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Gómez Martínez, C. Y., & Torres Fernández, O. (2023). Efecto de la obesidad sobre la memoria y el aprendizaje. Biosalud, 18(2), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.17151/biosa.2019.18.2.6
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Introducción: Uno de los enfoques de investigación en fisiología del metabolismo corporal ha sido evaluar el efecto de la obesidad sobre los procesos de aprendizaje y memoria. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo describir y analizar los principales hallazgos científicos relacionados con las posibles afectaciones en la memoria y el aprendizaje, a causa de la obesidad en diferentes grupos etarios, a partir de estudios en humanos y modelos murinos. Materiales y métodos: Para la búsqueda electrónica de literatura se utilizaron las bases de datos Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, Biological Science Database, Biomed Central, Ebsco, Nature, PubMed, Scielo y Science Direct en el período 2010-2021. Con base en los criterios de inclusión y exclusión y la evaluación del título y del resumen, se seleccionaron los artículos a analizar para esta revisión de tema. Resultados: La obesidad genera alteraciones sobre el aprendizaje y la memoria en todos los grupos etarios, específicamente sobre la memoria a largo plazo, la memoria espacial y la memoria de trabajo, así como en la expresión de marcadores asociados a la función cognitiva, principalmente BDNF. Esta epidemia produce afectaciones relacionadas con la memoria de trabajo, la atención y el rendimiento escolar; aunque estos hallazgos fueron diferentes en cada estudio. Adicionalmente, se ha reportado disminución en la expresión del factor neurotrófico derivado del cerebro (BDNF), así como en la expresión de otras proteínas, particularmente en el hipocampo, las cuales se relacionan con la función cognitiva. Conclusiones: La obesidad pregestacional y gestacional impacta negativamente estos procesos en la descendencia y según el grupo etario originan afectaciones en la neuroplasticidad y en diferentes componentes de la función cognitiva. Sin embargo, se requiere profundizar en la investigación puesto que algunos hallazgos son contradictorios y falta información de otras áreas encefálicas relacionadas y la reversibilidad de estos efectos.
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