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Cabello Vílchez, A. M., & Núñez Ato, R. G. (2018). Isolation and molecular characterization of nontuberculous mycobacteria in the water distribution system in a hospital of Lima (Perú). Biosalud, 17(2), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.17151/biosa.2018.17.2.1
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Abstract
Introduction: Mycobacterial infections can cause skin and lung lesions. Mycobacteria can be found in intra-hospital water sources which can reach immuno-suppressed patients and cause severe disease. Objective: To isolate and characterize non-tuberculous mycobacteria in the water distribution system in a hospital in Lima. Materials and Methods: Mycobacteria were isolated in conventional culture egg-based media and biochemical tests and molecular tools such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used for their identification. The GenBank was used for sequencing analysis and MEGA 6 was used for the phylogenetic tree. Results: Isolation of acid-fast bacilli was possible in samples of cold drinking water, although not in the hospital hot water. Several species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria were isolated and identified in the water samples being a 100% of rapid growth such as Mycobacterium canariasense, M. frederiksbergense, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium chelonae, and M. mucogenicum. Conclusions: This is the first time that mycobacteria are isolated in drinking water at a hospital in Perú. It is concluded that the existence of mycobacteria in hospital water could be a potential source of nosocomial outbreaks and should be analyzed periodically.
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References
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13. Wolinski E. Nontuberculous mycobacteria and associated diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979; 119 (1): 107-159.
14. du Moulin GC, Stottmeier KD. Waterborne mycobacteria: An increasing threat to health. ASM News. 1986; 52: 525-529.
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26. Jiménez MS, Campos-Herrero MI, Garcia D, Luquin M, Herrera L, Garcia MJ. Mycobacterium canariasense sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004; 54: 1729-1734.
27. Paniz-Mondolfi A, Ladutko L, Brown-Elliott BA, Vasireddy R, Vasireddy S, Wallace RJ Jr. First report of Mycobacterium canariasense catheter-related bacteremia in the Americas. J Clin Microbiol. 2014; 52 (6): 2265-2269.
2. Lahiri R, Krahenbuhl James L. The role of free-living pathogenic amoeba in the transmission of leprosy: A proof of principle. Lepr Rev. 2008; 79: 401-409.
3. Grange JM, Dewar CA, Powbotham TJ. Microbe dependence of Mycobacterium leprae: A possible intracellular relationship with protozoa. Int J Lepr. 1987; 55: 565-566.
4. Cooper AM, Appelberg R, Orme IM. Immunopathogenesis of Mycobacterium avium infection. Front. Biosci. 1998; 3: 141-148.
5. Wright EL, Zywno-van Ginkel S, Rastogi N, Barrow WW. Monoclonal infection involving Mycobacterium avium presenting with three distinct colony morphotypes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1996; 34: 2475-2478.
6. Ringuet H, Akoua-Koffi C, Honore S, Varnerot A, Vincent V, Berche P, et al. Hsp65 sequencing for identification of rapidly growing mycobacteria. J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37 (3): 852-857.
7. Kent P, Kubica GP. Public Health Mycobacteriology: A guide for the level III laboratory. Atlanta: Department of Health and Human Services; 1985.
8. Edwards U, Rogall T, Blöcker H, Emde M, Böttger EC. Isolation and direct complete nucleotide determination of entire genes. Characterization of a gene coding for 16S ribosomal RNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989; 17 (19): 7843-7853.
9. Zhang YY, Li YB, Huang MX, Zhao XQ, Zhang LS, Liu WE, et al. Novel species including Mycobacterium fukienense sp. is found from tuberculosis patients in Fujian Province, China, using phylogenetic analysis of Mycobacterium chelonae/abscessus complex. Biomed Environ Sci. 2013; 26 (11): 894-901.
10. Leao SC, Martin A, Mejia GI, Palomino JC, Robledo J, Telles MAS, et al. Practical handbook for the phenotypic and genotypic identification of mycobacteria. Bruges: Vanden Broele; 2004.
11. Kirschner RA Jr, Parker BC, Falkinham JO III. Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum in acid, brownwater swamps of the southeastern United States and their association with environmental variables. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992; 145 (2 Pt. 1): 271-275.
12. Jackson MH, Morris GP, Smith PG, Crawford JF. Environmental Health Reference Book. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1990.
13. Wolinski E. Nontuberculous mycobacteria and associated diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979; 119 (1): 107-159.
14. du Moulin GC, Stottmeier KD. Waterborne mycobacteria: An increasing threat to health. ASM News. 1986; 52: 525-529.
15. Campos-Herrero MI, García D, Figuerola A, Suárez P, Campo C, García MJ. Bacteremia caused by the novel species Mycobacterium canariasense. Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006; 25: 58-60.
16. Falkinham JO III. Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1996; 9 (2): 177-215.
17. Mofett HL, Williams T. Bacteria recovered from distilled water and inhalation therapy equipment. Am J Dis Child. 1997; 114 (1): 7-12.
18. von Reyn CF, Maslow JN, Barber TW, Falkinham JO III, Arbeit RD. Persistent colonization of potable water as a source of Mycobacterium avium infection in AIDS. Lancet. 1994; 343: 1137-1141.
19. Kauppinen J, Nousiainen T, Jantunen E, Mattila R, Katila ML. Hospital water supply as a source of disseminated Mycobacterium fortuitum infection in a leukemia patient. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999; 20 (5): 343-345.
20. Carson LA, Petersen NJ, Favero MS, Aguero SM. Growth characteristics of atypical mycobacteria in water and their comparative resistance to disinfectants. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1978; 36 (6): 839-846.
21. du Moulin GC, Stottmeier KD, Pelletier PA, Tsang AY, Hedley-Whyte J. Concentration of Mycobacterium avium by hospital hot water systems. JAMA. 1988; 260 (11): 1599-1601.
22. Covert TC, Rodgers MR, Reyes AL, Stelma GN Jr. Ocurrence of Nontubercolous Mycobacteria in Enviromental Samples. Appl Eviron Microbiol. 1999; 65 (6): 2492-2496.
23. Vaerewijck MJ, Huys G, Palomino JC, Swings J, Portaels F. Mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems: Ecology and significance for human health. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2005; 29 (5): 911-934.
24. Hillebrand-Haverkort ME, Kolk AH, Kox LF, Ten Velden JJ, Ten Veen JH. Generalized mycobacterium genavense infection in HIV-infected patients: Detection of the mycobacterium in hospital tap water. Scand J Infect Dis. 1999; 31 (1): 63-68.
25. Senozan EA, Adams DJ, Giamanco NM, Warwick AB, Eberly MD. A catheter-related bloodstream infection with Mycobacterium frederiksbergense in an immunocompromised child. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015; 34 (4): 445-447.
26. Jiménez MS, Campos-Herrero MI, Garcia D, Luquin M, Herrera L, Garcia MJ. Mycobacterium canariasense sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004; 54: 1729-1734.
27. Paniz-Mondolfi A, Ladutko L, Brown-Elliott BA, Vasireddy R, Vasireddy S, Wallace RJ Jr. First report of Mycobacterium canariasense catheter-related bacteremia in the Americas. J Clin Microbiol. 2014; 52 (6): 2265-2269.
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