pdf (Español (España))
FLIP
How to Cite
Taylor-Orozco, V. ., López-Fajardo, A. ., Muñoz-Marroquín, I. ., Hurtado-Benítez, M. ., & Ríos-Ramírez, K. (2016). Blastocystis sp: evidence of its pathogenic role. Biosalud, 15(2), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.17151/biosa.2016.15.2.8
More Citation Formats
Authors
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. is a globally distributed parasite which is transmitted by the fecal-oral route by colonizing the gastrointestinal tract of both animals and humans. There are many factors which allow its transmission such as poor sanitation, the consumption of contaminated food and vectors propagation. This parasite has awakened scientific and clinical interest in recent years because of its association with disease. However, its pathogen role has not been accurately established. Also, it has been considered as an opportunistic agent due to its high prevalence in immunosuppressed patients, specifically in those with HIV / AIDS and cancer. Currently, in GenBank database the sequences of 33 different subtypes (STs) have been described even though only 17 subtypes are reported in the literature so far, from which nine have been isolated in humans. Although many studies indicate the subtype 3 (ST3) as the most prevalent, some authors suggest the predominance of ST1 and ST4 in particular areas, suggesting that some subtypes vary depending on the geographical distribution. Several of these STs have been directly related to acute and chronic gastrointestinal symptoms and even with clinical extraintestinal manifestations, being ST3 found with more frequency in symptomatic patients followed by ST1 and ST2 in some cases. Furthermore, mixed infections have been reported of which the most common has been present between ST1 - ST3. In Latin America, and particularly in Colombia, little research has been developed that aims to identify and define the prevalence, coinfection, and pathogenic potential of different forms and known subtypes of Blastocystis sp., therefore the knowledge at hand so far is scarce and unspecific, requiring more studies which allow obtaining more information about it.
Keywords:
References
1. Ramírez J, Sánchez L, Bautista D, Corredor A, Flórez A, Stensvold C. Blastocystis subtypes detected in humans and animals from Colombia. Infect Genet Evol. 2014; 22:223-228.
2. Barahona R, Maguiña V, Náquira V, Terashima I, Tello R. Blastocystosis humana: estudio prospectivo, sintomatología y factores epidemiológicos asociados. Rev gastroenterol Peru. 2003; 23:
29-35.
3. Cárdenas M, Martínez R. Protozoarios parásitos de importancia en salud pública transportados por Musca domestica Linnaeusen Lima, Perú. Rev peru biol. 2004; 11:149-153.
4. Quiceno J, Bastidas X, Rojas D, Barayona M. La mosca doméstica como portador de patógenos microbianos, en cinco cafeterías del norte de Bogotá. Rev UDCA Act & Div Cient. 2010; 13: 23-29.
5. Dagci H, Kurt Ö, Demirel M, Mandiracioglu A, Aydemir S, Saz U, et al. Epidemiological and diagnostic features of Blastocystis Infection in symptomatic patients in Izmir province, Turkey. Iranian J Parasitol. 2014; 9:519-529.
6. Muñoz V, Frade C. Blastocystis Hominis: parásito enigmático. Cuad - Hosp Clín. 2005; 50:1-5.
7. Tan K. New insights on classification, identification and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008; 21: 639-665.
8. Abu-Madi M, Aly M, Behnke JM, Clark CG, Balkhy H. The distribution of Blastocystis subtypes in isolates from Qatar. Parasit Vectors. 2015; 8: 465.
9. Tan S, Singh M, Yap E. Recent advances in Blastocystis hominis research: hot spots in terra incognita. Int J Parasitol. 2002; 32: 789-804.
10. Domínguez M. Heterogenicidad genética de Blastocystis hominis: implicaciones patogénicas [tesis doctoral]. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia. Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología; 2003.
11. Tan K, Mirza H, Teo J, Wu B, Macary P. Current views on the clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010; 12:28-35.
12. Nagel R, Cuttell L, Stensvold C, Mills P, Bielefeldt H, Traub R. Blastocystis subtypes in symptomatic and asymptomatic family members and pets and response to therapy. Intern Med J. 2012; 42:1187-1195.
13. Hameed D, Hassanin O, Zuel-Fakkar N. Association of Blastocystis hominis genetic subtypes with urticaria. Parasitol Res. 2011; 108:553-560.
