Hamera HM, Jonkersa DMAE, Loof Vanhoutvina ASALW, Troost FJ, Venemaa K, Koddea A, Koek GH, Schippera RG, van Heerdec WL, Brummer RJ. Analyses of human colonic mucus obtained by an in vivo sampling technique. Digestive and Liver Disease 2009;41:559-564.
Corazziari ES. Intestinal Mucus Barrier in Normal and Inflamed Colon. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2009;48:S54-S55.
Speakman JR. Obesity: the integrated roles of environment and genetics. J Nutr 2004;134(8 Suppl):2090-105S.
WHO (World Health Organization). Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Technical Report Series No. 854. Geneva; 1995. Chap. 7 “Overweight adults”, p. 312.
Heyward VH, Stolarczyc LM. Applied Body Composition. Champlaign-IL: Human Kinetics; 1996. Chap 1, “Body Composition Basics”, p. 7.
Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH. Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA 2005;293:1861-7.
Gregg, EW; Cheng, YJ; Cadwell, BL; Imperatore, G; Williams, DE; Flegal KM, et al. Secular trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors according to body mass index in US adults. JAMA 2005;293:1868-74.
Ho SC, Chen YM, Woo JL, Leung SS, Lam TH, Janus ED. Association between simple anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:1689-97.
WHO (World Health Organization). Obesity: Preventing and managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity, 3-5 June 1997, WHO/NUT/NCD/98. Geneva; 1998.
Lohman TG. Advances in body composition assessment. Current issues in exercise science series. Monograph No. 3. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1992. p. 80.
De Lorenzo A, Deurenberg P, Pietrantuono M, Di Daniele N, Cervelli V, Andreoli A. How fat is obese? Acta Diabetol 2003;40(Suppl 19):S254-7.
WHO (World Health Organization). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemy. Technical Report Series, No. 894. Geneva; 2004. p. 9.
Taras H, Potts-Datema W. Obesity and Student Performance at School. J Sch Health 2005;75(8):291-295.
Pronk NP, Martinson B, Kessler RC, Beck AL, Simon GE, Wang P. The association between work performance and physical activity, cardio respiratory fitness, and obesity. J Occup Environ Med 2004;46(1):19-25.
Truswell S. ABC of Nutrition. 4th. Ed. Navarra-Spain: British Medical Journal Books; 2003. Chap. 11, “Overweight and Obesity”, p. 70.
Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity. Washington: Public Health Service; 2001. Disponible en: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity. Consultado Julio de 2008.
Hensrud DD, Klein S. Extreme obesity: a new medical crisis in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81(10 Suppl):S5-10. Review.
Ogden CL, Yanovski SZ, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. The epidemiology of obesity. Gastroenterology 2007;132(6):2087-102.
WHO (World Health Organization). Obesity and overweight: What are Overweight and Obesity? Fact sheet N° 311; 2006. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index.html. Consultado Julio de 2008.
Worldometers. World Population Clock. Disponible en: http://www.worldometers.info/population/. Consultado Julio de 2008.
ICBF (Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar). ENSIN 2005 (Encuesta Nacional sobre la Situación Nutricional en Colombia); 2005. Disponible en: http://www.icbf.gov.co/ESPANOL/ENSIN_PAGINA%20WEB%202005.pdf. Consultado Julio de 2008.
ICBF (Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar). ENSIN 2005 (Encuesta Nacional sobre la Situación Nutricional en Colombia). Resultados Caldas; 2006. Disponible en: http://www.icbf.gov.co/ESPANOL/informes/encueta_nal_de_la_situa/ENSIN%20CALDAS.ppt. Consultado Julio de 2008.
Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, Wood CL. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:579-84.
NIH (National Institute of Health). Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH publication No. 98-4083; 1998.
AJCN (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition). Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: Executive Summary. Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight in Adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:899-917.
Prentice AM, Jebb SA, Goldberg GR, Coward WA, Murgatroyd PR, Poppitt SD, Cole TJ. Effects of weight cycling on body composition. Am J Clin Nutr l992;56:209-16S.
McCormick B, Stone I, Corporate Analytical Team. Economic costs of obesity and the case for government intervention. Obes Rev 2007;8(Suppl 1):161-4.
Runge CF. Economic Consequences of the Obese. Diabetes 2007;56:2668-72.
Yach D, Stuckler D, Brownell KD. Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes. Nat Med 2006;12(1):2668-72.
Thompson D, Wolf AM. The medical-care cost burden of obesity. Obes Rev 2001;2:189-97.
Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 2006;444(7122):1022-3.
Bäckhed F, Manchester JK, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI. Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007;104(3):979-84.
