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Publication Date: 2011-12-23
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Osorio, J. H., & Matheus, S. (2011). Update in the functioning of the thyroid gland in the domestic feline. First part: Normal functioning and hypothyroidism. Biosalud, 10(2), 59–70. Retrieved from https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/4740
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Abstract
Objective: to update concepts related to normal function of the thyroid gland in domestic felines and to review the basic concepts of feline hypothyroidism. Materials and methods: literature available in the BBCS-LILACS data bases, Fuente Académica, IB-PsycINFO, IB- SSCI, IB-SciELO, Scopus and Scirus, databases from the last 50 years, as well as historical articles, texts and references cited in works public to date were analyzed. Results: pertinent information related to the objectives proposed in the present review was found and analyzed. As a consequence, the article is classified in three sections as follows: production and storage of thyroid hormones, functions of thyroid hormones, feline hypothyroidism. Conclusion: the thyroid gland plays an important role as thyroid hormones producer which are necessary for cellular differentiation and organic growth. Feline hypothyroidism is not frequent and it is classified according to the time of appearance in congenital way or acquired, and depending if the alteration site is primary, secondary or tertiary. Depending on the severity of its presentation it can also be classified as clinic or sub-clinic forms.
References
Flanders JA. Surgical options for the treatment of hyperthyroidism in the cat. J Feline Med Surg 1999; 127-134.
Birchard SJ. Thyroidectomy in the cat. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2006; 29-33.
Mori da Cunha MG, Pippi NL, Gomes K, Beckmann DV. Hipertiroidismo feline. Ciencia Rural 2008; 38(5):1486-1494.
Sisson S, Grossman JD. Anatomía de los animales domésticos. 5 ed. Barcelona: Masson S.A; 2000. p. 1742-1745.
Konig HE, Liebich HG. Anatomía de los animales domésticos. 2 ed. Buenos Aires: Médica panamericana S.A; 2008. p. 279-281.
Cunningham JG, Klein BG. Fisiología Veterinaria. 4 ed. Barcelona: Elsevier Saunders; 2009. p. 430-436.
Engelking LR. Metabolic and endocrine physiology. 1 ed. Jackson, WY: Teton NewMedia; 2006.
Blackwood L, Argyle DJ. The activity of the feline thyroglobulin promoter is compromised by flanking adenoviral sequence. Vet J 2004; 168(8):50-59.
Rayalam S, Eizenstat LD, Hoenig M, Ferguson DC. Cloning and sequencing of feline thyrotropin (fTSH): Heterodimeric and yoked constructs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2006; 30(3):203-217.
Blackwood L, Argyle DJ. Characterization of the feline thyroglobulin promoter. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2001; 20: 185-201.
Visser TJ, Van Overmeeren EV, Fekkes DR, Docter R, Hennemann G. Inhibition of iodothyronine 5-deiodinase by thioureylenes: structure-activity relationship. FEBS Letters; 1979. p. 314-318.
Matamorros R, Contreras PA, Wittwer F, Mayorga MV. Hipotiroidismo en rumiantes. Arch Med Vet 2003; 35 (1):1-11.
Yeh PM. Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiol. Rev 2001; 81:1097-1142.
Rayalam S, Eizenstat LD, Davis RR, Hoenig M, Ferguson DC. Expression and purification of feline thyrotropin (fTSH): Immunological detection and bioactivity of heterodimeric and yoked glycoproteins. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2006; 30(3):185-202.
Roberts CG, Ladenson PW. Hypothyroidism. Lancet 2004; 363 (9411):793-803.
Diaz-Espiñeira MM, Mol JA, Van den Ingh BS, Van der Vlugt-Meijer RH, Rijnberk A, Kooistra HS. Functional and morphological changes in the adenohypophysis of dogs with induced primary hypothyroidism: loss of TSH hypersecretion, hypersomatotropism, hypoprolactinemia, and pituitary enlargement with transdifferentiation. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2008; 35(1):98-111.
Pascual-Leone AM. Interacción entre hormonas tiroideas y factores de crecimiento IGFs. Anal Real Acad Farm 2000; 66(3):1-16.
Kratzsch J, Pulzer F. Thyroid gland development and defects. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 22 (1):57-75.
Hoenig M, Caffall Z, Ferguson DC. Triiodothyronine differentially regulates key metabolic factors in lean and obese cats. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2008; 34(3):229-237.
