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Publication Date: 2014-06-20
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Osorio, J. H., Suárez, Y. J., & Uribe Velázquez, L. F. (2014). Thyroid hormones in small ruminants: Review article and literature update. Biosalud, 13(1), 85–95. Retrieved from https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/4690
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Abstract
Objective: To update concepts on thyroid hormones functioning in small ruminants. Materials and methods: Through available literature review from the last 50 years in the BBCS-LILACS, Fuente Académica, IB-PsycINFO, IB-SSCI, IB-SciELO, SCOPUS, and SCIRUS data bases as well as historical articles, texts and references cited in published work. Results: Information obtained related to the objectives proposed in the present review allows to classify into five sections as follows: thyroid hormones functioning; thyroid hormones and reproduction of small ruminants; thyroid hormones and fetal development; thyroid hormones, pregnancy and lactation; and factors that alter thyroid hormones levels. Conclusion: The proper functioning of metabolic pathways depends largely of thyroid hormones due to their specific effects on different organs, maintaining the homeostasis among all tissues.
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References
Matamoros R, Contreras PA, Wittwer F, Mayorga MI. Hipotiroidismo en rumiantes. Arch. Med. Vet. 2003; 35 (1): 1-11.
Todini L. Thyroid hormones in small ruminants: Effects of endogenous, environmental and nutritional factors. Animal 2007; 1 (7): 97-1008.
Osorio JH, Correa D. Alteraciones de los niveles de hormonas tiroideas y su influencia en la salud y producción de pequeños rumiantes. Biosalud 2013; 12 (1): 39-48.
Todini L, Malfatti A, Valbonesi A, Trabalza-Marinucci M, Debenedetti A. Plasma total T3 and T4 concentrations in goats at different physiological stages, as affected by the energy intake. Small Ruminant Res. 2007; 68: 285-290.
Hulbert AJ. Thyroid hormones and their effects: A new perspective. Biol Rev. 2000; 75: 519-631.
Cunningham JG. Fisiología Veterinaria. España: Elsevier; 2003.
Morales CA, Rodríguez N. Hormonas tiroideas en la reproducción y en la producción láctea del ganado lechero: revisión de literatura. Rev Col Cienc Pec. 2005; 18 (2): 136-148.
Pattanaik AK, Khana SA, Mohanty DN, Varshney VP. Nutritional performance, clinical chemistry and semen characteristics of goats fed a mustard (Brassica juncea) cake based supplement with or without iodine. Small Ruminant Res. 2004; 54: 173-182.
Moraes E Amorim EA, Alves-torres CA, Bruschi JE, Ferreira da Fonseca J, Guimarães JD, Cecon PR, Ribeiro de Carvalho G. Produção e composição do leite, metabólitos sangüíneos e concentração hormonal de cabras lactantes da raça Toggenburg tratadas com somatotropina bovina recombinante. R Bras Zootec. 2006; 35 (1): 147-153.
Yen PM. Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiol Rev. 2001; 81: 1097-1142.
Contreras PA, Wittwer F, Ruiz V, Robles A, Böhmwald H. Valores sanguíneos de triyodotironina y tiroxina y vacas Frisón Negro a pastoreo. Arch Med Vet. 1999; 31: 205-210.
Arisawa EAL, Fernandes Da Rocha R, Rodarte Carvalho Y, Moraes E, Dias-Almeida J. Influência da calcitonina na reparação óssea de tíbias de ratas ovariectomizadas. Pós-Grad. Rev Fac Odontol São José dos Campos 2000; 3 (1): 54-59.
Ortiz ML, Brem JJ, Mancebo OA, Trulls HE, Picot JA, Brem JC. Confirmación diagnóstica de hipotiroidismo en cabras de la Provincia de Formosa, Argentina. Rev Vet. 2008; 19 (1): 42-45.
Pascual-Leone AM. Interacción entre hormonas tiroideas y factores de crecimiento IGFs1. Anal Real Acad Farm. 2000; 66: 1-18.
Sano H, Takebayashi A. Effects of moderate hyperthyroidism and time relative to feeding on tissue responsiveness to insulin in sheep. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 2003; 136: 515-520.
Rudas P, Ronai ZS, Bartha T. Thyroid hormone metabolism in the brain of domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrin. 2005; 29: 88-96.