Bäckhed F, Ley RE, Sonnenburg JL, Peterson DA, Gordon JI. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 2005;307(5717):1915-20.
Atkinson RL. Could viruses contribute to the worldwide epidemic of obesity? Int J Ped Obes 2008;3:37-43.
Vasilakopoulou A, Roux CW. Could a virus contribute to weight gain? Review. Int J Obes 2007;31:1350-6.
Cani PD, Delzenne NM, Amar J, Burcelin R. Role of gut microflora in the development of obesity and insulin resistance following high-fat diet feeding. Pathol Biol 2008;56(5):305-9.
DiBaise JK, Zhang H, Crowell MD, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Decker GA, Rittmann BE. Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83(4):460-9. Review.
Turnbaugh PJ, Bäckhed F, Fulton L, Gordon JI. Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe 2008;3(4):213-23.
Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 2006;444(7122):1027-31.
Ley RE, Bäckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD, Gordon JI. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2005;102(31):11070-5.
Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L, Sargent M, et al. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 2005;308(5728):1635-8.
Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2004;101(44):15718-23.
Kalliomäki M, Collado MC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict overweight. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(3):534-8.
Duncan SH, Belenguer A, Holtrop G, Johnstone AM, Flint HJ, Lobley GE. Reduced Dietary Intake of Carbohydrates by Obese Subjects Results in Decreased Concentrations of Butyrate and Butyrate-Producing Bacteria in Feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73(4):1073-8l.
Limdi JK, O’Neill C, McLaughlin J. Do probiotics have a therapeutic role in gastroenterology? World J Gastroenterol 2006;12(34):5447-57.
Fuller R. Probiotics in man and animals. J Appl Bacteriol 1989;(66):365-78.
Charteris WP, Kelly PM, Morelli L, Collins JK. Selective detection, enumeration and identification of potentially probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species in mixed bacterial populations. Int J Food Microbiol 1997;35(1):1-27.
Salminen S, Bouley C, Boutron-Ruault MC, Cummings JH, Franck A, Gibson GR, et al. Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function. Review. Br J Nutr 1998;80(Suppl 1):S147-71.
Marteau P, Cuillerier E, Meance S, Gerhardt MF, Myara A, Bouvier M, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis strain DN-173 010 shortens the colonic transit time in healthy women: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16(3):587-93.
NLM (National Library of Medicine). Consultado en PubMed en Noviembre de 2009.
Martin FPJ, Wang Y, Sprenger N, Yap IKS, Lek TLP, Rezzi S, Ramadan Z, van Bladeren P, Fay LB, Kochhar S, Lindon JC, Holmes E and Nicholson JK. Probiotic modulation of symbiotic gut microbial–host metabolic interactions in a humanized microbiome mouse model. Molecular Systems Biology 2009;4:157.
Tennyson CA, Friedman G. Microecology, obesity, and probiotics. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity 2008;15:422-7.
Collado MC, Meriluoto J, Salminen S. Role of commercial probiotic strains against human pathogen adhesion to intestinal mucus. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007;45(4):454-60.
Forstner JF, Fortsner GG. Gastrointestinal mucus. Chapter 33. pp. 1255-83. In: Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, Vol. 2. 3rd. ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994.
Pullan RD, Thomas GA, Rhodes M, Newcombe RG, Williams GT, Allen A, et al. Thickness of adherent mucus gel on colonic mucosa in humans and its relevance to colitis. Gut 1994;35(3):353-9.
Deplancke B, Gaskins HR. Microbial modulation of innate defense: goblet cells and the intestinal mucus layer. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73(6):1131S-41S.
Lidell ME, Moncada DM, Chadee K, Hansson GC. Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteases cleave the MUC2 mucin in its C-terminal domain and dissolve the protective colonic mucus gel. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2006;103(24):9298-303.
Mack DR, Michail S, Wei S, Mcdougall L, Hollingsworth MA. Probiotics inhibit enteropathogenic E. coli adherence in vitro by inducing intestinal mucin gene expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 1999;276:941-50.
Gaudier E, Michel C, Segain JP, Cherbut C, Hoebler C. The VSL# 3 probiotic mixture modifies microflora but does not heal chronic dextran-sodium sulfate-induced colitis or reinforce the mucus barrier in mice. J Nutr 2005;135(12):2753-61.
Hamera HM, Jonkersa DMAE, Loof Vanhoutvina ASALW, Troost FJ, Venemaa K, Koddea A, Koek GH, Schippera RG, van Heerdec WL, Brummer RJ. Analyses of human colonic mucus obtained by an in vivo sampling technique. Digestive and Liver Disease 2009;41:559-564.
Corazziari ES. Intestinal Mucus Barrier in Normal and Inflamed Colon. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2009;48:S54-S55.
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