Bernal J. Hormonas tiroideas y sistema nervioso central. An Esp Pediatr 2002; 56: 38-41.
Schenck PA, Calcium Homeostasis in Thyroid Disease in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin Small Anim 2007; 37(4):693-708.
Zaninovich AA. Hormonas tiroideas, obesidad y termogénesis en grasa parda. Medicina 2001; 61:597-602.
Rijnberk AD, Kooistra HS, Mol JA. Endocrine diseases in dogs and cats: similarities and differences with endocrine diseases in humans. Growth Hormon IGF Res 2003; 13:158-164.
Panciera DL. Manual of Small Animal Endocrinology. 2 ed. United Kingdom: British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1998. p. 103-113.
Nelson RW, Couto GC. Medicina interna de animales pequeños. 2 ed. Buenos Aires: Intermédica; 2000. p. 766-777.
Moley JF. Hereditary Endocrinopathies. Curr Probl Surg 1999; 36 (9):655-762.
Mellanby RJ, Jeffery ND, Gopal MS, Herrtage ME. Secondary hypothyroidism following head trauma in a cat. J Fel Med Surg 2005; 7(2):135-139.
Quante S, Fracassi F, Gorgas D, Kircher PR, Boretti FS, Ohlerth S, et al. Congenital hypothyroidism in a kitten resulting in decreased IGF-I concentration and abnormal liver function tests. J Fel Med Surg 2010; 12:487-490.
Gunn-Moore D. Feline Endocrinopathies. Vet Clin Small Anim 2005; 35(1):171-210.
Greco DS. Diagnosis of congenital and adult-onset hypothyroidism in cats. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2006; 21(1):40-44.
Calloni GW, Penno CA, Cordova FM, Trentin AG, Neto MV, Rodrigo Leal RV. Congenital hypothyroidism alters the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38MAPK in the hippocampus of neonatal rats. Develop Brain Res 2005; 154(1):141-145.
Graham PA, Refsal R, Nachreiner RF. Etiopathologic Findings of Canine Hypothyroidism. Vet Clin Small Anim 2007; 37(4):617-631.
Rand JS, Levine JU, Best SJ. Spontaneous adult onset hypothyroidism in a cat. J Vet Int Med 1993; 272-276.
Gershwin LJ. Autoimmune diseases in small animals. Vet Clin Small Anim 2010; 40(3):439-457.
Johnson CA. Thyroid issues in reproduction. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2002; 17(3):129-132.
Ward CR, Windham WR, Dise D. Evaluation of activation of G proteins in response to thyroid stimulating hormone in thyroid. AJVR 2010; 71(6):643-647.
Blois SL, Abrams-Ogg AC, Mitchell C, Yu A, Stoewen D, Lillie BN, et al. Use of thyroid scintigraphy and pituitary immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of spontaneous hypothyroidism in a mature cat. J Fel Med Surg 2010; 12(2):156-160.
Scott-Moncrieff JC. Signos clínicos y enfermedades concurrentes en el hipotiroidismo en perros y gatos. Vet Clin Small Anim 2007; 37:709-722.
Ferguson DC. The Effect of Stress on Thyroid Function and Diseases (and vice versa). 56th ACVP) and 40th ASVCP. Boston, MA, USA; 2005.
Matamoros R, Gomez C, ANDAUR M. Hormonas de utilidad diagnóstica en Medicina Veterinaria. Arch Med Vet. 2002; 34(2):167-179.
Melián C. Diagnóstico de hipotiroidismo canino e hipertiroidismo felino. Vector plus: miscelánea científico-cultural 1999; 13:4-18.
Mooney CT. The effects of non-thyroidal factors on tests of thyroid function. Small Anim Med and Fel Med 2010; 8:28-30.
Boretti FS, Sieber-Ruckstuhl NA, Gerber B, Laluha P, Baumgartner CC, Lutz H, et al. Thyroid enlargement and its relationship to clinicopathological parameters and T4 status in suspected hyperthyroid cats. J Fel Med Surg 2009; 11:286-292.
Capen CC. Overview of structural and functional lesions in endocrine organs of animals. Toxicol Pathol 2001; 29(1):8-33.
Michael Schaer. Clinical medicine of the dog and cat. 2 ed. London: Manson Publishing Ltd; 2003. p. 364-389.
Mann NP. Congenital hypothyroidism e what’s new? Paed Child health 2011; 21(7):295-300.
