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Giraldo-Carmona, J. ., Narváez-Solarte, W. ., & Díaz-López, E. . (2015). Probiotics in swine: contradictory results. Biosalud, 14(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.17151/biosa.2015.14.1.9
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Abstract
The use of antibiotics at a sub-therapeutic level as growth promoters raises concern worldwide because of the possible tolerance that some microorganisms can develop against some antibiotics which could, in a potential manner transfer resistance genes from animals to human microbiota. There are some alternatives such as probiotics and prebiotics that stimulate the host’s immunity and do not leave any residue in any animal origin products; therefore, this research intends to study its effects on the pigs’ diet and to identify the main deficiencies visible in the experimentation carried out with them. Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in the right amount, create benefic effects in the host, lowering health problems, and raising productivity because they can affect the proportions of different species of bacteria in the in the gastrointestinal tract microbiota; however, as far as its effect as growth promoters, the results are contradictory mainly because of the wide diversity of strains and species doses and administration forms as well as different composition of the diets used in the bioassays.
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References
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12. Anadón A, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Aranzazu-Martínez M. Probiotics for animal nutrition in the European Union. Regulation and safety assessment. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2006; 45:91-95.
13. Miyamoto H, Kodama H, Udagawa M, Mori K, Matsumoto J, Oosaki H, et al. The oral administration of thermophile-fermented compost extract and its influence on stillbirths and growth rate of preweaning piglets. Research in Veterinary Science 2012; 93:137-142.
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25. Veizaj-Delia E, Piub T, Lekaj P, Tafaj M. Using combined probiotic to improve growth performance of weaned. Livestock Science 2010; 134:249-251.
26. Niisawa C, Oka S, Kodama H, Hirai M, Kumagai Y, Mori K, et al. Microbial analysis of composted product of marine animal resources and isolation of antagonistic bacteria to plant pathogen from the compost. The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 2008; 54:149-158.
27. Ehrmann MA, Kurzak P, Baver J, Vogel RF. Characterization of lactobacilli towards their use as probiotic adjuncts in poultry. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 33:966-975.
28. Miled IB. Evaluación de complejos enzimaticos en la mejora del valor nutritivo de cereales y leguminosas en la alimentación de pollos en crecimiento. Bellaterra: Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; 2001.
29. Hogberg A, Lindberg JE. The effect of level and type of cereal non-starch polysaccharides on the performance, nutrient utilization and gut environment of pigs around weaning. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2006; 127:200-219.
2. EC. Commission of the European Communities, Commission Regulation (EC) No.1831/2003. Official Journal of European Union 2003; L268:29-43.
3. Casewell M, Friis C, Marco E, McMullin P, Phillips I. The European ban on growth-promoting antibiotics and emerging consequences for humans and animals health. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2003; 52:159-161.
4. Murphy WJ, Larkin DM, Van der Wind AE, Bourque G, Tesler G, et al. Dynamics of mammalian chromosome evolution inferred from multispecies comparative maps. Science 2009; 309:613-618.
5. Ley RE, Peterson DA, Gordon JI. Ecological and Evolutionary Forces Shaping Microbial Diversity in the Human Intestine. Cell 2006; 124:837-848.
6. Richards JD, Gong J, De Lange CFM. The gastrointestinal microbiota and its role in monogastric nutrition and health with an emphasis on pigs: Current understanding, possible modulations, and new technologies for ecological studies. J. Anim. Sci 2005; 85:421-435.
7. Gaggìa F, Mattarelli P, Biavati B. Probiotics and prebiotics in animal feeding for safe food production. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2010; 141:S15-S28.
8. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary Modulation of the Human Colonie Microbiota: Introducing the Concept of Prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition 1995; 125:1401-1412.
9. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization). Working Group Report on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in foods. London, Ontario, Canada: s.n.; 2002. p. 1-11.
10. Ross GR, Gusils C, Oliszewski R, Colombo-de-Holgado S, González SN. Effects of probiotic administration in swine. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 2010; 109:545-549.