14. Eroglu F, Genc A, Elgun G, Koltas I. Identification of Blastocystis hominis isolates from asymptomatic and symptomatic patients by PCR. Parasitol Res. 2009; 105:1589-1592.
15. Boorom K, Smith H, Nimri L, Viscogliosi E, Spanakos G, Parkar U, Li L-H, Zhou X-N, Ok U, Leelayoova S, Jones M. Oh my aching gut: irritable bowel syndrome, Blastocystis, and asymptomatic infection. Parasit Vectors. 2008; 1:40.
16. Zapata J, Rojas C. Una actualización sobre Blastocystis sp. Revista Grastrohnup. 2012; 14: 94-100.
17. Tan S. New Insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008; 21: 639-665.
18. Londoño A, Mejía M, Gómez J. Prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a parasitismo intestinal en preescolares de zona urbana en Calarcá, Colombia. Rev salud pública. 2009; 11: 72-81.
19. Londoño A, Loaiza J, Lora F, Gómez J. Frecuencia y fuentes de Blastocystis sp. en niños de 0 a 5 años de edad atendidos en hogares infantiles públicos de la zona urbana de Calarcá, Quindío. Rev Biomédica. 2014; 34:218-227.
20. Stenzel D, Boreham P. Blastocystis hominis Revisited. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1996; 9: 563-584.
21. Basak S, Rajurkar M, Mallick S. Detection of Blastocystis hominis: a controversial human pathogen. Parasitol Res. 2014; 113: 261-265.
22. Tan T, Suresh K. Predominance of amoeboid forms of Blastocystis hominis in isolates from symptomatic patients. Parasitol Res. 2006; 98: 189-193.
23. Rajamanikam A, Govind S. Amoebic forms of Blastocystis spp. – evidence for a pathogenic role. Parasit Vectors. 2013; 6: 295.
24. Elwakil H, Hewedi I. Pathogenic potential of Blastocystis hominis in laboratory mice. Parasitol Res. 2010; 107: 685-689.
25. Mehlhorn H, Tan S, Yoshiwaka H, editors. Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger? 1a ed. Berlin: Springer; 2012.
26. Bálint A, Dóczi I, Bereczki L, Gyulai R, Szucs M, Farkas K. Do not forget the stool examination cutaneous and gastrointestinal manifestations of Blastocystis sp. infection. Parasitol Res. 2014; 113: 1585-1590.
27. Roberts T, Stark D, Harkness, Ellis J.Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates identified in a Sydney population and pathogenic potential of Blastocystis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013; 32: 335-343.
28. Graczyk T, Shiff C, Tamang L, Munsaka F, Beitin A, Moss W. The association of Blastocystis hominis and Endolimax nana with diarrheal stools in Zambian school-age children. Parasitol Res. 2005; 98: 38-43.
29. David EB, Guimarães S, De Oliveira A, Goulart T, Nogueira G, Moraes A. Molecular characterization of intestinal protozoa in two poor communities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8: 103.
30. Kulik R, Falavigna D, Nishi L, Marques S. Blastocystis sp. and other intestinal parasites in hemodialysis patients. Braz J Infect Dis. 2008; 12: 338-341.
31. Santalla J, Montaño W. Frecuencia de Blastocystis sp. y otros parásitos intestinales en niños entre 3 meses a 13 años provenientes del Hospital Municipal Corea de la Ciudad de El Alto[tesis]. Bolivia: Universidad Mayor de San Andrés; 2013.
32. Muñoz V, Borda M, Churqui C, Frade C. Intestinal parasites in children of incarcerated mothers of Center at the Feminine Orientation of Obrajes, La Paz Bolivia: High prevalence of Blastocystis hominis. Biofarbo. 2009; 17: 39-46.
33. Lozano S. Presencia de Blastocystis hominis como agente causal de enfermedades gastrointestinales en la comuna 7 (Gaira) del Distrito de Santa Marta. DUAZARY. 2005; 2: 37-40.
34. Rivero Z, Hernández A, Bracho A, Salazar S, Villalobos R. Prevalencia de microsporidios intestinales y otros enteroparásitos en pacientes con VIH positivo de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Rev. Biomédica. 2013;33: 538-545.
35. Tian L, Chen J, Wang T, Cheng G, Steinmann P, Cai Y, et al. Co-infection of HIV and intestinal parasites in rural area of China. Parasites and vectors. 2012; 5:1-7.