Villar D, Rhind SM, Dicks P, Mcmillen SR, Nicol F, Arthur JR. Effect of propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism on thyroid hormone profiles and tissue deiodinase activity in cashmere goats. Small Ruminant Res. 1998; 29: 317-324.
Darras VM, Hume R, Visser TJ. Regulation of thyroid hormone metabolism during fetal development. Mol Cell Endocrin. 1999; 151: 37-47.
Ward MA, Neville TL, Reed JJ, Taylor JB, Hallford DM, Soto Navarro SA, Vonnahme KA, Redmer DA, Reynolds LP, Caton JS. Effects of selenium supply and dietary restriction on maternal and fetal metabolic hormones in pregnant ewe lambs. J Anim Sci. 2008; 86: 1254-1262.
Abd el-ghany H, Tórtora-pérez JL. The importance of selenium and the effects of its deficiency in animal health. Small Ruminant Res. 2010; 89: 185-192.
Silva JH, Quiroga MA, Auza NJ. Selenio en el rumiante. Relaciones suelo, planta, animal. Med Vet. 2000; 17 (10): 229-246.
Slebodzinski AB, Brzezinska-Slebodzinska E, Styczynska E, Szejnoga M. Presence of thyroxine deiodinases in mammary gland: Possible modulation of the enzyme-deiodinating activity by somatotropin. Domest. Anim. Endocrin. 1999; 17: 161-169.
Capuco AV, Connor EE, Wood DL. Regulation of Mammary Gland Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones during the Transition from Pregnancy to Lactation. Exp Biol Med. 2008; 233 (10): 1309-1314.
Kilby MD, Barber K, Hobbs E, Franklyn JA. Thyroid Hormone Action in the Placenta. Placenta 2005; 26: 105-113.
Carbajal-Hermosillo MA, Aquí-Quintero G, Díaz-Gutiérrez C. Uso de selenio en ovinos. Abanicoveterinario 2013; 3 (1): 44-54.
Ramírez BJE, Tórtora JL, Huerta M, Aguirre A, Hernández LM. Diagnosis of selenium status in grazing dairy goats on the Mexican plateau. Small Rum. Res. 2001; 41: 81-85.
Ramírez BE, Hernández CE, Hernández CLM, Tórtora PJ. Efecto de un suplemento parenteral con selenito de sodio en la mortalidad de corderos y los valores hemáticos de Se. Agrociencia 2004; 38: 43-51.
Rock MJ, Kincaid RL, Carstens GE. Effects of prenatal source and level of dietary selenium on passive immunity and thermometabolism of newborn lambs. Small Ruminant Res. 2001; 40: 129-138.
Zaninovich AA. Hormonas tiroideas, obesidad y termogénesis en grasa parda. Medicina 2001; 61: 597-602.
Souza MI, Bicudo SD, Uribe-Velásquez LF, Ramos AA. Circadian and circannual rhythms of T3 and T4 secretions in Polwarth–Ideal rams. Small Ruminant Res. 2002; 46: 1-5.
Campos R, Giraldo L. Efecto de la raza y la edad sobre las concentraciones de hormonas tiroideas T3 y T4 de bovinos en condiciones tropicales. Acta Agron. 2008; 57 (2): 137-141.
Puchala R, Prieto I, Banskalieva V, Goetsch AL, Lachica M, Sahlu T. Effects of bovine somatotropin and thyroid hormone status on hormone levels, body weight gain, and mohair fiber growth of Angora goats. J Anim Sci. 2001; 79: 2913-2919.
Singh JL, Sharma MC, Kumar M, Rastogi SK, Gupta GC, Singh SP, Sharma LD, Gandhi VK, Kalicharan. Assessment of therapy in goitrous goats through some cardiac function tests. Small Ruminant Res. 2002; 44: 119-124.
Skipor J, Misztal T, Szczepkowska A. Thyroid hormones in the cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle of adult female sheep during different periods of reproductive activity. Pol J Vet Sci. 2010; 13 (4): 587-595.
Skipor J, Misztal T, Kaczmarek MM. Independent changes of thyroid hormones in blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid after melatonin treatment in ewes. Theriogenology 2010; 74: 236-245.
Firat A, Özpinar A, Serpek B, Haliloğlu S. Comparisons of Serum Somatotropin, 3,5,3_-Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine, Total Protein and Free Fatty Acid Levels in Newborn Sakiz Lambs Separated from or Suckling Their Dams. Ann Nutr Metab. 2005; 49: 88-94.
