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Fecha Publicación: 2013-12-20
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Osorio, J. H., Vinasco Rodríguez, J., & Bedoya, P. A. (2013). Actualización en el metabolismo de las hormonas tiroideas y su relación con la reproducción en el cerdo. Biosalud, 12(2), 77–88. Recuperado a partir de https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/4697
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El presente artículo de revisión tuvo como objetivo actualizar conceptos sobre el metabolismo de las hormonas tiroideas y su relación con la reproducción en el cerdo. Fue analizada la literatura disponible de los últimos 25 años en las bases de datos BBCS-LILACS, Fuente Académica, IB-PsycINFO, IB-SSCI, IB-Scielo, Scopus y Scirus, al igual que artículos históricos, textos y referencias citadas en trabajos públicos. Se adquirió información pertinente relacionada con los objetivos propuestos, destacando las múltiples funcionalidades y la relación que tienen las hormonas tiroideas con los diferentes tejidos del organismo, clasificándose en cuatro secciones a saber: síntesis, transporte y metabolismo; receptores y mecanismos de acción; efectos de las hormonas tiroideas; hormonas tiroideas y reproducción. Puede concluirse que las hormonas tiroideas tienen acciones importantes en el ovario y el testículo, y juegan un papel crucial en el desarrollo de las células responsables de la reproducción. Alteraciones en estas hormonas pueden desencadenar infertilidad, pues un nivel adecuado de las mismas es necesario para la ovulación y la espermatogénesis.
Citas
Herrera M, Ondo-Méndez A, Bernal E, Spinel C. Estudio morfológico del cultivo a largo plazo de folículos aislados y cerrados de tiroides de cerdo. Acta biol. Colomb. 2008; 13(3):49-60.
Cabell SB, Esbenshade KL. Effect of feeding thyrotropin-releasing hormone to lactating sows. J Anim Sci 1990; 68:4292-4302.
Banks WJ. Histología veterinaria aplicada. 2da edición. Manual Moderno SA de CV − México DF - Santa Fe de Bogotá; 1996. p. 592-596.
Koning HE, Liebich HG. Anatomía de los animales domésticos: órganos, sistema circulatorio y sistema nervioso. 2da edición. Médica Panamericana; 2008. p. 279-281.
Dickson WM, Feldman EC, Hedge GA, Martin R, McDonald LE. Fisiología veterinaria Cunningham. En: Cunningham JG. 3ra edición. Elsevier España, Madrid; 2003. p. 458-464.
Sawicki B. Review. Evaluation of the role of mammalian thyroid parafollicular cells. Acta Histochem (Jena) 1995; 97:389-399.
Swenson MJ, Reece WO. Fisiología de los animales domésticos de Dukes. 2da edición. Noriega Editorial Uteha; 1999. p. 640-645.
Murray RK, Granner DK, Rodwell VW, Mayes PA. Bioquímica de Harper. 3ra edición. El Manual Moderno SA de CV – México DF - Santa Fe de Bogotá; 1994. p. 601-607.
Yen PM. Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiol rev 2001; 81(3):1097-1142.
Hayashi M, Shimonaka M, Matsui K, Hayashi T, Ochiai D, Emoto N. Proliferative Effects of Bovine and Porcine Thyroglobulins on Thyroid Epithelial Cells. Endocr J 2009; 56(3):509-519.
Schöne F, Zimmermann C, Quanz G, Leiterer M. A high dietary iodine increases thyroid iodine stores and iodine concentration in blood serum but has little effect on muscle iodine content in pigs. Meat Sci 2006; 72:365-372.
Li Q, Mair C, Shedle K, Hammerl S, Schodl K, Windisch W. Effect of iodine source and dose on growth and iodine content in tissue and plasma thyroid hormones in fattening pigs. Eur. J. Nutr 2012; 51(6):685-691.
Wang Y, Zhao X, Jiang X, Hua X, Xu N. Molecular characterization of thyroid peroxidase gene in porcine (sus scrofa). J. Genet. Genomics 2010; 37:381-388.