Mooney CT, Little CJ, Macrae AW. Effect of illness not associated with the thyroid gland on serum total and free thyroxine concentrations in cats. JAVMA 1996; 208(12):2004-2008.
Lien YH, Wu TJ, Huang HP. Evaluation of A Point-of-Care enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of basal serum total thyroxine concentration in cats. JVCS 2008; 1(3):86-88.
Behrend. Actualización de los fármacos utilizados para tratar enfermedades endocrinas en pequeños animales. Vet Clin Small Anim 2006; 36:1087-1105.
Grant DB. Management of hypothyroidism. Curr Paed 1997; 7(2):92-97.
Birchard SJ. Thyroidectomy in the cat. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2006; 29-33.
Mori da Cunha MG, Pippi NL, Gomes K, Beckmann DV. Hipertiroidismo feline. Ciencia Rural 2008; 38(5):1486-1494.
Sisson S, Grossman JD. Anatomía de los animales domésticos. 5 ed. Barcelona: Masson S.A; 2000. p. 1742-1745.
Konig HE, Liebich HG. Anatomía de los animales domésticos. 2 ed. Buenos Aires: Médica panamericana S.A; 2008. p. 279-281.
Cunningham JG, Klein BG. Fisiología Veterinaria. 4 ed. Barcelona: Elsevier Saunders; 2009. p. 430-436.
Engelking LR. Metabolic and endocrine physiology. 1 ed. Jackson, WY: Teton NewMedia; 2006.
Blackwood L, Argyle DJ. The activity of the feline thyroglobulin promoter is compromised by flanking adenoviral sequence. Vet J 2004; 168(8):50-59.
Rayalam S, Eizenstat LD, Hoenig M, Ferguson DC. Cloning and sequencing of feline thyrotropin (fTSH): Heterodimeric and yoked constructs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2006; 30(3):203-217.
Blackwood L, Argyle DJ. Characterization of the feline thyroglobulin promoter. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2001; 20: 185-201.
Visser TJ, Van Overmeeren EV, Fekkes DR, Docter R, Hennemann G. Inhibition of iodothyronine 5-deiodinase by thioureylenes: structure-activity relationship. FEBS Letters; 1979. p. 314-318.
Matamorros R, Contreras PA, Wittwer F, Mayorga MV. Hipotiroidismo en rumiantes. Arch Med Vet 2003; 35 (1):1-11.
Yeh PM. Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiol. Rev 2001; 81:1097-1142.
Rayalam S, Eizenstat LD, Davis RR, Hoenig M, Ferguson DC. Expression and purification of feline thyrotropin (fTSH): Immunological detection and bioactivity of heterodimeric and yoked glycoproteins. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2006; 30(3):185-202.
Roberts CG, Ladenson PW. Hypothyroidism. Lancet 2004; 363 (9411):793-803.
Diaz-Espiñeira MM, Mol JA, Van den Ingh BS, Van der Vlugt-Meijer RH, Rijnberk A, Kooistra HS. Functional and morphological changes in the adenohypophysis of dogs with induced primary hypothyroidism: loss of TSH hypersecretion, hypersomatotropism, hypoprolactinemia, and pituitary enlargement with transdifferentiation. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2008; 35(1):98-111.
Pascual-Leone AM. Interacción entre hormonas tiroideas y factores de crecimiento IGFs. Anal Real Acad Farm 2000; 66(3):1-16.
Kratzsch J, Pulzer F. Thyroid gland development and defects. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 22 (1):57-75.
Hoenig M, Caffall Z, Ferguson DC. Triiodothyronine differentially regulates key metabolic factors in lean and obese cats. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2008; 34(3):229-237.
Bernal J. Hormonas tiroideas y sistema nervioso central. An Esp Pediatr 2002; 56: 38-41.
Schenck PA, Calcium Homeostasis in Thyroid Disease in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin Small Anim 2007; 37(4):693-708.
Zaninovich AA. Hormonas tiroideas, obesidad y termogénesis en grasa parda. Medicina 2001; 61:597-602.
Rijnberk AD, Kooistra HS, Mol JA. Endocrine diseases in dogs and cats: similarities and differences with endocrine diseases in humans. Growth Hormon IGF Res 2003; 13:158-164.
Panciera DL. Manual of Small Animal Endocrinology. 2 ed. United Kingdom: British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 1998. p. 103-113.
