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Fecha Publicación: 2009-12-18
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Osorio, J. H., & Tangarife, H. F. (2009). Cannabis, una opción terapéutica. Biosalud, 8, 166–177. Recuperado a partir de https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/5538
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Las preparaciones de Cannabis sativa L. tales como marihuana, hashish y dagga, han sido usadas en medicina por varios siglos. Ahora se sabe que el Δ9tetrahidrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) y sus compuestos relacionados, ejercen una amplia gama de efectos sobre los sistemas inmune, digestivo, reproductivo, ocular, cardiovascular, y nervioso central. La presente revisión analiza la literatura disponible relacionada con los efectos terapéuticos de la Cannabis.
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Degenhardt L, Hall W, Lynskey M. Testing hypotheses about the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003;71(1):37-48.
Chen C-Y, O’Brien MS, Anthony JC. Who becomes cannabis dependent soon after onset of use? Epidemiological evidence from the United States: 2000-2001. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005;79(1):11-22.
Vale A. Cannabis. Medicine 2007;35(11):603.
Grotenhermen F. Los cannabinoides y el sistema endocannabinoide. Cannabinoids 2006;1(1):10-14.
Kalant H. Adverse effects of cannabis on health: an update of the literature since 1996. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004;28(5):849-863.
Duran L, Laporte JR, Capellà D. Novedades sobre las potencialidades terapéuticas del Cannabis y el sistema Cannabinoide. Med Clin (Barc) 2004;122(10):390-8.
Escohotado A. Historia de las drogas (1). Editorial Madrid S.A., Fondo de Cultura Económica; 1998. Madrid (España). p: 424.
Urgel, A. Chamanismos y drogas en la actualidad. Historia Digital, 2009, Año IX, número 14, Madrid (España)
Grech A, Van Os J, Jones PB, Lewis SW, Murray RM. Cannabis use and outcome of recent onset psychosis. Europ Psychiatry 2005;20(4):349-353.
Hides L, Lubman DI, Buckby J, Yuen HP, Cosgrave E, Baker K, et al. The association between early cannabis use and psychotic-like experiences in a community adolescent sample. Schizophrenia Res 2009;112,(1-3)130-135.
Howlett AC, Fleming RM. Cannabinoid inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Pharmacology of the response in neuroblastoma cell membranes. Mol Pharmacol 1984;26:532-538.
Howlett AC, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Milne GM. Nonclassical cannabinoid analgetics inhibit adenylate cyclase: development of a cannabinoid receptor model. Mol Pharmacol 1988;33:297-302.
Devane WA, Dysarz FA; Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Howlett AC. Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mol Pharmacol 1988;34:605-613.
Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:1932-1936.
Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, Young AC, Bonner TI. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature 1990;346:561-564.
Marx J. Marijuana receptor gene cloned. Science 1990;249:624-626.
Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 1993;365:61-65.
Murphy LL, Muñoz RM, Adrian BA, Villanua MA. Function of cannabinoid receptors in the neuroendocrine regulation of hormone secretion. Neurobiol Dis 1998;5:432-446.
Pertwee RG. Pharmacology of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Pharmacol Ther 1997;74:129-180.
Weidenfeld J, Feldman S, Mechoulam R. Effect of the brain constituent anandamide, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, on the hypothalamo-pituitaryadrenal axis in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 1994;59:110-112.
Rettori V, Wenger T, Snyder G, Dalterio S, McCann SM. Hypothalamic action of D-9-tetrahydrocannabinol to inhibit the release of prolactin and growth hormone in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 1988;47:498-503.
Hughes CL, Jr., Everett JW, Tyrey L. D9-Tetrahydrocannabinol suppression of prolactin secretion in the rat: lack of direct pituitary effect. Endocrinology 1981;109:876-880.
Wenger T, Fernández-Ruiz JJ, Ramos JA. Immunocytochemical demonstration of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. J Neuroendocrinol 1999;11:873-878.
González S, Manzanares J, Berrendero F. Identification of endocannabinoids and cannabinoid CB1 receptor mRNA in the pituitary gland. Neuroendocrinology 1999;70:137-145.