Föger B, Wehinger A, Patsch JR, et al. Thyroid Hormones and Lipid Metabolism: Thyromimetics as Anti-Atherosclerotic Agents? Celular Lipid Metabolism 2009; 10:251-282.
Duncan Bassett JH, Harvey CB, Williams GR. Mechanisms of thyroid hormone receptor-specific nuclear and extra nuclear actions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 213(1):1-11.
Winter WE, Signorino MR. Review: Molecular Thyroidology. Annals of clinical & laboratory Science 2001; 31(3):221-244.
Nonneman D, Rohrer GA, Wise TH, Lunstra DD, Ford JJ. A variant of porcine thyroxine-binding globulin has reduced affinity for thyroxine and is associated with testis size. Biol reprod 2005; 72(1):214-220.
Morales CA, Rodríguez N. Hormonas tiroideas en la reproducción y en la producción láctea del ganado lechero: revisión de literatura. Rev Col Cienc Pec 2005; 18(2):136-148.
Rivera-Monroy JE. Análisis morfo-funcional de folículos aislados de tiroides de rata y cerdo en presencia de I- y de hormona Tirotrópica. Bogotá D.C., Colombia: Universidad Nacional; 2010. 57p. Tesis (Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química).
Zhang J, Lazar MA. The mechanism of action of thyroid hormones. Annu. Rev. Physiology 2000; 62:439-66.
Dellovade TL, Zhu Y-S, Pfaff DW. Potential interactions between estrogen receptor and thyroid receptors relevant for neuroendocrine systems. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 53(1-6):27-31.
Kilby MD, Barber K, Hobbs E, Franklyn JA. Thyroid hormone action in the placenta. Placenta 2005; 26(2-3):105-113.
Ahmed OM, El-Gareib AW, El-bakry AM, El-Tawab SM, Ahmed RG. Thyroid hormones states and brain development interactions. Int. Journal Devl. Neuroscience 2008; 26(2):147-209.
Zoeller TR. New Insights into Thyroid Hormone Action in the Developing Brain: The Importance of T3 Degradation. Endocrinology 2010; 151(11):5089-5091.
Brent GA. Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. J Clin Invest 2012; 122(9):3035-3043.
Forhead AJ, Fowden AL. Role of thyroid hormones in the control of fetal growth and maturation. Embryonis and fetal nutrition. Havemeyer foundation monograph series 2006; 21:62-66.
Mellor DJ, Stafford KJ. Animal welfare implications of neonatal mortality and morbidity in farm animals. The veterinary journal 2004; 168(2):118-133.
Louveau I, Dauncey MJ, Le Dividich J. Regulation of development by nutrition and by the somatotrophic and thyroid axes in the neonatal pig. Livestock Production Science 2000; 66(2):121-131.
Stuber DC, Johnson CL, Green CA, McLaren DG, Bahr JM, Easter RA. Effect of dose and route of administration of thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) on the concentration of prolactin (PRL) and thyroxine (T4) in cyclic gilts. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1990; 7(3):291-297.
Wilson ME, Anderson LL. Mechanistic aspects of fetal development relating to postnatal health and metabolism in pigs. In: Greenwood PL, Bell AW, Vercoe PE, Viljoen GJ (Eds). Managing the prenatal environment to enhance livestock productivity 2010; 6:161-202.
Hartmann PE, Smith NA, Thompson MJ, Wakeford CM. Arthur PG. The lactation cycle in the sow: Physiological and management contradictions. Livestock Production Science 1997; 50(1-2):75-87.
Schöne F, Kirchheim U, Schumann W, Lüdke H. Apparent digestibility of high-fat rapeseed press cake in growing pigs and effects on feed intake, growth and weight of thyroid and liver. Animal feed science technology 1996; 62(2):97-110.
Laurberg P, Andersen S, Karmisholt J. Cold adaptation and thyroid hormone metabolism. Horm Metab Res 2005; 37(9):545-549.
