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Publication Date: 2010-12-17
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Hernández Botero, J. S. (2010). Sepsis, firearms and microscopes: implications of sepsis in the medicine revolution in the XVI and XIX centuries. Biosalud, 9(2), 96–111. Retrieved from https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/5506
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Abstract
The galenic dogma “Pus bonum et laudabile” was the dominant paradigm in wound management for nearly two thousand years and it encouraged the use of treatments that favored the suppuration, which promoted a large number of deaths in hospices and in the battle fields due to sepsis. In this work we will analyze, from a Kuhnian view, the gradual overthrowing process of this dogma, from the impact of the entry of firearms into combat in the fourteenth century and their implications for the development of war surgery, to the birth of the microbiological era in the nineteenth century. The evolution of surgical techniques from debridement to amputation, and how they had a great impact in reducing the incidence and traumatic shock and septic shock mortality, will also be observed. In this framework we will analyze the profound epistemological rupture that occurred due to sepsis in the field of microbiology during the nineteenth century, in addition to the gradual progress that since the sixteenth century have enabled the development of modern surgery. In this way, we will see how all these advancements motivated by sepsis had a profound impact on the development of contemporary medicine.
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References
Hernández Botero J. Recuento histórico y análisis epistemológico de la sepsis secundaria a lesiones y su control quirúrgico: Desde el papiro de Edwin Smith hasta el “pus bonum et laudabile”. Iatreia 2009;22(3).
Kuhn TS. La estructura de las revoluciones científicas. 3 ed. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica; 2004.
Helling T, McNabney WK. The role of amputation in the management of Battlefield Casualities: A History of Two Millenia. J Trauma 2000;49:930-9.
Castiglioni A. A History of Medicine. New York: A.A. Knopf; 1941.
Laín Entralgo P. Historia Universal de la Medicina. Barcelona: Salvat; 1979.
Singer C, Underwood EA. A Short History of Medicine. New York: Clarendon Press; 1962.
Broughton G, Janis JE, Attinger CE. A brief history of wound care. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;117(7) (supp l):6-11.
Forrest R. Development of wound therapy from the Dark Ages to the present. J R Soc Med 1982;75:268-73
Majno G. The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1975.
Blum Y, Esterhai J. The history of the treatment of musculoskeletal infection. Oper Tech Orthop 2002;12(4):226-31.
Chase K. Firearms: A Global History to 1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003. p. 57-72.
Brunschwig H. Das Buch Der Cirurgia. Strassburgo: Johann Grüninger; 1497.
Robinson V. La Medicina en la Historia. Buenos Aires: Ediciones del Tridente; 1947.
Thurston A. Of Blood, Inflamation And Gunshot Wounds: The history of the control of Sepsis. Aust N Z J Surg 2000;70:855-61.
Forrest R. Early history of wound treatment. J R Soc Med 1982;75:198-205.
Pollak K. Los discípulos de Hipócrates, Una historia de la Medicina. Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores; 1970.
Mejía Rivera O. Los descubrimientos serendípicos. Aproximaciones epistemológicas al contexto del descubrimiento científico. Cuadernos de Investigación. Manizales: Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias para la Salud; 2004.
López Piñeros J. La Medicina en la Historia. Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros; 2002. p. 255-6.
Baskett T. Ambroise Paré and the arrest of haemorrhage. Resucitation 2004;62:133-5.
Drucker C. Ambroise Paré and the birth of the gentle art of surgery. Yale J Biol Med 2008;81(4):199-202.
Ellis H. John Hunter’s teachings on gunshot wounds. J R Soc Med 2001;94:43-5.
Hunter J. A treatise on the blood, inflammation and Gun-Shot Wounds. Birmingham: Classics of Surgery Library/Gryphon Editions; 1985.
Senn N. Medico-Surgical Aspects of The Spanish American War. Chicago: American Medical Association; 1900.
Larrey J. Memoires de Chirurgie Militaire et Campagnes. Paris: Tallandier; 1960.
Lenz A, Franklin GA, Cheadle WG. Systemic inflammation after trauma. Injury 2007;38(12):1336-45.