36. Tan T, Suresh K, Ong S. Genetic variability of Blastocystis sp. Isolates obtained from cancer and HIV/AIDS patients. Parasitol Res. 2009; 105: 1283-1286.
37. Chandramathi S, Suresha K, Bustam A, Kuppusamyc U. Infections of Blastocystis hominis and microsporidia in cancer patients: are they opportunistic? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012; 106: 267-269.
38. Pipatsatitpong D, Leelayoova S, Mungthin M, Aunpad R, Naaglor T, Rangsin R. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Blastocystis Infection Among Children and Caregivers in a Child Care Center, Bangkok, Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015; 93:310-315.
39. Badparva E, Sadraee J, Kheirandish F, Frouzandeh M. Genetic diversity of human Blastocystis isolates in Khorramabad, Central Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2014; 9:44-49.
40. Clark C, van der Giezen M, Alfellani M, Stensvold C. Recent developments in Blastocystis research. Adv Parasitol. 2013;82:1-32
41. Alfellani M, Stensvold C, Vidal A, Onuoha E, Fagbenro A, Clark C. Variable geographic distribution of Blastocystis subtypes and its potential implications. Acta Trop. 2013; 126: 11-18.
42. Domínguez M, Guna R, Muñoz C, Gómez M, Borrás R. High prevalence of subtype 4 among isolates of Blastocystis hominis from symptomatic patients of a health district of Valencia (Spain). Parasitol Res. 2009; 105:949-955.
43. Stensvold C, Christiansen D, Olsen K, Nielsen H. Blastocystis sp. subtype 4 is common in Danish Blastocystis-positive patients presenting with acute diarrhea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011; 84:883- 885.
44. Lee I, Tan T, Tan P, Nanthiney D, Biraj M, Surendra K, Suresh K. Predominance of Blastocystis sp. subtype 4 in rural communities, Nepal. Parasitol Res. 2012; 110:1553-1562.
45. Abdulsalam A, Ithoi I, Al-Mekhlafi H, Al-Mekhlafi A, Ahmed A, Surin J. Subtype Distribution of Blastocystis Isolates in Sebha, Libya. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8: e84372.
46. Malheiros A, Stensvold C, Clark C, Braga G, Shaw J. Short Report: Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis Obtained from Members of the Indigenous Tapirapé Ethnic Group from the Brazilian Amazon Region, Brazil. Am.J.Trop.Med.Hyg. 2011; 85: 1050-1053.
47. Souppart L, Sanciu G, Cian A, Wawrzyniak I, Delbac F, Capron M, Dei-Cas E, Boorom K, Delhaes L, Viscoqliosi E. Molecular epidemiology of human Blastocystis isolates in France. Parasitol Res. 2009; 105:413-421.
48. Forsell J, Granlund M, Stensvold C, Clark C, Evengård B. Subtype analysis of Blastocystis isolates in Swedish patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012; 31:1689-1696.
49. Bart A, Wentink E, Gilis H, Verhaar N, Wassenaar C, Van Vugt M et al. Diagnosis and subtype analysis of Blastocystis sp. in 442 patients in a hospital setting in the Netherlands. BMC Infect Dis. 2013; 23: 389.
50. Meloni D, Sanciu G, Poirier P, El Alaoui H, Chabé M, Delhaes L et al. Molecular subtyping of Blastocystis sp. isolates from symptomatic patients in Italy. Parasitol Res. 2011; 109:613-619.
51. Dogruman-Al F, Yoshikawa H, Kustimur S, Balaban N. PCR-based subtyping of Blastocystis isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in a major hospital in Ankara, Turkey. Parasitol Res. 2009; 106: 263-268.
52. Jantermtor S, Pinlaor P, Sawadpanich K, Pinlaor S, Sangka A, Wilailuckana C et al. Subtype identification of Blastocystis spp. Isolated from patients in a major hospital in northeastern Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2013; 112:1781-1786.
53. Souppart L, Moussa H, Cian A, Sanciu G, Poirier P, El Alaoui H. et al. Subtype analysis of Blastocystis isolates from symptomatic patients in Egypt. Parasitol Res. 2010; 106:505-511.