Swiergiel AH. Modifications of operant thermoregulatory behavior of the young ping by environmental temperature and food availability. Physiology & Behavior 1998; 63(1):119-125.
Becker BA, Klir JJ, Matteri RL, Spiers DE, Ellersiek M, Misfeldt ML. Endocrine and thermoregulatory responses to acute thermal exposures in 6-month-old pigs reared in different neonatal environments. J Therm Biol 1997; 22(2):87-93.
Berthon D, Herpin P, Le Dividich J, Dauncey MJ. Interactive effects of thermal environment and energy intake on thyroid hormone metabolism in newborn pigs. Biol Neonate 1996; 69(1):51-59.
Prunier A, De Bragança MM, Le Dividich J. Influence of high ambient temperature on performance of reproductive sows. Livestock Production Science 1997; 52(2):123-133.
Guyton AC, Hall JE. Tratado de fisiología médica. 10 edición. McGraw-Hill Interamericana. España, Madrid; 2001. p.1031-1043.
Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks H. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology. 23rd Edition. Section IV. Endocrine & Reproductive Physiology. Cap 20. The Thyroid Gland. McGraw-Hill; 2010.
Prunier A, Quesnel H. Nutritional influences on the hormonal control of reproduction in female pigs. Livestock Production Science 2000; 63(1):1-16.
Duchamp C, Burton KA, Herpin P, Dauncey MJ. Perinatal ontogeny of porcine nuclear thyroid hormone receptors and its modulation by thyroid status. Am J Physiol 1994; 267(5):687-693.
Quiniou N, Crepon K, Quinsac A, Evrard J, Peyronnet C, Bourdillon A, et al. Performances à long terme d’un troupeau de truies alimentées avec du tourteau de colza industriel pendant la gestation et la lactation. Journées Recherche Porcine 2008; 40:167-174.
Cosgrove JR, Foxcroft GR. Nutrition and reproduction in the pig: Ovarian aetiology. Anim Reprod Sci 1996; 42:31-141.
Cooke PS, Holsberger DR, Witorsch RJ, Sylvester PW, Meredith JM, Treinen KA, Chapin RE. Thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids, and prolactin at the nexus of physiology, reproduction, and toxicology. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 194(3):309-335.
Fitko R, Kucharski J, Szlezyngier B. The important of thyroid hormone in experimental ovarian cyst formation in gilts. Anim Reprod Sci 1995; 39(2):159-168.
Asahara S, Sato A, Aljonaid AA, Kobe TM. Thyroid hormone synergizes with follicle stimulating hormone to Inhibit apoptosis in porcine granulosa cells selectively from small follicles. Kobe J Med Sci 2003; 49(5-6):107-116.
Cecconi S, Rucci N, Scaldaferri ML, Masciulli MP, Rossi G, Moretti C, et al. Thyroid Hormone Effects on Mouse Oocyte Maturation and Granulosa Cell Aromatase Activity. Endocrinology 1999; 140(4):1783-1788.
Gregoraszczuk EL, Skalka M. Thyroid hormone as a regulator of basal and human chorionic gonadotrophin-stimulated steroidogenesis by cultured porcine theca and granulosa cells isolated at different stages of the follicular phase. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996; 8:961-967.
Gregoraszczuk EL, Galas J. In vitro effect of triiodothyronine on the cyclic amp, progesterone and testosterone level in porcine theca, granulosa and luteal cells. Endocr Regul 1998; 32:93-98.
Marou T, Hiramatus S, Otani T, Hayashi M, Mochizuki M. Increase in the expression of thyroid hormone receptors in porcine granulose cells in follicular maturation. Acta Endocrinol 1992; 127:152-160.
Krassas GE, Pontikides N, Deligianni V, Miras K. A prospective controlled study of the impact of hyperthyroidism on reproductive function in males. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2002; 87:3667-3671.
