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Fecha Publicación: 2010-12-17
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Vélez Marín, M., & Uribe Velásquez, L. F. (2010). ¿Cómo afecta el estrés calórico la reproducción?. Biosalud, 9(2), 83–95. Recuperado a partir de https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/5505
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La presente revisión analiza algunos de los efectos del estrés calórico sobre la reproducción. El estrés se manifiesta por la incapacidad de un animal para hacer frente a su entorno, un fenómeno que a menudo se refleja en la pérdida del potencial genético. El estrés calórico puede tener efectos en la función reproductiva en mamíferos. La regulación neuroendocrina del desarrollo folicular y de la ovulación requiere de una compleja y delicada interacción entre las gonadotropinas hipofisarias y la retroalimentación del principal esteroide folicular, el estradiol. Debido a esta compleja interacción, la regulación de la fase folicular del ciclo estral y la ovulación es especialmente vulnerable a los efectos del estrés. El estrés impacta el eje reproductivo del hipotálamo (al afectar la secreción de GnRH) y la glándula pituitaria (al afectar la secreción de gonadotropinas), con efectos directos sobre las gónadas, siendo éstos de menor relevancia. La importancia de la secreción de cortisol inducida por el estrés varía según la especie. En algunos casos, es poco el impacto que tienen los aumentos a corto plazo de las concentraciones de cortisol y el aumento prolongado en la concentración plasmática puede ser requerido antes de cualquier efecto nocivo evidente sobre la reproducción. Algunos cambios en el medio ambiente, así como la fisiología de los animales, crean condiciones de estrés. El estrés puede ser considerado como un agente externo que aplicado a un animal genera un efecto sobre su actividad fisiológica. De cualquier modo, es necesario identificar los mecanismos por los cuales el estrés altera la reproducción.
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Souza MIL, Uribe-Velásquez LF, Ramos AA, Oba E. Níveis plasmáticos de colesterol total, lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) e cortisol, e sua biorritmicidade, em carneiros Ideal-Polwarth. Cien Anim Bras 2006;7(4):433-8.
Dobson H, Smith RF. What is stress, and how does it affect reproduction? Anim Reprod Sci 2000;60-61:743-52.
Álvarez L. Efectos negativos del estrés sobre la reproducción en animales domésticos. Arch Zootec 2008;57 (R):39-59.
Souza MIL, Rubert MA, Monteiro VJO, Tasca CT, Uribe-Velásquez LF. Concentrações plasmáticas médias de triiodotironina, tiroxina e cortisol em vacas de corte de cascavel-pr-Brasil. En: VI Jornada de Medicina Veterinária Da UNIPAR, Arq. Ciên. Zool. UNIPAR, Umuarama, 2001;4(2):247-51. [Abstract].
Arias RA, Mader TL, Escobar PC. Factores climáticos que afectan el desempeño productivo del ganado bovino de carne y leche. Arch Med Vet 2008;40:7-22.
Jordan ER. Effects of heat stress on reproduction. J Dairy Sci 2003;86:104-14.
Lopez-Gatius F. Is fertility declining in dairy cattle? A retrospective study in northeastern Spain. Theriog 2003;60:89-99.
Rensis FD, Scaramuzzi RJ. Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the dairy cow-a review. Theriog 2003;60:1139-51.
Wolfenson D, Roth Z, Meidan R. Impaired reproduction in heat-stressed cattle:basic and applied aspects. J Anim Sci 2000;60-61:535-47.
Wolfenson D, Thatcher WW, Badinga L, Savio JD, Meidan R, Lew BJ, et al. Effect of heat stress on follicular development during the estrous cycle in lactating dairy cattle. Biol Reprod 1995;52:1106-13.
Ullah G, Fuquay JW, Keawkhong T, Clark BL, Pogue DE, Murphey EJ. Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone at estrus on subsequent luteal function and fertility in lactating Holsteins during heat stress. J Dairy Sci 1996;79:1950-3.