54. Poirier P, Wawrzyniak I, Vivares C, Delbac F, El Alaoui H. New insights into Blastocystis spp: A potential link with irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS Pathog. 2012; 8: e1002545–e1002545.
55. Scanlan P. Blastocystis: past pitfalls and future perspectives. Trends Parasitol. 2012; 28: 327-334.
56. Ozyurt M, Kurt O, Molbak K, Nielsen H, Haznedaroglu T, Stensvold C. Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis infections in Turkey. Parasitol Int. 2008; 57: 300-306
57. Jones M, Whipps C, Ganac R, Hudson N, Boroom K. Association of Blastocystis subtype 3 and 1 with patients from an Oregon community presenting with chronic gastrointestinal illness. Parasitol Res. 2009; 104: 341-345.
58. Moosavi A, Haghighi A, Mojarad E, Zayeri F, Alebouyeh M, Khazan H, Kazemi B, Zali M. Genetic variability of Blastocystis sp. isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in Iran. Parasitol Res. 2012; 111:2311-2315.
59. El Safadi D, Gaayeb L, Meloni D, Cian A, Poirier P, Wawrzyniak I, Delbac F, Dabboussi F, Delhaes L, Seck M, Hamze M, Riveau G, Viscogliosi E. Children of Senegal River Basin show the highest prevalence of Blastocystis sp. ever observed worldwide. BMC Infect Dis. 2014; 14: 164.
60. Yakoob J, Jafri W, Beg M, Abbas Z, Naz S, Islam M, et al. Blastocystis hominis and Dientamoeba fragilis in patients fulfilling irritable bowel syndrome criteria. Parasitol Res. 2010; 107: 679-684.
61. Fouad S, Basyoni M, Fahmy R, Kobaisi M. The pathogenic role of different Blastocystis hominis genotypes isolated from patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Arab J Gastroenterol. 2011; 12: 194-200.
62. Jimenez D, Martinez W, Reyes J, Ramirez M, Arroyo S, Romero M, et al. Blastocystis infection is associated with irritable bowel syndrome in a Mexican patient population. Parasitol Res. 2012; 110: 1269-1275.
63. Vogelberg C, Stensvold C, Monecke S, Ditzen A, Stopsack K., Heinrich U, et al. Blastocystis sp. subtype 2 detection during recurrence of gastrointestinal and urticarial symptoms. Parasitol Int. 2010; 59: 469-471.
64. Zuel N, Abdel D, Hassanin O. Study of Blastocystis hominis isolates in urticaria: A case-control study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2011; 36: 908-910.
65. Katsarou A, Vassalos C, Tzanetou K, Spanakos G, Papadopoulou C, Vakalis N. Acute urticaria associated with amoeboid forms of Blastocystis sp. subtype 3. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008; 88: 80-81.
66. Casero R, Mongi F, Sánchez A, Ramírez J. Blastocystis and urticarial: Examination of subtypes and morphotypes in an unusual clinical manifestation. Acta Trop. 2015; 148: 156-161.
67. Kumarasamy V, Kuppusamy U, Samudi C, Kumar S. Blastocystis sp. Subtype 3 triggers higher proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells, HCT116. Parasitol Res. 2013; 112: 3551-3555.
2. Barahona R, Maguiña V, Náquira V, Terashima I, Tello R. Blastocystosis humana: estudio prospectivo, sintomatología y factores epidemiológicos asociados. Rev gastroenterol Peru. 2003; 23:
29-35.
3. Cárdenas M, Martínez R. Protozoarios parásitos de importancia en salud pública transportados por Musca domestica Linnaeusen Lima, Perú. Rev peru biol. 2004; 11:149-153.
4. Quiceno J, Bastidas X, Rojas D, Barayona M. La mosca doméstica como portador de patógenos microbianos, en cinco cafeterías del norte de Bogotá. Rev UDCA Act & Div Cient. 2010; 13: 23-29.
5. Dagci H, Kurt Ö, Demirel M, Mandiracioglu A, Aydemir S, Saz U, et al. Epidemiological and diagnostic features of Blastocystis Infection in symptomatic patients in Izmir province, Turkey. Iranian J Parasitol. 2014; 9:519-529.
6. Muñoz V, Frade C. Blastocystis Hominis: parásito enigmático. Cuad - Hosp Clín. 2005; 50:1-5.
7. Tan K. New insights on classification, identification and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008; 21: 639-665.