Collin A, Cassy S, Buys J, Decuypere E, Damon M. Potential involvement of mammalian and avian uncoupling proteins in the thermogenic effect of thyroid hormones. Domest. Anim. Endocrin. 2005; 29: 78-87.
Kadzere CT, Murphy MR, Silanikove N, Maltz E. Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: A review. Livest Prod Sci. 2002; 77: 59-91.
Dwyer CM, Morgan CA. Maintenance of body temperature in the neonatal lamb: Effects of breed, birth weight, and litter size. J Anim Sci. 2006; 84: 1093-1101.
Karsch FJ, Dahl GE, Hachigian TM, Thrun LA. Involvement of thyroid hormones in seasonal reproduction. J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1995; 49: 409-422.
Nicholls TJ, Jackson GL, Follett BK. Reproductive refractoriness in the Welsh Mountain ewe induced by a short photoperiod can be overridden by exposure to a shorter photoperiod. Biol Reprod. 1989; 40: 81-86.
Maurenbrecher S, Barrell GK. Suppression of thyroid gland function and its effects on the breeding season of Coopworth ewes. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 2003; 46: 1-7.
Nakao N, Ono H, Yoshimura T. Thyroid hormones and seasonal reproductive neuroendocrine interactions. Reproduction 2008; 136: 1-8.
Lehman MN, Ladha Z, Coolen LM, Hileman SM, Connors JM, Goodman RL. Neuronal plasticity and seasonal reproduction in sheep. European Journal of Neuroscience 2010; 32: 2152-2164.
Follet BK, Potts C. Hypothyroidism affects reproductive refractoriness and the seasonal oestrous period in Welsh mountain ewes. J Endocrinol. 1990; 127: 103-109.
Hernandez JA, Hallford DM, Wells NH. Ovarian cyclicity in thyroid- suppred ewes treated with propylthiouracil immediately before onset of seasonal anestrus. J Anim Sci. 2003; 81: 29-34.
Parkinson TJ, Follett BK. Effect of thyroidectomy upon seasonality in rams. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 1994; 101: 51-58.
Parkinson TJ, Follett BK. Thyroidectomy abolishes seasonal testicular cycles of Soay rams. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 1995; 259: 1-6.
Chemineau P, Daveau A, Cognié Y, Aumont G, Chesneau D. Seasonal ovulatory activity exists in tropical Creole female goats and Black Belly ewes subjected to a temperate photoperiod. BMC Physiology 2004; 4: 1-12.
Arroyo J. Estacionalidad reproductiva de la oveja en México. Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyt. 2001; 14 (3): 829-845.
Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R, Kul A, Bediz CS, Ugur A. Opposite effects of zinc and melatonin on thyroid hormones in rats. Toxicology 2004; 195: 69-75.
Abecia A, Valares JA, Forcada F. The effect of melatonin treatment on wool growth and thyroxine secretion in sheep. Small Ruminant Res. 2005; 56: 265-270.
Menegatos J, Goulas C, Kalogiannis D. The productivity, ovarian and thyroid activity of ewes in an accelerated lambing system in Greece. Small Ruminant Res. 65: 209-216.
Klocek-Gorka B, Szczesna M, Molik E, Zieba DA. The interactions of season, leptin and melatonin levels with thyroid hormone secretion, using an in vitro approach. Small Ruminant Res. 2010; 91: 231-235.
Forhead AJ, Poore KR, Mapstone J, Fowden AL. Developmental regulation of hepatic and renal gluconeogenic enzymes by thyroid hormones in fetal sheep during late gestation. J Physiol. 2003; 548 (3): 941-947.
Rodriguez-Peña A. Oligodendrocyte development and Thyroid Hormone. J Neurobiol. 1999; 40 (4): 497-512.
Segar JL, Volk KA, Lipman MHB, Scholz TD. Thyroid hormone is required for growth adaptation to pressure load in the ovine fetal heart. Exp Physiol. 2013; 98 (3): 722-733.
Colodel MM, Martins E, Martins VM, Marques Júnior AP. Serum concentration of thyroid hormones in crioula lanada serrana ewes in gestation and lactation. Arch. Zootec. 2010; 59 (228): 509-517.