González S, Bisogno T, Wenger T. Sex steroid influence on cannabinoid CB1 receptor mRNA and endocannabinoid levels in the anterior pituitary gland. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;270:260-266.
Asa SL, Ezzat S. The cytogenesis and pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas. Endocr Rev 1998;19:798-827.
Shimon I, Melmed S. Management of pituitary tumors. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:472-483.
Boggild MD, Jenkinson S, Pistorello M. Molecular genetic studies of sporadic pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1994;78:387-392.
Pagotto U, Arzberger T, Hopfner U. Expression and localization of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptors in human meningiomas. Evidence for a role in tumoral growth. J Clin Invest 1995;96:2017-2025.
Pagotto U, Arzberger T, Theodoropoulou M. The expression of the antiproliferative gene ZAC is lost or highly reduced in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Cancer Res 2000;60:6794-6799.
De Petrocellis L, Melck D, Bisogno T, Milone A, Di Marzo V. Finding of the endocannabinoid signalling system in Hydra, a very primitive organism: role in the feeding response. Neuroscience 1999;92:377-387.
Renner U, Brockmeier S, Strasburger CJ. Growth hormone (GH) releasing peptide stimulation of GH release from human somatotroph adenoma cells: interaction with GH-releasing hormone, thyrotropinreleasing hormone, and octreotide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:1090-1096.
Renner U, Arzberger T, Pagotto U. Heterogeneous dopamine D2 receptor subtype messenger ribonucleic acid expression in clinically nonfunctioning. pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:1368-1375.
Cravatt BF, Giang DK, Mayfield SP, Boger DL, Lerner RA, Gilula NB. Molecular characterization of an enzyme that degrades neuromodulatory fatty-acid amides. Nature 1996;384:83-87.
Giang DK, Cravatt BF. Molecular characterization of human and mouse fatty acid amide hydrolases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94: 2238-2242.
Matsunaga I, Yokotani N, Gotoh O, Kusunose E, Yamada M, Ichihara K. Molecular cloning and expression of fatty acid alpha-hydroxylase from Sphingomonas paucimobilis. J Biol Chem 1997;272:23592-23596.
Hanus L, Gopher A, Almog S, Mechoulam R. Two new unsaturated fatty acid ethanolamides in brain that bind to the cannabinoid receptor. J Med Chem 1993;36:3032-3034.
Pertwee R, Griffin G, Hanus L, Mechoulam R. Effects of two endogenous fatty acid ethanolamides on mouse vasa deferentia. Eur J Pharmacol 1994;259:115-120.
Barg J, Fride E, Hanus L. Cannabinomimetic behavioral effects of and adenylate cyclase inhibition by two new endogenous anandamides. Eur J Pharmacol 1995;287:145-152.
Mechoulam R, Ben-Shabat S, Hanus L. Identification of an endogenous 2-monoglyceride, present in canine gut, that binds to cannabinoid receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 1995;50:83-90.
Sugiura T, Kondo S, Sukagawa A. 2-arachidonoylglycerol: a possible endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand in brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;215:89-97.
Jarrahian A, Manna S, Edgemond WS, Campbell WB, Hillard CJ. Structure-activity relationships among N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide) head group analogues for the anandamide transporter. J Neurochem 2000;74:2597-2606.
Hanus L, Abu-Lafi S, Fride E, et al. 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether, an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:3662-3665.
Shoemaker JL, Joseph BK, Ruckle MB, Mayeux PR, Prather PL. The endocannabinoid noladin ether acts as a full agonist at human CB2 cannabinoid receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;314:868-875.
Oka S, Tsuchie A, Tokumura A. Ether-linked analogue of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (noladin ether) was not detected in the brains of various mammalian species. J Neurochem 2003;85:1374-1381.
Porter AC, Sauer JM, Knierman MD. Characterization of a novel endocannabinoid, virodhamine, with antagonist activity at the CB1 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;301:1020-1024.
Pagotto U, Marsicano G, Fezza F, Theodoropoulou M, Gru bler Y, Stalla J, et al. Endocannabinoid System. Endocrinol Metab Endocrine Rev 2006;27(1):73-100.
Caudevilla F, Cabrera C. Novedades sobre el cannabis. FMC 2009;16(4):204-212.