Ślebodziński AB. Ovarian iodide uptake and triiodothyronine generation in follicular fluid: The enigma of the thyroid ovary interaction. Domestic animal endocrinology: fifth international conference on farm animal endocrinology 2005; 29(1):97-103.
Krasnow SM, Steiner RA. Physiological mechanisms integrating metabolism and reproduction. Knobil and Neill’s physiology of reproduction. 3nd edition. Elsevier; 2006. p. 2553-2599.
McCoard SA, Wise TH, Ford JJ. Endocrine and molecular influences on testicular development in Meishan and White composite boars. J endocrinol 2003; 178:405-416.
Andò S, Sirianni R, Forastieri P, Casaburi I, Lanzino M, Rago V, Giordano F, Giordano C, Carpino A, Pezzi V. Aromatase expresión in prepuberal sertoli cells: effect of thyroid hormone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 178(1):11-21.
Manna RP, Roy P, Clark BJ, Stocco DM, Huhtaniemi LP. Interaction of thyroid hormone and steroidigenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein in the regulation of murine leydig cell steroidogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 76(1-5):167-177.
Cooke PS, Holsberger DR, França LR. Thyroid hormone regulation of Sertoli cell development. Elsevier Science (USA). In: Sertoli cell biology; 2005. p. 221-225.
Li MD, Matteri RL, Macdonald GJ, Wise TH, Ford JJ. Overexpression of beta-subunit of thyroidstimulating hormone in Meishan swine identified by differential display. J Anim Sci 1996; 74(9):2104-2111.
Allan CM, Handelsman DJ. In vivo FSH actions. In: Sertoli Cell Biology, edited by Skinner MK and Griswold MD. Elsevier Science. San Diego; 2005. p. 171-197.
França LR, Avelar GF, Almeida FFL. Spermatogenesis and sperm transit through the epididymis in mammals with emphasis on pigs. Theriogenology 2005; 63(2):300-318.
Abdelkhalek MB, Breton MF, Feliers D, Haye B, Pavlovic-Hournac M. TSH action on camp binding to the regulatory subunits of camp-dependent protein kinases in pig thyroid cell cultures. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1994; 99(1):103-110.
Paire A, Bernier FV, Rabilloud R, Watrin C, Selmi RS, Rousset B. Expression of α-and β-subunits and activity of Na+K+ATPase in pig thyroid in primary culture: modulation by thyrotropin and thyroid hormones. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1998; 146(1-2): 93-101.
Iveta P, Seidel H, Nagy O, Csilla T, Kováč G. Concentrations of thyroid hormones in various age categories of ruminants and swine. Acta Veterinaria (Beograd) 2001; 61(5-6):489-503.
Banu SK, Govindarajulu P, Aruldhas MM. Testoterone and estradiol up-regulate andorgen and estrogen receptors in immature and adult rat thyroid glands in vivo. Steroids 2002; 67(13-14):1007-1014.
Cabell SB, Esbenshade KL. Effect of feeding thyrotropin-releasing hormone to lactating sows. J Anim Sci 1990; 68:4292-4302.
Banks WJ. Histología veterinaria aplicada. 2da edición. Manual Moderno SA de CV − México DF - Santa Fe de Bogotá; 1996. p. 592-596.
Koning HE, Liebich HG. Anatomía de los animales domésticos: órganos, sistema circulatorio y sistema nervioso. 2da edición. Médica Panamericana; 2008. p. 279-281.
Dickson WM, Feldman EC, Hedge GA, Martin R, McDonald LE. Fisiología veterinaria Cunningham. En: Cunningham JG. 3ra edición. Elsevier España, Madrid; 2003. p. 458-464.
Sawicki B. Review. Evaluation of the role of mammalian thyroid parafollicular cells. Acta Histochem (Jena) 1995; 97:389-399.
Swenson MJ, Reece WO. Fisiología de los animales domésticos de Dukes. 2da edición. Noriega Editorial Uteha; 1999. p. 640-645.