Davis SR, Collier RJ, Mcnamara JP, Head HH, Croom WJ, Wilcox CJ. Effects of thyroxine and growth hormone treatment of dairy cows on mammary uptake of glucose, oxygen and other milk fat precursors. J Anim Sci. 1998; 66: 80-89.
Novoselec J, Antunović Z, Šperanda M, Steiner Z, Šperanda T. Changes of thyroid hormones concentration in blood of sheep depending on age and reproductive status. Ital J Anim Sci. 2009; 8 (3): 208-210.
El-Barody MAA, Abdalla EB, Abd El-Hakeam AA. The changes in some blood metabolites associated with the physiological response in sheep. Liv. Prod Sci. 2002; 75 (1): 45-50.
Doubek J, Šlosárková S, Fleischer P, Malá G, Skřivánek M. Metabolic and hormonal profiles of potentiated cold stress in lambs during early postnatal period. Czech J Anim Sci. 2003; 48 (10): 403-411.
Silanikove N. Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants. Livest Prod Sci. 2000; 67: 1-18.
Mandiki SNM, Mabon N, Derycke G, Bister Jl, Wathelet JP, Paquay R, Marlier M. Chemical changes and influences of rapeseed antinutritional factors on lamb physiology and performance: 2. Plasma substances and activity of the thyroid. Anim Feed Sci Tech. 1999; 81: 93-103.
Das MM, Singhal KK. Effect of feeding chemically treated mustard cake on growth, thyroid and liver functions and carcass characteristics in kids. Small Ruminant Res. 2005; 56: 31-38.
Haque N, Varshney VP, Khan MI, Lal M. Effect of feeding. Leucaena leucocephala supplemented rations on thyroid hormones and fasting heat productionin Jamunapari goats. Small Ruminant Res. 1996; 19: 29-33.
Hetzel BS, Mano MT. A review of experimental studies of iodine deficiency during fetal development. J. Nutr. 1989; 119 (2): 145-151.
Padrón TR, Corbera JA, Juste MC, Doreste F, Gutiérrez C. Estudio de los niveles de yodo urinario en caprino en Gran canaria. Patología Animal 2000; 21: 407-409.
Ortiz ML, Brem JJ, Mancebo OA, Trulls HE, Brem JC. Hipotiroidismo caprino: evaluación del crecimiento en cabritos hipotiroideos en un rodeo de la Provincia de Formosa, Argentina. Rev Vet. 2010; 21: (2): 99-105.
Naziroglu M, Çay M, Tahan V, Bal R, Delibas N. Effects of Selenium and Vitamin E Supplementation on Concentrations of Plasma Thyroid Hormones in Lambs. Tr J of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 1998; 22: 157-160.
Gifford CA, Duffey JL, Knight RL, Hallford DM. Serum thyroid hormones and performance of offspring in ewes receiving propylthiouracil with or without melatonin. Anim Reprod Sci. 2007; 100: 32-43.
Saleh DM, Barrella GK, Baileya CI, Frampton CM. A. Effects of exogenous triiodothyronine (T3) and a goitrogen, methylthiouracil (MTU), on thyroid gland function sheep. Small Ruminant Res. 1998; 30: 49-56.
Atessahin A, Karahan I, Pirincci I. Effects of therapeutic and toxic doses of levamisole on thyroid hormones and some biochemical parameters in sheep. Cell Biochem Funct. 2004; 22: 281-286.
Todini L. Thyroid hormones in small ruminants: Effects of endogenous, environmental and nutritional factors. Animal 2007; 1 (7): 97-1008.
Osorio JH, Correa D. Alteraciones de los niveles de hormonas tiroideas y su influencia en la salud y producción de pequeños rumiantes. Biosalud 2013; 12 (1): 39-48.
Todini L, Malfatti A, Valbonesi A, Trabalza-Marinucci M, Debenedetti A. Plasma total T3 and T4 concentrations in goats at different physiological stages, as affected by the energy intake. Small Ruminant Res. 2007; 68: 285-290.
Hulbert AJ. Thyroid hormones and their effects: A new perspective. Biol Rev. 2000; 75: 519-631.
Cunningham JG. Fisiología Veterinaria. España: Elsevier; 2003.
Morales CA, Rodríguez N. Hormonas tiroideas en la reproducción y en la producción láctea del ganado lechero: revisión de literatura. Rev Col Cienc Pec. 2005; 18 (2): 136-148.