8. Abu-Madi M, Aly M, Behnke JM, Clark CG, Balkhy H. The distribution of Blastocystis subtypes in isolates from Qatar. Parasit Vectors. 2015; 8: 465.
9. Tan S, Singh M, Yap E. Recent advances in Blastocystis hominis research: hot spots in terra incognita. Int J Parasitol. 2002; 32: 789-804.
10. Domínguez M. Heterogenicidad genética de Blastocystis hominis: implicaciones patogénicas [tesis doctoral]. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia. Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología; 2003.
11. Tan K, Mirza H, Teo J, Wu B, Macary P. Current views on the clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010; 12:28-35.
12. Nagel R, Cuttell L, Stensvold C, Mills P, Bielefeldt H, Traub R. Blastocystis subtypes in symptomatic and asymptomatic family members and pets and response to therapy. Intern Med J. 2012; 42:1187-1195.
13. Hameed D, Hassanin O, Zuel-Fakkar N. Association of Blastocystis hominis genetic subtypes with urticaria. Parasitol Res. 2011; 108:553-560.
14. Eroglu F, Genc A, Elgun G, Koltas I. Identification of Blastocystis hominis isolates from asymptomatic and symptomatic patients by PCR. Parasitol Res. 2009; 105:1589-1592.
15. Boorom K, Smith H, Nimri L, Viscogliosi E, Spanakos G, Parkar U, Li L-H, Zhou X-N, Ok U, Leelayoova S, Jones M. Oh my aching gut: irritable bowel syndrome, Blastocystis, and asymptomatic infection. Parasit Vectors. 2008; 1:40.
16. Zapata J, Rojas C. Una actualización sobre Blastocystis sp. Revista Grastrohnup. 2012; 14: 94-100.
17. Tan S. New Insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008; 21: 639-665.
18. Londoño A, Mejía M, Gómez J. Prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a parasitismo intestinal en preescolares de zona urbana en Calarcá, Colombia. Rev salud pública. 2009; 11: 72-81.
19. Londoño A, Loaiza J, Lora F, Gómez J. Frecuencia y fuentes de Blastocystis sp. en niños de 0 a 5 años de edad atendidos en hogares infantiles públicos de la zona urbana de Calarcá, Quindío. Rev Biomédica. 2014; 34:218-227.
20. Stenzel D, Boreham P. Blastocystis hominis Revisited. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1996; 9: 563-584.
21. Basak S, Rajurkar M, Mallick S. Detection of Blastocystis hominis: a controversial human pathogen. Parasitol Res. 2014; 113: 261-265.
22. Tan T, Suresh K. Predominance of amoeboid forms of Blastocystis hominis in isolates from symptomatic patients. Parasitol Res. 2006; 98: 189-193.
23. Rajamanikam A, Govind S. Amoebic forms of Blastocystis spp. – evidence for a pathogenic role. Parasit Vectors. 2013; 6: 295.
24. Elwakil H, Hewedi I. Pathogenic potential of Blastocystis hominis in laboratory mice. Parasitol Res. 2010; 107: 685-689.
25. Mehlhorn H, Tan S, Yoshiwaka H, editors. Blastocystis: Pathogen or Passenger? 1a ed. Berlin: Springer; 2012.
26. Bálint A, Dóczi I, Bereczki L, Gyulai R, Szucs M, Farkas K. Do not forget the stool examination cutaneous and gastrointestinal manifestations of Blastocystis sp. infection. Parasitol Res. 2014; 113: 1585-1590.
27. Roberts T, Stark D, Harkness, Ellis J.Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates identified in a Sydney population and pathogenic potential of Blastocystis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013; 32: 335-343.
28. Graczyk T, Shiff C, Tamang L, Munsaka F, Beitin A, Moss W. The association of Blastocystis hominis and Endolimax nana with diarrheal stools in Zambian school-age children. Parasitol Res. 2005; 98: 38-43.
29. David EB, Guimarães S, De Oliveira A, Goulart T, Nogueira G, Moraes A. Molecular characterization of intestinal protozoa in two poor communities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8: 103.
30. Kulik R, Falavigna D, Nishi L, Marques S. Blastocystis sp. and other intestinal parasites in hemodialysis patients. Braz J Infect Dis. 2008; 12: 338-341.
