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Publication Date: 2014-12-19
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Mendoza Meza, D. L., Parra Flórez, L., & Loza Rosas, S. (2014). Free radical scavenging capacity of essential oil and ethanolic extracts of yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. & Endl) H. Robinson, cultivated in Colombia. Biosalud, 13(2), 9–23. Retrieved from https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/4081
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Abstract
Introduction: Smallanthus sonchifolius is an Andean crop with important medicinal and nutritional properties, used mainly as a hypoglycemic. The aim of this study was to determine free radical scavenging activity of essential oil and phenolic fractions of an ethanolic extract of yacón leaves grown in Colombia. Materials and Methods: The essential leaf oil was extracted through hydrodistillation assisted by microwave radiation and was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phenolic fractions of different polarity were also separated from an ethanolic leaf extract using Amberlite XAD-2 resin. The total phenolic compounds were determined with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radicals (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS [2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate]. Results and Discussion: The essential oil showed the ABTS radical scavenging activity (EC50 = 2.11 mg / ml). The major compounds identified in the essential oil were: Sabinene (40.75%), D-germacrene (15.36%), Caryophyllene (9.93%) and 1-Terpinen-4-ol (5.51%). The total phenolic content in the fractions separated on Amberlite XAD-2 was F1 (H2O) > F2 (H2O/MeOH, 1:1 v/v) > F3 (MeOH). All fractions showed scavenging activity with DPPH• and ABTS•+. Phenolic acids identified using HPLC-SM were quinic, hidroxiferulic, caffeoylquinic, dicaffeoylquinic, dicaffeoilglucaric and caffeoiltartaric derivatives. In conclusion, yacón leaves grown in Duitama (Boyacá) contain secondary metabolites able to protect cells against oxidative stress induced by free radicals.
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References
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De Almeida Paula HA, Abranches MV, De Luces Fortes Ferreira CL. Yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius): a food with multiple functions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 55(1):32-40.
Valentova K, Cvak L, Muck A, Ulrichova J, Simanek V. Antioxidant activity of extracts from the leaves of Smallanthus sonchifolius. Eur J Nutr 2003; 42(1):61-6.
Simonovska B, Vovk I, Andrensek S, Valentová K, Ulrichová J. Investigation of phenolic acids in yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) leaves and tubers. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1016(1):89-98.
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Combariza MY, Blanco C, Stashenko EE, Shibamoto T. Limonene concentration in lemon (Citrus volcameriana) peel oil as a function of ripeness. J High Resol Chromatogr 1994; 17(9):643-6.
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26:1231-7.
Siddiqui S, Verma A, Rather AA, Jabeen F, Meghvansi K. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of some important aromatic plants. Adv Biol Res 2009; 3(5-6):188-95.
Osler KH, Goodwin R. A general use of Amberlite XAD-2 resin for the purification of flavonoids from aqueous fractions. J Nat Prod 1983; 47(1):188.
Blainski A, Lopes GC, de Mello JC. Application and analysis of the folin ciocalteu method for the determination of the total phenolic content from Limonium brasiliense L. Molecules 2013; 18(6):6852-65.
Goyal AK, Middha SK, Sen A. Evaluation of the DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenols and antioxidant activities in Indian wild Bambusa vulgaris “Vittata” methanolic leaf extract. J Nat Pharm 2010; 1:40-45.
Chen HJ, Inbaraj BS, Chen BH. Determination of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Taraxacum formosanum Kitam by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Coupled with a PostColumn Derivatization Technique. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13(1):260-85.
Harrinson H, Mitchell T, Peterson JK, Wechter P, Majetich GF, Snook ME. Contents of caffeoylquinic acid compounds in the storage roots of sixteen sweetpotato genotypes and their potential biological activity. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 2008; 133(4):492-500.
Simirgiotis MJ, Caligari PDS, Schmeda-Hirschmann G. Identification of phenolic compounds from the fruits of the mountain papaya Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC. grown in Chile by liquid chromatography–UV detection–mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry 2009; 115:775-84.
Lorenz P, Conrad J, Bertrams J, Berger M, Duckstein S, Meyer U, et al. Investigations into the Phenolic Constituents of Dog’s Mercury (Mercurialis perennis L.) by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS analyses. Phytochem. Anal 2012; 23(1):60-71.
Adam M, Juklová M, Bajer T, Eisner A, Ventura KJ. Comparison of three different solid-phase microextraction fibres for analysis of essential oils in yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) leaves. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1084(1-2):2-6.