Murray RK, Granner DK, Rodwell VW, Mayes PA. Bioquímica de Harper. 3ra edición. El Manual Moderno SA de CV – México DF - Santa Fe de Bogotá; 1994. p. 601-607.
Yen PM. Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiol rev 2001; 81(3):1097-1142.
Hayashi M, Shimonaka M, Matsui K, Hayashi T, Ochiai D, Emoto N. Proliferative Effects of Bovine and Porcine Thyroglobulins on Thyroid Epithelial Cells. Endocr J 2009; 56(3):509-519.
Schöne F, Zimmermann C, Quanz G, Leiterer M. A high dietary iodine increases thyroid iodine stores and iodine concentration in blood serum but has little effect on muscle iodine content in pigs. Meat Sci 2006; 72:365-372.
Li Q, Mair C, Shedle K, Hammerl S, Schodl K, Windisch W. Effect of iodine source and dose on growth and iodine content in tissue and plasma thyroid hormones in fattening pigs. Eur. J. Nutr 2012; 51(6):685-691.
Wang Y, Zhao X, Jiang X, Hua X, Xu N. Molecular characterization of thyroid peroxidase gene in porcine (sus scrofa). J. Genet. Genomics 2010; 37:381-388.
Föger B, Wehinger A, Patsch JR, et al. Thyroid Hormones and Lipid Metabolism: Thyromimetics as Anti-Atherosclerotic Agents? Celular Lipid Metabolism 2009; 10:251-282.
Duncan Bassett JH, Harvey CB, Williams GR. Mechanisms of thyroid hormone receptor-specific nuclear and extra nuclear actions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 213(1):1-11.
Winter WE, Signorino MR. Review: Molecular Thyroidology. Annals of clinical & laboratory Science 2001; 31(3):221-244.
Nonneman D, Rohrer GA, Wise TH, Lunstra DD, Ford JJ. A variant of porcine thyroxine-binding globulin has reduced affinity for thyroxine and is associated with testis size. Biol reprod 2005; 72(1):214-220.
Morales CA, Rodríguez N. Hormonas tiroideas en la reproducción y en la producción láctea del ganado lechero: revisión de literatura. Rev Col Cienc Pec 2005; 18(2):136-148.
Rivera-Monroy JE. Análisis morfo-funcional de folículos aislados de tiroides de rata y cerdo en presencia de I- y de hormona Tirotrópica. Bogotá D.C., Colombia: Universidad Nacional; 2010. 57p. Tesis (Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química).
Zhang J, Lazar MA. The mechanism of action of thyroid hormones. Annu. Rev. Physiology 2000; 62:439-66.
Dellovade TL, Zhu Y-S, Pfaff DW. Potential interactions between estrogen receptor and thyroid receptors relevant for neuroendocrine systems. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 53(1-6):27-31.
Kilby MD, Barber K, Hobbs E, Franklyn JA. Thyroid hormone action in the placenta. Placenta 2005; 26(2-3):105-113.
Ahmed OM, El-Gareib AW, El-bakry AM, El-Tawab SM, Ahmed RG. Thyroid hormones states and brain development interactions. Int. Journal Devl. Neuroscience 2008; 26(2):147-209.
Zoeller TR. New Insights into Thyroid Hormone Action in the Developing Brain: The Importance of T3 Degradation. Endocrinology 2010; 151(11):5089-5091.
Brent GA. Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. J Clin Invest 2012; 122(9):3035-3043.
Forhead AJ, Fowden AL. Role of thyroid hormones in the control of fetal growth and maturation. Embryonis and fetal nutrition. Havemeyer foundation monograph series 2006; 21:62-66.
Mellor DJ, Stafford KJ. Animal welfare implications of neonatal mortality and morbidity in farm animals. The veterinary journal 2004; 168(2):118-133.
Louveau I, Dauncey MJ, Le Dividich J. Regulation of development by nutrition and by the somatotrophic and thyroid axes in the neonatal pig. Livestock Production Science 2000; 66(2):121-131.