Grinspoon L. Hacia el futuro del cannabis como medicamento. Cannabinoids 2007;2(2):13-15.
Maldonado R. Cannabis. Beneficio y riesgo. Med Clin, 2009. 132:625-626
Guzmán M. Cannabinoides. ¿Posibles agentes antitumorales? Cannabinoids 2006;1(2):15-18.
Fride E. El sistema cannabinoide endógeno: un nuevo componente en el eje cerebro-tracto digestivotejido adiposo. Cannabinoids 2007;2(2):5-12.
Mangieri R A. Los estudios con animales ponen de manifiesto el potencial terapéutico de los cannabinoides para la depresión. Cannabinoids 2008;3(2):4-7.
Blass C. Tratando la depresión con cannabinoides. Cannabinoids 2008;3(2):8-10.
Frederike K. Engels, Floris A. de Jong, Ron H.J. Mathijssen, et al. Medicinal cannabis in oncology. Europ J Cancer 2007;43(18):2638-2644.
Lelièvre N. L’usage du cannabis dans le traitement de la douleur non retenu par le législateur. Douleurs: Evaluation, Diagnostic, Traitement,2006. 7:93-95.
Cannabis for migraine treatment: the once and future prescription? An historical and scientific review. Pain,1998.76:3-8.
Strohbeck P K, Skopp G, Mattern R. El cannabis mejora los síntomas del TDAH. Cannabinoids 2008;3(1):1-3.
Coetzee C, Levendal R-A, van de Venter M, Frost CL. Anticoagulant effects of a Cannabis extract in an obese rat model. Phytomedicine, 2007.14:333-337.
Grotenhermen F. Los cannabinoides y el sistema endocannabinoide. Cannabinoids 2006;1(1):10-14.
Martínez-Rodríguez JE, Mar Carreño EM, Blanco Y, Roquer J, Abanades S, Graus F, Saiz A. Cannabis use in Spanish patients with multiple sclerosis: Fulfilment of patients’ expectations? J Neurological Sci 2008;273(1-2):103-107.
Russo EB. Los medicamentos cannabinoides y la necesidad del método científico. Cannabinoids 2007;2(2):16-19.
Hazekamp A. Una evaluación del nivel de calidad del cannabis medicinal de los países bajos. Cannabinoids 2006;1(1):1-9.
McPartland JM. Adulteración del cannabis con tabaco, cálamo y otros compuestos colinérgicos. Cannabinoids 2008;3(4):16-20.
Chen C-Y, O’Brien MS, Anthony JC. Who becomes cannabis dependent soon after onset of use? Epidemiological evidence from the United States: 2000-2001. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005;79(1):11-22.
Vale A. Cannabis. Medicine 2007;35(11):603.
Grotenhermen F. Los cannabinoides y el sistema endocannabinoide. Cannabinoids 2006;1(1):10-14.
Kalant H. Adverse effects of cannabis on health: an update of the literature since 1996. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004;28(5):849-863.
Duran L, Laporte JR, Capellà D. Novedades sobre las potencialidades terapéuticas del Cannabis y el sistema Cannabinoide. Med Clin (Barc) 2004;122(10):390-8.
Escohotado A. Historia de las drogas (1). Editorial Madrid S.A., Fondo de Cultura Económica; 1998. Madrid (España). p: 424.
Urgel, A. Chamanismos y drogas en la actualidad. Historia Digital, 2009, Año IX, número 14, Madrid (España)
Grech A, Van Os J, Jones PB, Lewis SW, Murray RM. Cannabis use and outcome of recent onset psychosis. Europ Psychiatry 2005;20(4):349-353.
Hides L, Lubman DI, Buckby J, Yuen HP, Cosgrave E, Baker K, et al. The association between early cannabis use and psychotic-like experiences in a community adolescent sample. Schizophrenia Res 2009;112,(1-3)130-135.
Howlett AC, Fleming RM. Cannabinoid inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Pharmacology of the response in neuroblastoma cell membranes. Mol Pharmacol 1984;26:532-538.
Howlett AC, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Milne GM. Nonclassical cannabinoid analgetics inhibit adenylate cyclase: development of a cannabinoid receptor model. Mol Pharmacol 1988;33:297-302.