31. Santalla J, Montaño W. Frecuencia de Blastocystis sp. y otros parásitos intestinales en niños entre 3 meses a 13 años provenientes del Hospital Municipal Corea de la Ciudad de El Alto[tesis]. Bolivia: Universidad Mayor de San Andrés; 2013.
32. Muñoz V, Borda M, Churqui C, Frade C. Intestinal parasites in children of incarcerated mothers of Center at the Feminine Orientation of Obrajes, La Paz Bolivia: High prevalence of Blastocystis hominis. Biofarbo. 2009; 17: 39-46.
33. Lozano S. Presencia de Blastocystis hominis como agente causal de enfermedades gastrointestinales en la comuna 7 (Gaira) del Distrito de Santa Marta. DUAZARY. 2005; 2: 37-40.
34. Rivero Z, Hernández A, Bracho A, Salazar S, Villalobos R. Prevalencia de microsporidios intestinales y otros enteroparásitos en pacientes con VIH positivo de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Rev. Biomédica. 2013;33: 538-545.
35. Tian L, Chen J, Wang T, Cheng G, Steinmann P, Cai Y, et al. Co-infection of HIV and intestinal parasites in rural area of China. Parasites and vectors. 2012; 5:1-7.
36. Tan T, Suresh K, Ong S. Genetic variability of Blastocystis sp. Isolates obtained from cancer and HIV/AIDS patients. Parasitol Res. 2009; 105: 1283-1286.
37. Chandramathi S, Suresha K, Bustam A, Kuppusamyc U. Infections of Blastocystis hominis and microsporidia in cancer patients: are they opportunistic? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012; 106: 267-269.
38. Pipatsatitpong D, Leelayoova S, Mungthin M, Aunpad R, Naaglor T, Rangsin R. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Blastocystis Infection Among Children and Caregivers in a Child Care Center, Bangkok, Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015; 93:310-315.
39. Badparva E, Sadraee J, Kheirandish F, Frouzandeh M. Genetic diversity of human Blastocystis isolates in Khorramabad, Central Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2014; 9:44-49.
40. Clark C, van der Giezen M, Alfellani M, Stensvold C. Recent developments in Blastocystis research. Adv Parasitol. 2013;82:1-32
41. Alfellani M, Stensvold C, Vidal A, Onuoha E, Fagbenro A, Clark C. Variable geographic distribution of Blastocystis subtypes and its potential implications. Acta Trop. 2013; 126: 11-18.
42. Domínguez M, Guna R, Muñoz C, Gómez M, Borrás R. High prevalence of subtype 4 among isolates of Blastocystis hominis from symptomatic patients of a health district of Valencia (Spain). Parasitol Res. 2009; 105:949-955.
43. Stensvold C, Christiansen D, Olsen K, Nielsen H. Blastocystis sp. subtype 4 is common in Danish Blastocystis-positive patients presenting with acute diarrhea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011; 84:883- 885.
44. Lee I, Tan T, Tan P, Nanthiney D, Biraj M, Surendra K, Suresh K. Predominance of Blastocystis sp. subtype 4 in rural communities, Nepal. Parasitol Res. 2012; 110:1553-1562.
45. Abdulsalam A, Ithoi I, Al-Mekhlafi H, Al-Mekhlafi A, Ahmed A, Surin J. Subtype Distribution of Blastocystis Isolates in Sebha, Libya. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8: e84372.
46. Malheiros A, Stensvold C, Clark C, Braga G, Shaw J. Short Report: Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis Obtained from Members of the Indigenous Tapirapé Ethnic Group from the Brazilian Amazon Region, Brazil. Am.J.Trop.Med.Hyg. 2011; 85: 1050-1053.
47. Souppart L, Sanciu G, Cian A, Wawrzyniak I, Delbac F, Capron M, Dei-Cas E, Boorom K, Delhaes L, Viscoqliosi E. Molecular epidemiology of human Blastocystis isolates in France. Parasitol Res. 2009; 105:413-421.
48. Forsell J, Granlund M, Stensvold C, Clark C, Evengård B. Subtype analysis of Blastocystis isolates in Swedish patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012; 31:1689-1696.
49. Bart A, Wentink E, Gilis H, Verhaar N, Wassenaar C, Van Vugt M et al. Diagnosis and subtype analysis of Blastocystis sp. in 442 patients in a hospital setting in the Netherlands. BMC Infect Dis. 2013; 23: 389.
