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Publication Date: 2014-12-19
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Venegas B., C., Mercado R., M., & Campos, M. C. (2014). Evaluation of the microbial quality of drinking water and wastewater in one population of Bogota (Colombia). Biosalud, 13(2), 24–35. Retrieved from https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/4667
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Abstract
In Colombia access to drinking water and sanitation are not guaranteed for the majority of the population, reason why the consumption of contaminated water generates water-borne diseases. The most commonly used alternative to access drinking water is its storage in homes and the improvisation of sewerage systems typically found outdoors. Objective: To evaluate microbiological quality of drinking water and wastewater near the homes of displaced populations and its relationship with the community's health. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six (36) samples of drinking water for consumption stored in different types of containers and taps were collected where these were installed. Additionally 15 samples of wastewater were collected randomly in an illegal settlement, where most of the inhabitants were displaced persons. E. coli, C. perfringens and somatic coliphages were examined as fecal contamination indicators for microbiological water quality assessment. Simultaneously, morbidity surveys were carried out to establish the possible relationship between the inhabitants' living conditions, water quality and health status perception. Results and Conclusions: Contamination of fecal origin was found in 14 out of the 36 selected houses and in 15 outdoors sewerages. The conducted morbidity survey shows how water quality and living conditions can influence the health of the population. WHO estimates that drinking water should be free from microorganisms that affect human health, reason why water treatment, proper storage and isolation of residual water are important facts to be considered.
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References
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Bisson J, Cabelli V. Clostridium perfringens as a water pollution indicator. J Water Pollut Control Fed 1980; 52(2):241-8.
Kott Y, Roze N, Sperber S, Betzer N. Bacteriophages as viral pollution indicators. Water Res 1974; 8(3):165-71.
Borrego JJ, Córnax R, Moriñigo MA, Martínez-Manzanares E, Romero P. Coliphages as an indicator of faecal pollution in water. Their survival and productive infectivity in natural aquatic environments. Water Res 1990; 24(1):111-6.
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Brick T, Primrose B, Chandrasekhar R, Roy S, Muliyil J, Kang G. Water contamination in urban South India: Household storage practices and their implications for water safety and enteric infections. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2004; 207(5):473-80.
Jagals P, Grabow WOK, Williams E. The effects of supplied water quality on human health in an urban development with limited basic subsistence facilities. Water SA 1997; 23(4):373-8.
Momba MNB, Kaleni P. Regrowth and survival of indicator microorganisms on the surfaces of household containers used for the storage of drinking water in rural communities of South Africa. Water Res 2002; 36(12):3023-8.
Byamukama D, Mach RL, Kansiime F, Manafi M, Farnleitner AH. Discrimination efficacy of fecal pollution detection in different aquatic habitats of a high-altitude tropical country, using presumptive coliforms, Escherichia Coli, and Clostridium perfringens spores. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71(1):65-71.
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R. Household drinking water in developing countries: A systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 2004; 9(1):106-17.
Lévesque B, Pereg D, Watkinson E, Maguire JS, Bissonnette, L, Gingras S, et al. Assessment of microbiological quality of drinking water from household tanks in Bermuda. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54(6):495-500.
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Hospital Vista Hermosa I Nivel Empresa Social del Estado. Análisis de Situación en Salud de Ciudad Bolívar, 2011. Equipo de Análisis de Situación en Salud, ASIS; 2011. p. 268.
UNICEF. Towards better programming: A water handbook. Water, Environment and Sanitation Technical Guidelines Series, No. 2 [Internet]. Disponible en: http://www.unicef.org/spanish/wash/files/San_e.pdf . Consultado Marzo de 2014.
Alcaldía Municipal de Soacha. Dirección de servicios públicos domiciliarios, situación actual de servicios públicos; 2009. p.32.
Kær Jensen P, Ensink JHJ, Jayasinghe G, Van der Hoek W, Cairncross S, Dalsgaard A. Domestic transmission routes of pathogens: The problem of in-house contamination of drinking water during storage in developing countries. Trop Med Int Health 2002; 7(7):604-9.
Arnone RD, Walling JP. Waterborne pathogens in urban watersheds. J Water Health 2007; 5(1):149-62.
Tallon P, Magajna B, Lofranco C, Kam TL. Microbial indicators of faecal contamination in water: A current perspective. Water Air Soil Poll 2005; 166(1-4):139-66.
AWPRC Study Group on Health Related Water Microbiology. Bacteriophages as model viruses in water quality control. Water Res 1991; 25(5):529-45.
EPA US. National primary drinking water regulations: Ground water rule; final rule. Fed Regist 2006; 71(216):65574-660.
Directive 2000/60/EC. Establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy. 2000.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Guías para la Calidad del Agua Potable de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Recomendaciones. 3th Edition; 2006. p. 398.