Pattanaik AK, Khana SA, Mohanty DN, Varshney VP. Nutritional performance, clinical chemistry and semen characteristics of goats fed a mustard (Brassica juncea) cake based supplement with or without iodine. Small Ruminant Res. 2004; 54: 173-182.
Moraes E Amorim EA, Alves-torres CA, Bruschi JE, Ferreira da Fonseca J, Guimarães JD, Cecon PR, Ribeiro de Carvalho G. Produção e composição do leite, metabólitos sangüíneos e concentração hormonal de cabras lactantes da raça Toggenburg tratadas com somatotropina bovina recombinante. R Bras Zootec. 2006; 35 (1): 147-153.
Yen PM. Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiol Rev. 2001; 81: 1097-1142.
Contreras PA, Wittwer F, Ruiz V, Robles A, Böhmwald H. Valores sanguíneos de triyodotironina y tiroxina y vacas Frisón Negro a pastoreo. Arch Med Vet. 1999; 31: 205-210.
Arisawa EAL, Fernandes Da Rocha R, Rodarte Carvalho Y, Moraes E, Dias-Almeida J. Influência da calcitonina na reparação óssea de tíbias de ratas ovariectomizadas. Pós-Grad. Rev Fac Odontol São José dos Campos 2000; 3 (1): 54-59.
Ortiz ML, Brem JJ, Mancebo OA, Trulls HE, Picot JA, Brem JC. Confirmación diagnóstica de hipotiroidismo en cabras de la Provincia de Formosa, Argentina. Rev Vet. 2008; 19 (1): 42-45.
Pascual-Leone AM. Interacción entre hormonas tiroideas y factores de crecimiento IGFs1. Anal Real Acad Farm. 2000; 66: 1-18.
Sano H, Takebayashi A. Effects of moderate hyperthyroidism and time relative to feeding on tissue responsiveness to insulin in sheep. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 2003; 136: 515-520.
Rudas P, Ronai ZS, Bartha T. Thyroid hormone metabolism in the brain of domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrin. 2005; 29: 88-96.
Villar D, Rhind SM, Dicks P, Mcmillen SR, Nicol F, Arthur JR. Effect of propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism on thyroid hormone profiles and tissue deiodinase activity in cashmere goats. Small Ruminant Res. 1998; 29: 317-324.
Darras VM, Hume R, Visser TJ. Regulation of thyroid hormone metabolism during fetal development. Mol Cell Endocrin. 1999; 151: 37-47.
Ward MA, Neville TL, Reed JJ, Taylor JB, Hallford DM, Soto Navarro SA, Vonnahme KA, Redmer DA, Reynolds LP, Caton JS. Effects of selenium supply and dietary restriction on maternal and fetal metabolic hormones in pregnant ewe lambs. J Anim Sci. 2008; 86: 1254-1262.
Abd el-ghany H, Tórtora-pérez JL. The importance of selenium and the effects of its deficiency in animal health. Small Ruminant Res. 2010; 89: 185-192.
Silva JH, Quiroga MA, Auza NJ. Selenio en el rumiante. Relaciones suelo, planta, animal. Med Vet. 2000; 17 (10): 229-246.
Slebodzinski AB, Brzezinska-Slebodzinska E, Styczynska E, Szejnoga M. Presence of thyroxine deiodinases in mammary gland: Possible modulation of the enzyme-deiodinating activity by somatotropin. Domest. Anim. Endocrin. 1999; 17: 161-169.
Capuco AV, Connor EE, Wood DL. Regulation of Mammary Gland Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones during the Transition from Pregnancy to Lactation. Exp Biol Med. 2008; 233 (10): 1309-1314.
Kilby MD, Barber K, Hobbs E, Franklyn JA. Thyroid Hormone Action in the Placenta. Placenta 2005; 26: 105-113.
Carbajal-Hermosillo MA, Aquí-Quintero G, Díaz-Gutiérrez C. Uso de selenio en ovinos. Abanicoveterinario 2013; 3 (1): 44-54.
Ramírez BJE, Tórtora JL, Huerta M, Aguirre A, Hernández LM. Diagnosis of selenium status in grazing dairy goats on the Mexican plateau. Small Rum. Res. 2001; 41: 81-85.