Li J, Lan H, Zheng M, Rong T. GC-MS analysis of the chemical constituents of the essential oil from the leaves of yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolia). Front Agric China 2009; 3(1):40-2.
Ruberto G, Baratta MT. Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil components in two lipid model systems. Food Chemistry 2000; 69:167-74.
Huang CC, Wang HF, Chen CH, Chen YJ, Yih KH. A study of four antioxidant activities and major chemical component analyses of twenty-five commonly used essential oils. J Cosmet Sci 2011; 62(4):393-404.
Sahin Basak S, Candan F. Effect of Laurus nobilis L. Essential Oil and its Main Components on α-glucosidase and Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging Activity. Iran J Pharm Res 2013; 12(2):367-79.
Valentová K, Sersen F, Ulrichová J. Radical scavenging and anti-lipoperoxidative activities of Smallanthus sonchifolius leaf extracts. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53(14):5577-82.
Jirovský D, Horáková D, Kotouček M, Valentová K, Ulrichová J. Analysis of phenolic acids in plant materials using HPLC with amperometric detection at a platinum tubular electrode. J Sep Sci 2003; 26:739-42.
Lachman J, Hejtmánková A, Dudjak J, Fernández EC, Pivec V. Content of polyphenolic antioxidants and phenolcarboxylic acids in selected organs of yacón [Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. et Endl.) H. Robinson]. In: Blatná J, Horna A, editors. Vitamins 2003, Proceeding of Conf. Pardubice, Czech Republic, 15-17 September 2003. Pardubice: Univerzita Pardubice; 2003. p. 89-97.
Oboh G, Agunloye OM, Adefegha SA, Akinyemi AJ, Ademiluyi AO. Caffeic and chlorogenic acids inhibit key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (in vitro): a comparative study. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2014 May 12.
Dalar A, Türker M, Zabaras D, Konczak I. Phenolic composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of Eryngium bornmuelleri leaf. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2014; 69(1):30-6.
American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2008; 31(1):55-60.
Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 87(1):4-14.
Dixon SJ, Stockwell BR. The role of iron and reactive oxygen species in cell death. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10(1):9-17.
Crujeiras AB, Díaz-Lagares A, Carreira MC, Amil M, Casanueva FF. Oxidative stress associated to dysfunctional adipose tissue: a potential link between obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and breast cancer. Free Radic Res 2013; 47(4):243-56.
Mohora M, Vîrgolici B, Paveliu F, Lixandru D, Muscurel C, Greabu M. Free radical activity in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Rom J Intern Med 2006; 44(1):69-78.
Muhammad S, Bierhaus A, Schwaninger M. Reactive oxygen species in diabetes-induced vascular damage, stroke, and Alzheimer’s disease. J. Alzheimers 2009; 16:775-78.
Mrowicka M. Free-radical reactions in diabetes mellitus. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2005; 19(112):571-6.
Ryu GR, Lee E, Chun HJ, Yoon KH, Ko SH, Ahn YB, et al. Oxidative stress plays a role in high glucoseinduced activation of pancreatic stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439(2):258-63.
Zatalia SR, Sanusi H. The role of antioxidants in the pathophysiology, complications, and management of diabetes mellitus. Acta Med Indones 2013; 45(2):141-7.
Alam MM, Meerza D, Naseem I. Protective effect of quercetin on hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and DNA damage in alloxan induced type 2 diabetic mice. Life Sci 2014; 109(1):8-14.
Valentová K, Ulrichová J. Smallanthus sonchifolius and Lepidium meyenii - prospective Andean crops for the prevention of chronic diseases. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2003; 147(2):119-30.
Choi JG, Kang OH, Lee YS, Oh YC, Chae HS, Obiang-Obounou B, et al. Antimicrobial activity of the constituents of Smallanthus sonchifolius leaves against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2010; 14(12):1005-9.
De Almeida Paula HA, Abranches MV, De Luces Fortes Ferreira CL. Yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius): a food with multiple functions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 55(1):32-40.
Valentova K, Cvak L, Muck A, Ulrichova J, Simanek V. Antioxidant activity of extracts from the leaves of Smallanthus sonchifolius. Eur J Nutr 2003; 42(1):61-6.
Simonovska B, Vovk I, Andrensek S, Valentová K, Ulrichová J. Investigation of phenolic acids in yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) leaves and tubers. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1016(1):89-98.