Beutler B, Poltorak A. Sepsis and evolution of the innate immune response. Crit Care Med 2001;29(7) (Suppl):2-6.
O’Neill L, Greene C. Signal Transduction pathways activated by the IL-1 receptor family: Ancient Signaling machinery in mammals, insects and plants. J Leukoc Biol 1998;63:650-7.
Opal S. Phylogenetic and functional relationships between coagulation and the innate immune response. Crit Care Med 2000;28(9) (suppl):77-80.
Keel M, Trentz O. Pathophysiology of polytrauma. Injury 2005;36(6):691-709.
Border J, Hasset J, LaDuca J, Seibel R, Steinberg S, Mills B, Losi P, et al. The gut origin of septic states in blunt multiple trauma. Ann Surg 1987;206:427-48.
Guthrie G. A treatise on Gun-shot Wounds. 3rd. ed. London: Burges and Hill; 1827.
Otis G. The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion. Vol. 3. Washington: US Govermment Printing Office; 1883.
Ledermann W. En memoria de Lister. Rev Chil Infect 2008;25(5):351-6.
Brock TD. Robert Koch: a life in medicine and bacteriology. Washington: American Society for Microbiology Press; 1999.
De Kruif P. Cazadores de microbios. Madrid: Giron Spanish Books Distributors; 1998.
Debré P, Forster E. Louis Pasteur. Baltimore: Jonhs Hopkins University Press; 2000.
Henao G. La lucha de I. F. Semmelweis en la génesis de un nuevo paradigma. Iatreia 1999;12(3):149-56.
Magner L. A History of Infectious Diseases and the Microbial World. 1 ed. New York: Praeger Publishers; 2009.
Miralta J. Pasteur, el genial intruso. Barcelona: Salvat; 1945.
Walker K. Joseph Lister. London: Hutchinson; 1956.
Wright W. Gerolamo Fracastoro: De contagione et Contagiosis Morbis Et Eorum Curatione. New York: GP Putman’s Sons - Library of New York Academy of Medicine; 1930.
Howard-Jones N. Fracastoro and Henle: A re-appraisal of their contribution to the concept of communicable diseases. Med Hist 1977;21:61-8.
Singer C, Singer D. The scientific position of Girolamo Fracastoro. Ann Med Hist 1917:1-34.
Nutton V. The seeds of disease: An explanation of contagion and infection from the greeks to the renaissance. Med Hist 1983;27:1-34.
Terrencio Varrón M. De las cosas del Campo. México DF: Universidad Autónoma de México; 1992. Capítulo XII. p. 23.
Grissom J. Explaining Plague in Early Modern Europe: The Role of Contagion in the Theories of Girolamo Fracastoro and Thomas Willis. In: History of Science. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma; 2004.
Bustíos Romaní C. Higiene y Sanidad en el Mundo occidental, in Cuatrocientos años de Salud Publica en Perú. Lima: UNMSM; 2004. p. 34-35.
Dear P. La experimentación en el siglo XVII . En: La revolución de las Ciencias: El conocimiento europeo y sus expectativas (1500-1700). Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia; 2007.
Johnson Milne J. Bacterias and their discovery. In: Johnson-Milne J, Greene-Milne MJ, editors. The biotic world and man. Michigan: Prentice-Hall; 1965.
Grmek M. Diseases in the ancient greek world. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press; 1991.p.119-32.
Malkin H. Julius Cohnheim (1839-1884). His life and contributions to pathology. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1984;14(5):335-42.
López Piñeros J. Patología y medicina interna en Alemania. In: Lain-Entralgo P, editor. Historia Universal de la medicina. Barcelona: Salvat; 1974. p. 123-155. Volumen VI.
Charles J, Charles D. Infeccion posparto. In: Charles D, editor. Infecciones Obstétricas y Perinatales. Madrid: Mosby/Doyma; 1994. p. 61-67.
De Costa C. “The contagiousness of childbed fever”: a short history of puerperal sepsis and its treatment. Med J Aust 2002;177(12):668-71.
Aguirre C. El Legado de Louis Pasteur. Iatreia 1996;9(1):16-21.