Decreto 1575 de 2007 [Internet]. Disponible en: http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=3000 . Consultado Abril de 2014.
Resolución 2115 de 2007 [Internet]. Disponible en: http://www.ins.gov.co/sivicap/Normatividad/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=6 . Consultado Abril de 2014.
Decreto 1594 de 1984 [Internet]. Disponible en: http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=18617 . Consultado Abril de 2014.
Payment P, Franco E. Clostridium perfringens and somatic coliphages as indicators of the efficiency of drinking water treatment for viruses and protozoan cysts. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59(8):2418-24.
Bisson J, Cabelli V. Clostridium perfringens as a water pollution indicator. J Water Pollut Control Fed 1980; 52(2):241-8.
Kott Y, Roze N, Sperber S, Betzer N. Bacteriophages as viral pollution indicators. Water Res 1974; 8(3):165-71.
Borrego JJ, Córnax R, Moriñigo MA, Martínez-Manzanares E, Romero P. Coliphages as an indicator of faecal pollution in water. Their survival and productive infectivity in natural aquatic environments. Water Res 1990; 24(1):111-6.
González G, Valencia ML, Agudelo NA, Acevedo L, Vallejo IC. Perceived urgency of medical condition and use of health care services in Medellín, Colombia, 2005-2006. Biomédica 2007; 27(2):180-9.
Instituto Distrital de la Participación y Acción Comunal, IDPAC. Ciudad Bolívar participa, Información básica de la localidad para la participación. Bogotá D.C.: Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá; 2007.
American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. Washington, D.C.; 2005.
Anonymous. ISO 9308-1.Detection and Enumeration of E. coli and Coliform Bacteria - Part 1: Membrane Filtration Method. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzeland. 2000.
Anonymous. ISO 6461-2, Water Quality-Detection and Enumeration of the Spores of SulphiteReducing Anaerobes (Clostridia) - Part 2: Membrane Filtration Method. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzeland. 1986.
Anonymous. Water Quality - Detection and Enumeration of Bacteriophages. Part 2: Enumeration of Somatic Coliphages. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. 1995.
Curtis V, Cairncross S, Yonli R. Review: Domestic hygiene and diarrhoea - pinpointing the problem. J Trop Med 2000; 5(1):22-32.
Venczel LV, Arrowood M, Hurd M, Sobsey MD. Inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Clostridium perfringens spores by a mixed-oxidant disinfectant and by free chlorine. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63(4):1598-601.
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Monitoreo y diagnóstico de la calidad del agua del río Bogotá analizando aspectos biológicos y su impacto en la salud de las comunidades. Bogotá, Colombia; 2004.
Trevett AF, Carter RC, Tyrrel SF. The importance of domestic water quality management in the context of faecal-oral disease transmission. J Water Health 2005; 3(3):259-70.
Teixeira JC, Heller L. Impact of water supply, domiciliary water reservoirs and sewage on faeco-orally transmitted parasitic diseases in children residing in poor areas in Juiz de Fora, Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134(4):694-8.
Brick T, Primrose B, Chandrasekhar R, Roy S, Muliyil J, Kang G. Water contamination in urban South India: Household storage practices and their implications for water safety and enteric infections. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2004; 207(5):473-80.
Jagals P, Grabow WOK, Williams E. The effects of supplied water quality on human health in an urban development with limited basic subsistence facilities. Water SA 1997; 23(4):373-8.
Momba MNB, Kaleni P. Regrowth and survival of indicator microorganisms on the surfaces of household containers used for the storage of drinking water in rural communities of South Africa. Water Res 2002; 36(12):3023-8.
Byamukama D, Mach RL, Kansiime F, Manafi M, Farnleitner AH. Discrimination efficacy of fecal pollution detection in different aquatic habitats of a high-altitude tropical country, using presumptive coliforms, Escherichia Coli, and Clostridium perfringens spores. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71(1):65-71.
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R. Household drinking water in developing countries: A systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 2004; 9(1):106-17.
Lévesque B, Pereg D, Watkinson E, Maguire JS, Bissonnette, L, Gingras S, et al. Assessment of microbiological quality of drinking water from household tanks in Bermuda. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54(6):495-500.
Hospital Vista Hermosa I Nivel Empresa Social del Estado. Análisis de Situación en Salud Localidad de Ciudad Bolívar; Equipo de Análisis de Situación en Salud, ASIS; 2010. p. 365.
Hospital Vista Hermosa I Nivel Empresa Social del Estado. Análisis de Situación en Salud de Ciudad Bolívar, 2011. Equipo de Análisis de Situación en Salud, ASIS; 2011. p. 268.
UNICEF. Towards better programming: A water handbook. Water, Environment and Sanitation Technical Guidelines Series, No. 2 [Internet]. Disponible en: http://www.unicef.org/spanish/wash/files/San_e.pdf . Consultado Marzo de 2014.
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