Ramírez BE, Hernández CE, Hernández CLM, Tórtora PJ. Efecto de un suplemento parenteral con selenito de sodio en la mortalidad de corderos y los valores hemáticos de Se. Agrociencia 2004; 38: 43-51.
Rock MJ, Kincaid RL, Carstens GE. Effects of prenatal source and level of dietary selenium on passive immunity and thermometabolism of newborn lambs. Small Ruminant Res. 2001; 40: 129-138.
Zaninovich AA. Hormonas tiroideas, obesidad y termogénesis en grasa parda. Medicina 2001; 61: 597-602.
Souza MI, Bicudo SD, Uribe-Velásquez LF, Ramos AA. Circadian and circannual rhythms of T3 and T4 secretions in Polwarth–Ideal rams. Small Ruminant Res. 2002; 46: 1-5.
Campos R, Giraldo L. Efecto de la raza y la edad sobre las concentraciones de hormonas tiroideas T3 y T4 de bovinos en condiciones tropicales. Acta Agron. 2008; 57 (2): 137-141.
Puchala R, Prieto I, Banskalieva V, Goetsch AL, Lachica M, Sahlu T. Effects of bovine somatotropin and thyroid hormone status on hormone levels, body weight gain, and mohair fiber growth of Angora goats. J Anim Sci. 2001; 79: 2913-2919.
Singh JL, Sharma MC, Kumar M, Rastogi SK, Gupta GC, Singh SP, Sharma LD, Gandhi VK, Kalicharan. Assessment of therapy in goitrous goats through some cardiac function tests. Small Ruminant Res. 2002; 44: 119-124.
Skipor J, Misztal T, Szczepkowska A. Thyroid hormones in the cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle of adult female sheep during different periods of reproductive activity. Pol J Vet Sci. 2010; 13 (4): 587-595.
Skipor J, Misztal T, Kaczmarek MM. Independent changes of thyroid hormones in blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid after melatonin treatment in ewes. Theriogenology 2010; 74: 236-245.
Firat A, Özpinar A, Serpek B, Haliloğlu S. Comparisons of Serum Somatotropin, 3,5,3_-Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine, Total Protein and Free Fatty Acid Levels in Newborn Sakiz Lambs Separated from or Suckling Their Dams. Ann Nutr Metab. 2005; 49: 88-94.
Collin A, Cassy S, Buys J, Decuypere E, Damon M. Potential involvement of mammalian and avian uncoupling proteins in the thermogenic effect of thyroid hormones. Domest. Anim. Endocrin. 2005; 29: 78-87.
Kadzere CT, Murphy MR, Silanikove N, Maltz E. Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: A review. Livest Prod Sci. 2002; 77: 59-91.
Dwyer CM, Morgan CA. Maintenance of body temperature in the neonatal lamb: Effects of breed, birth weight, and litter size. J Anim Sci. 2006; 84: 1093-1101.
Karsch FJ, Dahl GE, Hachigian TM, Thrun LA. Involvement of thyroid hormones in seasonal reproduction. J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1995; 49: 409-422.
Nicholls TJ, Jackson GL, Follett BK. Reproductive refractoriness in the Welsh Mountain ewe induced by a short photoperiod can be overridden by exposure to a shorter photoperiod. Biol Reprod. 1989; 40: 81-86.
Maurenbrecher S, Barrell GK. Suppression of thyroid gland function and its effects on the breeding season of Coopworth ewes. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 2003; 46: 1-7.
Nakao N, Ono H, Yoshimura T. Thyroid hormones and seasonal reproductive neuroendocrine interactions. Reproduction 2008; 136: 1-8.
Lehman MN, Ladha Z, Coolen LM, Hileman SM, Connors JM, Goodman RL. Neuronal plasticity and seasonal reproduction in sheep. European Journal of Neuroscience 2010; 32: 2152-2164.
Follet BK, Potts C. Hypothyroidism affects reproductive refractoriness and the seasonal oestrous period in Welsh mountain ewes. J Endocrinol. 1990; 127: 103-109.
Hernandez JA, Hallford DM, Wells NH. Ovarian cyclicity in thyroid- suppred ewes treated with propylthiouracil immediately before onset of seasonal anestrus. J Anim Sci. 2003; 81: 29-34.
Parkinson TJ, Follett BK. Effect of thyroidectomy upon seasonality in rams. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 1994; 101: 51-58.