50. Meloni D, Sanciu G, Poirier P, El Alaoui H, Chabé M, Delhaes L et al. Molecular subtyping of Blastocystis sp. isolates from symptomatic patients in Italy. Parasitol Res. 2011; 109:613-619.
51. Dogruman-Al F, Yoshikawa H, Kustimur S, Balaban N. PCR-based subtyping of Blastocystis isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in a major hospital in Ankara, Turkey. Parasitol Res. 2009; 106: 263-268.
52. Jantermtor S, Pinlaor P, Sawadpanich K, Pinlaor S, Sangka A, Wilailuckana C et al. Subtype identification of Blastocystis spp. Isolated from patients in a major hospital in northeastern Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2013; 112:1781-1786.
53. Souppart L, Moussa H, Cian A, Sanciu G, Poirier P, El Alaoui H. et al. Subtype analysis of Blastocystis isolates from symptomatic patients in Egypt. Parasitol Res. 2010; 106:505-511.
54. Poirier P, Wawrzyniak I, Vivares C, Delbac F, El Alaoui H. New insights into Blastocystis spp: A potential link with irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS Pathog. 2012; 8: e1002545–e1002545.
55. Scanlan P. Blastocystis: past pitfalls and future perspectives. Trends Parasitol. 2012; 28: 327-334.
56. Ozyurt M, Kurt O, Molbak K, Nielsen H, Haznedaroglu T, Stensvold C. Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis infections in Turkey. Parasitol Int. 2008; 57: 300-306
57. Jones M, Whipps C, Ganac R, Hudson N, Boroom K. Association of Blastocystis subtype 3 and 1 with patients from an Oregon community presenting with chronic gastrointestinal illness. Parasitol Res. 2009; 104: 341-345.
58. Moosavi A, Haghighi A, Mojarad E, Zayeri F, Alebouyeh M, Khazan H, Kazemi B, Zali M. Genetic variability of Blastocystis sp. isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in Iran. Parasitol Res. 2012; 111:2311-2315.
59. El Safadi D, Gaayeb L, Meloni D, Cian A, Poirier P, Wawrzyniak I, Delbac F, Dabboussi F, Delhaes L, Seck M, Hamze M, Riveau G, Viscogliosi E. Children of Senegal River Basin show the highest prevalence of Blastocystis sp. ever observed worldwide. BMC Infect Dis. 2014; 14: 164.
60. Yakoob J, Jafri W, Beg M, Abbas Z, Naz S, Islam M, et al. Blastocystis hominis and Dientamoeba fragilis in patients fulfilling irritable bowel syndrome criteria. Parasitol Res. 2010; 107: 679-684.
61. Fouad S, Basyoni M, Fahmy R, Kobaisi M. The pathogenic role of different Blastocystis hominis genotypes isolated from patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Arab J Gastroenterol. 2011; 12: 194-200.
62. Jimenez D, Martinez W, Reyes J, Ramirez M, Arroyo S, Romero M, et al. Blastocystis infection is associated with irritable bowel syndrome in a Mexican patient population. Parasitol Res. 2012; 110: 1269-1275.
63. Vogelberg C, Stensvold C, Monecke S, Ditzen A, Stopsack K., Heinrich U, et al. Blastocystis sp. subtype 2 detection during recurrence of gastrointestinal and urticarial symptoms. Parasitol Int. 2010; 59: 469-471.
64. Zuel N, Abdel D, Hassanin O. Study of Blastocystis hominis isolates in urticaria: A case-control study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2011; 36: 908-910.
65. Katsarou A, Vassalos C, Tzanetou K, Spanakos G, Papadopoulou C, Vakalis N. Acute urticaria associated with amoeboid forms of Blastocystis sp. subtype 3. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008; 88: 80-81.
66. Casero R, Mongi F, Sánchez A, Ramírez J. Blastocystis and urticarial: Examination of subtypes and morphotypes in an unusual clinical manifestation. Acta Trop. 2015; 148: 156-161.
67. Kumarasamy V, Kuppusamy U, Samudi C, Kumar S. Blastocystis sp. Subtype 3 triggers higher proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells, HCT116. Parasitol Res. 2013; 112: 3551-3555.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