Xiang Z, He F, Kang TG, Dou DQ, Gai K, Shi YY, et al. Anti-diabetes constituents in leaves of Smallanthus sonchifolius. Nat Prod Commun 2010; 5(1):95-8.
Combariza MY, Blanco C, Stashenko EE, Shibamoto T. Limonene concentration in lemon (Citrus volcameriana) peel oil as a function of ripeness. J High Resol Chromatogr 1994; 17(9):643-6.
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26:1231-7.
Siddiqui S, Verma A, Rather AA, Jabeen F, Meghvansi K. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of some important aromatic plants. Adv Biol Res 2009; 3(5-6):188-95.
Osler KH, Goodwin R. A general use of Amberlite XAD-2 resin for the purification of flavonoids from aqueous fractions. J Nat Prod 1983; 47(1):188.
Blainski A, Lopes GC, de Mello JC. Application and analysis of the folin ciocalteu method for the determination of the total phenolic content from Limonium brasiliense L. Molecules 2013; 18(6):6852-65.
Goyal AK, Middha SK, Sen A. Evaluation of the DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenols and antioxidant activities in Indian wild Bambusa vulgaris “Vittata” methanolic leaf extract. J Nat Pharm 2010; 1:40-45.
Chen HJ, Inbaraj BS, Chen BH. Determination of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Taraxacum formosanum Kitam by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Coupled with a PostColumn Derivatization Technique. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13(1):260-85.
Harrinson H, Mitchell T, Peterson JK, Wechter P, Majetich GF, Snook ME. Contents of caffeoylquinic acid compounds in the storage roots of sixteen sweetpotato genotypes and their potential biological activity. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 2008; 133(4):492-500.
Simirgiotis MJ, Caligari PDS, Schmeda-Hirschmann G. Identification of phenolic compounds from the fruits of the mountain papaya Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC. grown in Chile by liquid chromatography–UV detection–mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry 2009; 115:775-84.
Lorenz P, Conrad J, Bertrams J, Berger M, Duckstein S, Meyer U, et al. Investigations into the Phenolic Constituents of Dog’s Mercury (Mercurialis perennis L.) by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS analyses. Phytochem. Anal 2012; 23(1):60-71.
Adam M, Juklová M, Bajer T, Eisner A, Ventura KJ. Comparison of three different solid-phase microextraction fibres for analysis of essential oils in yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) leaves. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1084(1-2):2-6.
Li J, Lan H, Zheng M, Rong T. GC-MS analysis of the chemical constituents of the essential oil from the leaves of yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolia). Front Agric China 2009; 3(1):40-2.
Ruberto G, Baratta MT. Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil components in two lipid model systems. Food Chemistry 2000; 69:167-74.
Huang CC, Wang HF, Chen CH, Chen YJ, Yih KH. A study of four antioxidant activities and major chemical component analyses of twenty-five commonly used essential oils. J Cosmet Sci 2011; 62(4):393-404.
Sahin Basak S, Candan F. Effect of Laurus nobilis L. Essential Oil and its Main Components on α-glucosidase and Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging Activity. Iran J Pharm Res 2013; 12(2):367-79.
Valentová K, Sersen F, Ulrichová J. Radical scavenging and anti-lipoperoxidative activities of Smallanthus sonchifolius leaf extracts. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53(14):5577-82.
Jirovský D, Horáková D, Kotouček M, Valentová K, Ulrichová J. Analysis of phenolic acids in plant materials using HPLC with amperometric detection at a platinum tubular electrode. J Sep Sci 2003; 26:739-42.
Lachman J, Hejtmánková A, Dudjak J, Fernández EC, Pivec V. Content of polyphenolic antioxidants and phenolcarboxylic acids in selected organs of yacón [Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. et Endl.) H. Robinson]. In: Blatná J, Horna A, editors. Vitamins 2003, Proceeding of Conf. Pardubice, Czech Republic, 15-17 September 2003. Pardubice: Univerzita Pardubice; 2003. p. 89-97.
Oboh G, Agunloye OM, Adefegha SA, Akinyemi AJ, Ademiluyi AO. Caffeic and chlorogenic acids inhibit key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes (in vitro): a comparative study. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2014 May 12.
Dalar A, Türker M, Zabaras D, Konczak I. Phenolic composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of Eryngium bornmuelleri leaf. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2014; 69(1):30-6.
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