Nelson RW, Couto GC. Medicina interna de animales pequeños. 2 ed. Buenos Aires: Intermédica; 2000. p. 766-777.
Moley JF. Hereditary Endocrinopathies. Curr Probl Surg 1999; 36 (9):655-762.
Mellanby RJ, Jeffery ND, Gopal MS, Herrtage ME. Secondary hypothyroidism following head trauma in a cat. J Fel Med Surg 2005; 7(2):135-139.
Quante S, Fracassi F, Gorgas D, Kircher PR, Boretti FS, Ohlerth S, et al. Congenital hypothyroidism in a kitten resulting in decreased IGF-I concentration and abnormal liver function tests. J Fel Med Surg 2010; 12:487-490.
Gunn-Moore D. Feline Endocrinopathies. Vet Clin Small Anim 2005; 35(1):171-210.
Greco DS. Diagnosis of congenital and adult-onset hypothyroidism in cats. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2006; 21(1):40-44.
Calloni GW, Penno CA, Cordova FM, Trentin AG, Neto MV, Rodrigo Leal RV. Congenital hypothyroidism alters the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38MAPK in the hippocampus of neonatal rats. Develop Brain Res 2005; 154(1):141-145.
Graham PA, Refsal R, Nachreiner RF. Etiopathologic Findings of Canine Hypothyroidism. Vet Clin Small Anim 2007; 37(4):617-631.
Rand JS, Levine JU, Best SJ. Spontaneous adult onset hypothyroidism in a cat. J Vet Int Med 1993; 272-276.
Gershwin LJ. Autoimmune diseases in small animals. Vet Clin Small Anim 2010; 40(3):439-457.
Johnson CA. Thyroid issues in reproduction. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 2002; 17(3):129-132.
Ward CR, Windham WR, Dise D. Evaluation of activation of G proteins in response to thyroid stimulating hormone in thyroid. AJVR 2010; 71(6):643-647.
Blois SL, Abrams-Ogg AC, Mitchell C, Yu A, Stoewen D, Lillie BN, et al. Use of thyroid scintigraphy and pituitary immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of spontaneous hypothyroidism in a mature cat. J Fel Med Surg 2010; 12(2):156-160.
Scott-Moncrieff JC. Signos clínicos y enfermedades concurrentes en el hipotiroidismo en perros y gatos. Vet Clin Small Anim 2007; 37:709-722.
Ferguson DC. The Effect of Stress on Thyroid Function and Diseases (and vice versa). 56th ACVP) and 40th ASVCP. Boston, MA, USA; 2005.
Matamoros R, Gomez C, ANDAUR M. Hormonas de utilidad diagnóstica en Medicina Veterinaria. Arch Med Vet. 2002; 34(2):167-179.
Melián C. Diagnóstico de hipotiroidismo canino e hipertiroidismo felino. Vector plus: miscelánea científico-cultural 1999; 13:4-18.
Mooney CT. The effects of non-thyroidal factors on tests of thyroid function. Small Anim Med and Fel Med 2010; 8:28-30.
Boretti FS, Sieber-Ruckstuhl NA, Gerber B, Laluha P, Baumgartner CC, Lutz H, et al. Thyroid enlargement and its relationship to clinicopathological parameters and T4 status in suspected hyperthyroid cats. J Fel Med Surg 2009; 11:286-292.
Capen CC. Overview of structural and functional lesions in endocrine organs of animals. Toxicol Pathol 2001; 29(1):8-33.
Michael Schaer. Clinical medicine of the dog and cat. 2 ed. London: Manson Publishing Ltd; 2003. p. 364-389.
Mann NP. Congenital hypothyroidism e what’s new? Paed Child health 2011; 21(7):295-300.
Mooney CT, Little CJ, Macrae AW. Effect of illness not associated with the thyroid gland on serum total and free thyroxine concentrations in cats. JAVMA 1996; 208(12):2004-2008.
Lien YH, Wu TJ, Huang HP. Evaluation of A Point-of-Care enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of basal serum total thyroxine concentration in cats. JVCS 2008; 1(3):86-88.
Behrend. Actualización de los fármacos utilizados para tratar enfermedades endocrinas en pequeños animales. Vet Clin Small Anim 2006; 36:1087-1105.
Grant DB. Management of hypothyroidism. Curr Paed 1997; 7(2):92-97.
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