Restrepo A. Louis Pasteur: In memoriam. Iatreia 1996;9(1):22-7.
Van Arsdale W. Sepsis. On the present state of knowledge in bacterial science in its surgical relations. Ann Surg 1886;3(4):321-33.
Lister J. On a new method of treating compund fracture, abscess etc., with observations on the conditions of suppuration. Lancet 1867: 326-9, 357-9, 387-9, 507-9.
Lister J. The antiseptic system of treatment in surgery. Lancet 1870;2:287.
Schwartz R. The historical derivation of the physiological principles underlying the treatment of fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1932;14:17-26.
Jaimes F. A literature review of the epidemiology of sepsis in Latin America. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2005;18(3):163-71.
Martin G, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1546-54.
Kuhn TS. La estructura de las revoluciones científicas. 3 ed. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica; 2004.
Helling T, McNabney WK. The role of amputation in the management of Battlefield Casualities: A History of Two Millenia. J Trauma 2000;49:930-9.
Castiglioni A. A History of Medicine. New York: A.A. Knopf; 1941.
Laín Entralgo P. Historia Universal de la Medicina. Barcelona: Salvat; 1979.
Singer C, Underwood EA. A Short History of Medicine. New York: Clarendon Press; 1962.
Broughton G, Janis JE, Attinger CE. A brief history of wound care. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;117(7) (supp l):6-11.
Forrest R. Development of wound therapy from the Dark Ages to the present. J R Soc Med 1982;75:268-73
Majno G. The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1975.
Blum Y, Esterhai J. The history of the treatment of musculoskeletal infection. Oper Tech Orthop 2002;12(4):226-31.
Chase K. Firearms: A Global History to 1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003. p. 57-72.
Brunschwig H. Das Buch Der Cirurgia. Strassburgo: Johann Grüninger; 1497.
Robinson V. La Medicina en la Historia. Buenos Aires: Ediciones del Tridente; 1947.
Thurston A. Of Blood, Inflamation And Gunshot Wounds: The history of the control of Sepsis. Aust N Z J Surg 2000;70:855-61.
Forrest R. Early history of wound treatment. J R Soc Med 1982;75:198-205.
Pollak K. Los discípulos de Hipócrates, Una historia de la Medicina. Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores; 1970.
Mejía Rivera O. Los descubrimientos serendípicos. Aproximaciones epistemológicas al contexto del descubrimiento científico. Cuadernos de Investigación. Manizales: Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias para la Salud; 2004.
López Piñeros J. La Medicina en la Historia. Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros; 2002. p. 255-6.
Baskett T. Ambroise Paré and the arrest of haemorrhage. Resucitation 2004;62:133-5.
Drucker C. Ambroise Paré and the birth of the gentle art of surgery. Yale J Biol Med 2008;81(4):199-202.
Ellis H. John Hunter’s teachings on gunshot wounds. J R Soc Med 2001;94:43-5.
Hunter J. A treatise on the blood, inflammation and Gun-Shot Wounds. Birmingham: Classics of Surgery Library/Gryphon Editions; 1985.
Senn N. Medico-Surgical Aspects of The Spanish American War. Chicago: American Medical Association; 1900.
Larrey J. Memoires de Chirurgie Militaire et Campagnes. Paris: Tallandier; 1960.
Lenz A, Franklin GA, Cheadle WG. Systemic inflammation after trauma. Injury 2007;38(12):1336-45.
Beutler B, Poltorak A. Sepsis and evolution of the innate immune response. Crit Care Med 2001;29(7) (Suppl):2-6.
O’Neill L, Greene C. Signal Transduction pathways activated by the IL-1 receptor family: Ancient Signaling machinery in mammals, insects and plants. J Leukoc Biol 1998;63:650-7.
Opal S. Phylogenetic and functional relationships between coagulation and the innate immune response. Crit Care Med 2000;28(9) (suppl):77-80.
Keel M, Trentz O. Pathophysiology of polytrauma. Injury 2005;36(6):691-709.
Border J, Hasset J, LaDuca J, Seibel R, Steinberg S, Mills B, Losi P, et al. The gut origin of septic states in blunt multiple trauma. Ann Surg 1987;206:427-48.