Parkinson TJ, Follett BK. Thyroidectomy abolishes seasonal testicular cycles of Soay rams. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 1995; 259: 1-6.
Chemineau P, Daveau A, Cognié Y, Aumont G, Chesneau D. Seasonal ovulatory activity exists in tropical Creole female goats and Black Belly ewes subjected to a temperate photoperiod. BMC Physiology 2004; 4: 1-12.
Arroyo J. Estacionalidad reproductiva de la oveja en México. Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyt. 2001; 14 (3): 829-845.
Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R, Kul A, Bediz CS, Ugur A. Opposite effects of zinc and melatonin on thyroid hormones in rats. Toxicology 2004; 195: 69-75.
Abecia A, Valares JA, Forcada F. The effect of melatonin treatment on wool growth and thyroxine secretion in sheep. Small Ruminant Res. 2005; 56: 265-270.
Menegatos J, Goulas C, Kalogiannis D. The productivity, ovarian and thyroid activity of ewes in an accelerated lambing system in Greece. Small Ruminant Res. 65: 209-216.
Klocek-Gorka B, Szczesna M, Molik E, Zieba DA. The interactions of season, leptin and melatonin levels with thyroid hormone secretion, using an in vitro approach. Small Ruminant Res. 2010; 91: 231-235.
Forhead AJ, Poore KR, Mapstone J, Fowden AL. Developmental regulation of hepatic and renal gluconeogenic enzymes by thyroid hormones in fetal sheep during late gestation. J Physiol. 2003; 548 (3): 941-947.
Rodriguez-Peña A. Oligodendrocyte development and Thyroid Hormone. J Neurobiol. 1999; 40 (4): 497-512.
Segar JL, Volk KA, Lipman MHB, Scholz TD. Thyroid hormone is required for growth adaptation to pressure load in the ovine fetal heart. Exp Physiol. 2013; 98 (3): 722-733.
Colodel MM, Martins E, Martins VM, Marques Júnior AP. Serum concentration of thyroid hormones in crioula lanada serrana ewes in gestation and lactation. Arch. Zootec. 2010; 59 (228): 509-517.
Davis SR, Collier RJ, Mcnamara JP, Head HH, Croom WJ, Wilcox CJ. Effects of thyroxine and growth hormone treatment of dairy cows on mammary uptake of glucose, oxygen and other milk fat precursors. J Anim Sci. 1998; 66: 80-89.
Novoselec J, Antunović Z, Šperanda M, Steiner Z, Šperanda T. Changes of thyroid hormones concentration in blood of sheep depending on age and reproductive status. Ital J Anim Sci. 2009; 8 (3): 208-210.
El-Barody MAA, Abdalla EB, Abd El-Hakeam AA. The changes in some blood metabolites associated with the physiological response in sheep. Liv. Prod Sci. 2002; 75 (1): 45-50.
Doubek J, Šlosárková S, Fleischer P, Malá G, Skřivánek M. Metabolic and hormonal profiles of potentiated cold stress in lambs during early postnatal period. Czech J Anim Sci. 2003; 48 (10): 403-411.
Silanikove N. Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants. Livest Prod Sci. 2000; 67: 1-18.
Mandiki SNM, Mabon N, Derycke G, Bister Jl, Wathelet JP, Paquay R, Marlier M. Chemical changes and influences of rapeseed antinutritional factors on lamb physiology and performance: 2. Plasma substances and activity of the thyroid. Anim Feed Sci Tech. 1999; 81: 93-103.
Das MM, Singhal KK. Effect of feeding chemically treated mustard cake on growth, thyroid and liver functions and carcass characteristics in kids. Small Ruminant Res. 2005; 56: 31-38.
Haque N, Varshney VP, Khan MI, Lal M. Effect of feeding. Leucaena leucocephala supplemented rations on thyroid hormones and fasting heat productionin Jamunapari goats. Small Ruminant Res. 1996; 19: 29-33.
Hetzel BS, Mano MT. A review of experimental studies of iodine deficiency during fetal development. J. Nutr. 1989; 119 (2): 145-151.
Padrón TR, Corbera JA, Juste MC, Doreste F, Gutiérrez C. Estudio de los niveles de yodo urinario en caprino en Gran canaria. Patología Animal 2000; 21: 407-409.
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