Stuber DC, Johnson CL, Green CA, McLaren DG, Bahr JM, Easter RA. Effect of dose and route of administration of thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) on the concentration of prolactin (PRL) and thyroxine (T4) in cyclic gilts. Domest Anim Endocrinol 1990; 7(3):291-297.
Wilson ME, Anderson LL. Mechanistic aspects of fetal development relating to postnatal health and metabolism in pigs. In: Greenwood PL, Bell AW, Vercoe PE, Viljoen GJ (Eds). Managing the prenatal environment to enhance livestock productivity 2010; 6:161-202.
Hartmann PE, Smith NA, Thompson MJ, Wakeford CM. Arthur PG. The lactation cycle in the sow: Physiological and management contradictions. Livestock Production Science 1997; 50(1-2):75-87.
Schöne F, Kirchheim U, Schumann W, Lüdke H. Apparent digestibility of high-fat rapeseed press cake in growing pigs and effects on feed intake, growth and weight of thyroid and liver. Animal feed science technology 1996; 62(2):97-110.
Laurberg P, Andersen S, Karmisholt J. Cold adaptation and thyroid hormone metabolism. Horm Metab Res 2005; 37(9):545-549.
Swiergiel AH. Modifications of operant thermoregulatory behavior of the young ping by environmental temperature and food availability. Physiology & Behavior 1998; 63(1):119-125.
Becker BA, Klir JJ, Matteri RL, Spiers DE, Ellersiek M, Misfeldt ML. Endocrine and thermoregulatory responses to acute thermal exposures in 6-month-old pigs reared in different neonatal environments. J Therm Biol 1997; 22(2):87-93.
Berthon D, Herpin P, Le Dividich J, Dauncey MJ. Interactive effects of thermal environment and energy intake on thyroid hormone metabolism in newborn pigs. Biol Neonate 1996; 69(1):51-59.
Prunier A, De Bragança MM, Le Dividich J. Influence of high ambient temperature on performance of reproductive sows. Livestock Production Science 1997; 52(2):123-133.
Guyton AC, Hall JE. Tratado de fisiología médica. 10 edición. McGraw-Hill Interamericana. España, Madrid; 2001. p.1031-1043.
Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks H. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology. 23rd Edition. Section IV. Endocrine & Reproductive Physiology. Cap 20. The Thyroid Gland. McGraw-Hill; 2010.
Prunier A, Quesnel H. Nutritional influences on the hormonal control of reproduction in female pigs. Livestock Production Science 2000; 63(1):1-16.
Duchamp C, Burton KA, Herpin P, Dauncey MJ. Perinatal ontogeny of porcine nuclear thyroid hormone receptors and its modulation by thyroid status. Am J Physiol 1994; 267(5):687-693.
Quiniou N, Crepon K, Quinsac A, Evrard J, Peyronnet C, Bourdillon A, et al. Performances à long terme d’un troupeau de truies alimentées avec du tourteau de colza industriel pendant la gestation et la lactation. Journées Recherche Porcine 2008; 40:167-174.
Cosgrove JR, Foxcroft GR. Nutrition and reproduction in the pig: Ovarian aetiology. Anim Reprod Sci 1996; 42:31-141.
Cooke PS, Holsberger DR, Witorsch RJ, Sylvester PW, Meredith JM, Treinen KA, Chapin RE. Thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids, and prolactin at the nexus of physiology, reproduction, and toxicology. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 194(3):309-335.
Fitko R, Kucharski J, Szlezyngier B. The important of thyroid hormone in experimental ovarian cyst formation in gilts. Anim Reprod Sci 1995; 39(2):159-168.
Asahara S, Sato A, Aljonaid AA, Kobe TM. Thyroid hormone synergizes with follicle stimulating hormone to Inhibit apoptosis in porcine granulosa cells selectively from small follicles. Kobe J Med Sci 2003; 49(5-6):107-116.