Guthrie G. A treatise on Gun-shot Wounds. 3rd. ed. London: Burges and Hill; 1827.
Otis G. The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion. Vol. 3. Washington: US Govermment Printing Office; 1883.
Ledermann W. En memoria de Lister. Rev Chil Infect 2008;25(5):351-6.
Brock TD. Robert Koch: a life in medicine and bacteriology. Washington: American Society for Microbiology Press; 1999.
De Kruif P. Cazadores de microbios. Madrid: Giron Spanish Books Distributors; 1998.
Debré P, Forster E. Louis Pasteur. Baltimore: Jonhs Hopkins University Press; 2000.
Henao G. La lucha de I. F. Semmelweis en la génesis de un nuevo paradigma. Iatreia 1999;12(3):149-56.
Magner L. A History of Infectious Diseases and the Microbial World. 1 ed. New York: Praeger Publishers; 2009.
Miralta J. Pasteur, el genial intruso. Barcelona: Salvat; 1945.
Walker K. Joseph Lister. London: Hutchinson; 1956.
Wright W. Gerolamo Fracastoro: De contagione et Contagiosis Morbis Et Eorum Curatione. New York: GP Putman’s Sons - Library of New York Academy of Medicine; 1930.
Howard-Jones N. Fracastoro and Henle: A re-appraisal of their contribution to the concept of communicable diseases. Med Hist 1977;21:61-8.
Singer C, Singer D. The scientific position of Girolamo Fracastoro. Ann Med Hist 1917:1-34.
Nutton V. The seeds of disease: An explanation of contagion and infection from the greeks to the renaissance. Med Hist 1983;27:1-34.
Terrencio Varrón M. De las cosas del Campo. México DF: Universidad Autónoma de México; 1992. Capítulo XII. p. 23.
Grissom J. Explaining Plague in Early Modern Europe: The Role of Contagion in the Theories of Girolamo Fracastoro and Thomas Willis. In: History of Science. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma; 2004.
Bustíos Romaní C. Higiene y Sanidad en el Mundo occidental, in Cuatrocientos años de Salud Publica en Perú. Lima: UNMSM; 2004. p. 34-35.
Dear P. La experimentación en el siglo XVII . En: La revolución de las Ciencias: El conocimiento europeo y sus expectativas (1500-1700). Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia; 2007.
Johnson Milne J. Bacterias and their discovery. In: Johnson-Milne J, Greene-Milne MJ, editors. The biotic world and man. Michigan: Prentice-Hall; 1965.
Grmek M. Diseases in the ancient greek world. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press; 1991.p.119-32.
Malkin H. Julius Cohnheim (1839-1884). His life and contributions to pathology. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1984;14(5):335-42.
López Piñeros J. Patología y medicina interna en Alemania. In: Lain-Entralgo P, editor. Historia Universal de la medicina. Barcelona: Salvat; 1974. p. 123-155. Volumen VI.
Charles J, Charles D. Infeccion posparto. In: Charles D, editor. Infecciones Obstétricas y Perinatales. Madrid: Mosby/Doyma; 1994. p. 61-67.
De Costa C. “The contagiousness of childbed fever”: a short history of puerperal sepsis and its treatment. Med J Aust 2002;177(12):668-71.
Aguirre C. El Legado de Louis Pasteur. Iatreia 1996;9(1):16-21.
Restrepo A. Louis Pasteur: In memoriam. Iatreia 1996;9(1):22-7.
Van Arsdale W. Sepsis. On the present state of knowledge in bacterial science in its surgical relations. Ann Surg 1886;3(4):321-33.
Lister J. On a new method of treating compund fracture, abscess etc., with observations on the conditions of suppuration. Lancet 1867: 326-9, 357-9, 387-9, 507-9.
Lister J. The antiseptic system of treatment in surgery. Lancet 1870;2:287.
Schwartz R. The historical derivation of the physiological principles underlying the treatment of fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1932;14:17-26.
Jaimes F. A literature review of the epidemiology of sepsis in Latin America. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2005;18(3):163-71.
Martin G, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1546-54.
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