Devane WA, Dysarz FA; Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Howlett AC. Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mol Pharmacol 1988;34:605-613.
Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:1932-1936.
Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, Young AC, Bonner TI. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature 1990;346:561-564.
Marx J. Marijuana receptor gene cloned. Science 1990;249:624-626.
Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 1993;365:61-65.
Murphy LL, Muñoz RM, Adrian BA, Villanua MA. Function of cannabinoid receptors in the neuroendocrine regulation of hormone secretion. Neurobiol Dis 1998;5:432-446.
Pertwee RG. Pharmacology of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Pharmacol Ther 1997;74:129-180.
Weidenfeld J, Feldman S, Mechoulam R. Effect of the brain constituent anandamide, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, on the hypothalamo-pituitaryadrenal axis in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 1994;59:110-112.
Rettori V, Wenger T, Snyder G, Dalterio S, McCann SM. Hypothalamic action of D-9-tetrahydrocannabinol to inhibit the release of prolactin and growth hormone in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 1988;47:498-503.
Hughes CL, Jr., Everett JW, Tyrey L. D9-Tetrahydrocannabinol suppression of prolactin secretion in the rat: lack of direct pituitary effect. Endocrinology 1981;109:876-880.
Wenger T, Fernández-Ruiz JJ, Ramos JA. Immunocytochemical demonstration of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. J Neuroendocrinol 1999;11:873-878.
González S, Manzanares J, Berrendero F. Identification of endocannabinoids and cannabinoid CB1 receptor mRNA in the pituitary gland. Neuroendocrinology 1999;70:137-145.
González S, Bisogno T, Wenger T. Sex steroid influence on cannabinoid CB1 receptor mRNA and endocannabinoid levels in the anterior pituitary gland. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;270:260-266.
Asa SL, Ezzat S. The cytogenesis and pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas. Endocr Rev 1998;19:798-827.
Shimon I, Melmed S. Management of pituitary tumors. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:472-483.
Boggild MD, Jenkinson S, Pistorello M. Molecular genetic studies of sporadic pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1994;78:387-392.
Pagotto U, Arzberger T, Hopfner U. Expression and localization of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptors in human meningiomas. Evidence for a role in tumoral growth. J Clin Invest 1995;96:2017-2025.
Pagotto U, Arzberger T, Theodoropoulou M. The expression of the antiproliferative gene ZAC is lost or highly reduced in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Cancer Res 2000;60:6794-6799.
De Petrocellis L, Melck D, Bisogno T, Milone A, Di Marzo V. Finding of the endocannabinoid signalling system in Hydra, a very primitive organism: role in the feeding response. Neuroscience 1999;92:377-387.
Renner U, Brockmeier S, Strasburger CJ. Growth hormone (GH) releasing peptide stimulation of GH release from human somatotroph adenoma cells: interaction with GH-releasing hormone, thyrotropinreleasing hormone, and octreotide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:1090-1096.
Renner U, Arzberger T, Pagotto U. Heterogeneous dopamine D2 receptor subtype messenger ribonucleic acid expression in clinically nonfunctioning. pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:1368-1375.
Cravatt BF, Giang DK, Mayfield SP, Boger DL, Lerner RA, Gilula NB. Molecular characterization of an enzyme that degrades neuromodulatory fatty-acid amides. Nature 1996;384:83-87.
Giang DK, Cravatt BF. Molecular characterization of human and mouse fatty acid amide hydrolases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94: 2238-2242.
Matsunaga I, Yokotani N, Gotoh O, Kusunose E, Yamada M, Ichihara K. Molecular cloning and expression of fatty acid alpha-hydroxylase from Sphingomonas paucimobilis. J Biol Chem 1997;272:23592-23596.
Hanus L, Gopher A, Almog S, Mechoulam R. Two new unsaturated fatty acid ethanolamides in brain that bind to the cannabinoid receptor. J Med Chem 1993;36:3032-3034.
Pertwee R, Griffin G, Hanus L, Mechoulam R. Effects of two endogenous fatty acid ethanolamides on mouse vasa deferentia. Eur J Pharmacol 1994;259:115-120.