Cecconi S, Rucci N, Scaldaferri ML, Masciulli MP, Rossi G, Moretti C, et al. Thyroid Hormone Effects on Mouse Oocyte Maturation and Granulosa Cell Aromatase Activity. Endocrinology 1999; 140(4):1783-1788.
Gregoraszczuk EL, Skalka M. Thyroid hormone as a regulator of basal and human chorionic gonadotrophin-stimulated steroidogenesis by cultured porcine theca and granulosa cells isolated at different stages of the follicular phase. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996; 8:961-967.
Gregoraszczuk EL, Galas J. In vitro effect of triiodothyronine on the cyclic amp, progesterone and testosterone level in porcine theca, granulosa and luteal cells. Endocr Regul 1998; 32:93-98.
Marou T, Hiramatus S, Otani T, Hayashi M, Mochizuki M. Increase in the expression of thyroid hormone receptors in porcine granulose cells in follicular maturation. Acta Endocrinol 1992; 127:152-160.
Krassas GE, Pontikides N, Deligianni V, Miras K. A prospective controlled study of the impact of hyperthyroidism on reproductive function in males. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 2002; 87:3667-3671.
Ślebodziński AB. Ovarian iodide uptake and triiodothyronine generation in follicular fluid: The enigma of the thyroid ovary interaction. Domestic animal endocrinology: fifth international conference on farm animal endocrinology 2005; 29(1):97-103.
Krasnow SM, Steiner RA. Physiological mechanisms integrating metabolism and reproduction. Knobil and Neill’s physiology of reproduction. 3nd edition. Elsevier; 2006. p. 2553-2599.
McCoard SA, Wise TH, Ford JJ. Endocrine and molecular influences on testicular development in Meishan and White composite boars. J endocrinol 2003; 178:405-416.
Andò S, Sirianni R, Forastieri P, Casaburi I, Lanzino M, Rago V, Giordano F, Giordano C, Carpino A, Pezzi V. Aromatase expresión in prepuberal sertoli cells: effect of thyroid hormone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 178(1):11-21.
Manna RP, Roy P, Clark BJ, Stocco DM, Huhtaniemi LP. Interaction of thyroid hormone and steroidigenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein in the regulation of murine leydig cell steroidogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 76(1-5):167-177.
Cooke PS, Holsberger DR, França LR. Thyroid hormone regulation of Sertoli cell development. Elsevier Science (USA). In: Sertoli cell biology; 2005. p. 221-225.
Li MD, Matteri RL, Macdonald GJ, Wise TH, Ford JJ. Overexpression of beta-subunit of thyroidstimulating hormone in Meishan swine identified by differential display. J Anim Sci 1996; 74(9):2104-2111.
Allan CM, Handelsman DJ. In vivo FSH actions. In: Sertoli Cell Biology, edited by Skinner MK and Griswold MD. Elsevier Science. San Diego; 2005. p. 171-197.
França LR, Avelar GF, Almeida FFL. Spermatogenesis and sperm transit through the epididymis in mammals with emphasis on pigs. Theriogenology 2005; 63(2):300-318.
Abdelkhalek MB, Breton MF, Feliers D, Haye B, Pavlovic-Hournac M. TSH action on camp binding to the regulatory subunits of camp-dependent protein kinases in pig thyroid cell cultures. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1994; 99(1):103-110.
Paire A, Bernier FV, Rabilloud R, Watrin C, Selmi RS, Rousset B. Expression of α-and β-subunits and activity of Na+K+ATPase in pig thyroid in primary culture: modulation by thyrotropin and thyroid hormones. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1998; 146(1-2): 93-101.
Iveta P, Seidel H, Nagy O, Csilla T, Kováč G. Concentrations of thyroid hormones in various age categories of ruminants and swine. Acta Veterinaria (Beograd) 2001; 61(5-6):489-503.
Banu SK, Govindarajulu P, Aruldhas MM. Testoterone and estradiol up-regulate andorgen and estrogen receptors in immature and adult rat thyroid glands in vivo. Steroids 2002; 67(13-14):1007-1014.
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