11. Zaninia K, Marzottoa M, Castellazzi A, Borsari A, Dellaglio F, Torriani S. The effects of fermented milks with simple and complex probiotic mixtures on the intestinal microbiota and immune response of healthy adults and children. International Dairy Journal 2007; 17:1332-1343.
12. Anadón A, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Aranzazu-Martínez M. Probiotics for animal nutrition in the European Union. Regulation and safety assessment. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2006; 45:91-95.
13. Miyamoto H, Kodama H, Udagawa M, Mori K, Matsumoto J, Oosaki H, et al. The oral administration of thermophile-fermented compost extract and its influence on stillbirths and growth rate of preweaning piglets. Research in Veterinary Science 2012; 93:137-142.
14. Giang HH, Viet TQ, Ogle B, Lindberg JE. Growth performance, digestibility, gut environment and health status in weaned piglets fed a diet supplemented with a complex of lactic acid bacteria alone or in combination with Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces boulardii. Livestock Science 2012; 143:132-141.
15. Fuller R. Probiotics in human medicine. Gut 1991; 32:439-442.
16. Taras D, Vahjen W, Simon O. Probiotics in pigs - modulation of their intestinal distribution and of their impact on health and performance. Livestock Science 2007; 108:229-231.
17. Castillo M, Martín-Orúe SM, Nofrarías M, Manzanilla EG, Gasa J. Changes in caecal microbiota and mucosal. Veterinary Microbiology 2007; 124:239-247.
18. Lahteinen T, Malinen E, Koort JMK, Mertaniemi-Hannus U, Hankimo T, Karikoski N, et al. Probiotic properties of Lactobacillus isolates originating from porcine intestine and feces. Anaerobe 2010; 16:293-300.
19. Marinho MC, Pinho MA, Mascarenhas RD, Silva FC, Lordelo MM, et al. Effect of prebiotic or probiotic supplementation and ileo rectal anastomosis on intestinal morphology of weaned piglets. Livestock Science 2007; 108:240-243.
20. Walsh MC, Saddoris KL, Sholly DM, Hinson RB, Sutton AL, Applegate TJ, et al. The effects of direct fed microbials delivered through the feed and/or in a bolus at weaning on growth performance and gut health. Livestock Science 2007; 108:254-257.
21. Mallo JJ, Rioperez J, Honrubia P. The addition of Enterococcus faecium to diet improves piglet’s intestinal microbiota and performance. Livestock Science 2010; 133:176-178.
22. Taras D, Vahjen W, Macha M, Simon O. Response of performance characteristics and fecal consistency to long-lasting dietary supplementation with the probiotic strain Bacillus cereus var. toyoi to sows and piglets. Archives of Animal Nutrition 2005; 59:405-417.
23. Guerra NP, Bernárdez PF, Méndez J, Cachaldora P, Castro LP. Production of four potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria and their evaluation as feed additives for weaned piglets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2007; 134:89-107.
24. Taras D, Vahjen W, Macha M, Simon O. Performance, diarrhea incidence, and occurrence of Escherichia coli virulence genes during long-term administration of a probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain to sows and piglets. Journal of Animal Science 2006; 84:608-617.
25. Veizaj-Delia E, Piub T, Lekaj P, Tafaj M. Using combined probiotic to improve growth performance of weaned. Livestock Science 2010; 134:249-251.
26. Niisawa C, Oka S, Kodama H, Hirai M, Kumagai Y, Mori K, et al. Microbial analysis of composted product of marine animal resources and isolation of antagonistic bacteria to plant pathogen from the compost. The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 2008; 54:149-158.
27. Ehrmann MA, Kurzak P, Baver J, Vogel RF. Characterization of lactobacilli towards their use as probiotic adjuncts in poultry. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 33:966-975.
28. Miled IB. Evaluación de complejos enzimaticos en la mejora del valor nutritivo de cereales y leguminosas en la alimentación de pollos en crecimiento. Bellaterra: Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; 2001.
29. Hogberg A, Lindberg JE. The effect of level and type of cereal non-starch polysaccharides on the performance, nutrient utilization and gut environment of pigs around weaning. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2006; 127:200-219.
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