Barg J, Fride E, Hanus L. Cannabinomimetic behavioral effects of and adenylate cyclase inhibition by two new endogenous anandamides. Eur J Pharmacol 1995;287:145-152.
Mechoulam R, Ben-Shabat S, Hanus L. Identification of an endogenous 2-monoglyceride, present in canine gut, that binds to cannabinoid receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 1995;50:83-90.
Sugiura T, Kondo S, Sukagawa A. 2-arachidonoylglycerol: a possible endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand in brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;215:89-97.
Jarrahian A, Manna S, Edgemond WS, Campbell WB, Hillard CJ. Structure-activity relationships among N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide) head group analogues for the anandamide transporter. J Neurochem 2000;74:2597-2606.
Hanus L, Abu-Lafi S, Fride E, et al. 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether, an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:3662-3665.
Shoemaker JL, Joseph BK, Ruckle MB, Mayeux PR, Prather PL. The endocannabinoid noladin ether acts as a full agonist at human CB2 cannabinoid receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;314:868-875.
Oka S, Tsuchie A, Tokumura A. Ether-linked analogue of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (noladin ether) was not detected in the brains of various mammalian species. J Neurochem 2003;85:1374-1381.
Porter AC, Sauer JM, Knierman MD. Characterization of a novel endocannabinoid, virodhamine, with antagonist activity at the CB1 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;301:1020-1024.
Pagotto U, Marsicano G, Fezza F, Theodoropoulou M, Gru bler Y, Stalla J, et al. Endocannabinoid System. Endocrinol Metab Endocrine Rev 2006;27(1):73-100.
Caudevilla F, Cabrera C. Novedades sobre el cannabis. FMC 2009;16(4):204-212.
Grinspoon L. Hacia el futuro del cannabis como medicamento. Cannabinoids 2007;2(2):13-15.
Maldonado R. Cannabis. Beneficio y riesgo. Med Clin, 2009. 132:625-626
Guzmán M. Cannabinoides. ¿Posibles agentes antitumorales? Cannabinoids 2006;1(2):15-18.
Fride E. El sistema cannabinoide endógeno: un nuevo componente en el eje cerebro-tracto digestivotejido adiposo. Cannabinoids 2007;2(2):5-12.
Mangieri R A. Los estudios con animales ponen de manifiesto el potencial terapéutico de los cannabinoides para la depresión. Cannabinoids 2008;3(2):4-7.
Blass C. Tratando la depresión con cannabinoides. Cannabinoids 2008;3(2):8-10.
Frederike K. Engels, Floris A. de Jong, Ron H.J. Mathijssen, et al. Medicinal cannabis in oncology. Europ J Cancer 2007;43(18):2638-2644.
Lelièvre N. L’usage du cannabis dans le traitement de la douleur non retenu par le législateur. Douleurs: Evaluation, Diagnostic, Traitement,2006. 7:93-95.
Cannabis for migraine treatment: the once and future prescription? An historical and scientific review. Pain,1998.76:3-8.
Strohbeck P K, Skopp G, Mattern R. El cannabis mejora los síntomas del TDAH. Cannabinoids 2008;3(1):1-3.
Coetzee C, Levendal R-A, van de Venter M, Frost CL. Anticoagulant effects of a Cannabis extract in an obese rat model. Phytomedicine, 2007.14:333-337.
Grotenhermen F. Los cannabinoides y el sistema endocannabinoide. Cannabinoids 2006;1(1):10-14.
Martínez-Rodríguez JE, Mar Carreño EM, Blanco Y, Roquer J, Abanades S, Graus F, Saiz A. Cannabis use in Spanish patients with multiple sclerosis: Fulfilment of patients’ expectations? J Neurological Sci 2008;273(1-2):103-107.
Russo EB. Los medicamentos cannabinoides y la necesidad del método científico. Cannabinoids 2007;2(2):16-19.
Hazekamp A. Una evaluación del nivel de calidad del cannabis medicinal de los países bajos. Cannabinoids 2006;1(1):1-9.
McPartland JM. Adulteración del cannabis con tabaco, cálamo y otros compuestos colinérgicos. Cannabinoids 2008;3(4):16-20.
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