Almier M, De Rosa G, Grasso F, Napolitano F, Bordi A. Effect of climate on the response of three oestrus synchronisation techniques in lactating dairy cows. Anim Rep Sci 2002;71:157-68.
Hansen PJ, Arechiga CF. Strategies for managing reproduction in the heat-stressed dairy cow. J Anim Sci 1999;77(Suppl 2):36-50.
Inskeep EK. Preovulatory, postovulatory, and postmaternal recognition effects of concentrations of progesterone on embryonic survival in the cow. J Anim Sci 2004;82:24-39.
Selye H. The evolution of the stress concept. Am Sci 1973;6(61):692-8.
Herskin MS, Munksgaard L. Relations between adrenocortical and nociceptive responses toward acute stress in individual dairy cows. J Anim Feed Sci 2004;1(Suppl13):635-8.
Cannon WB. Stresses and strains of homeostasis. Am J Med Sci 1935;189:1-14.
Lay D, Wilson M. Physiological indicators of stress in domestic livestock. Symposium on Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations Regarding Animal Behavior, Care, and Well-Being, Indiana. 2001; 1-25.
Caballero SC, Sumano HS. Caracterización del estrés en bovinos. Arch Med Vet 1993;25:15-30.
Bohus B, Koolhass JM, Nyakas C, Steffens AB, Fokkema DS, Scheurink AJW. Physiology of stress: a behavioral view. In: P.R. Wiepkema and P.W.M. Van Adrichem, Editors, Biology of Stress in Farm Animals: An Integrative Approach, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht 1987. p. 57-70.
Pires MFA, Campos AT. Relação dos dados climáticos com o desempenho animal. In: Resende H, Campos AT, Pires MF. (Orgs). Dados climáticos e sua utilização na atividade leiteira, 1 ed, Juiz de Fora: EMBRAPA Gado de Leite. 2003;(1):250.
Johnson HD. Bioclimate effects on growth, reproduction and milk production of livestock. En Johnson HD editor. Bioclimatology and Adaptation of Livestock. World Animal Science B - 5. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publication; 1987. p. 2-26.
Chemineau P. Medio ambiente y reproducción animal. Rev Mund Zoot 1993;77:(4):2-14.
González F. Curso II de Medicina Veterinaria. Guatemala, s.e.; 2003. 11p.
Collier RJ, Beede DK, Thatcher WW. Influence of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production. J Dairy Sci 1982;65:2213-27.
Roman-Ponce HH, Thatcher WW, Wilcox CJ. Hormonal interrelationships and physiologivcal response of lactation dairy cows to a shade management system in a subtropical environment. Theriog 1981;6:139-54.
Uribe-Velásquez LF, Oba E, Brasil LHA, Wechsler FS, Stachissini AVM. Concentrações plasmáticas de cortisol, hormônios tireoideanos, metabólitos lipidicos e temperatura corporal de cabras alpinas submetidas ao estresse térmico. Rev Bras Zoot 1998;6:1123-30.
Webster MD. Behavioral and physiological adaptations of birds to hot desert climates, In: Proceedings of the 20th international ornithological congress: Christchurch, New Zealand; 1991. p. 1765-76.
McDonald LE. Veterinary endocrinology and reproduction. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1980. p.173-174.
Faure R, Fernández-Limia O, Morales-Denis C. Concentraciones de Cortisol sérico en novillas Holstein durante las dos épocas del año en Cuba. REDVET 2004; 12:12.
McNabb AFM. Thyroid hormones, their activation, degradation and effects on metabolism. J Nut 1995;125:1773-76.
Cardoso JM, Gomes R, Negrão JÁ, Campos A, Bueno AR. Variação Estacional dos Hormônios Tireoideanos e do Cortisol em Ovinos em Ambiente Tropical. R Bras Zootec 2005;34(6):2064-73.
Daley CA, Sakurai H, Adams BM, Adams TE. Effect of stress-like concentrations of cortisol on the feedback potency of oestradiol in orchidectomized sheep. Anim Reprod Sci 2000;59:167-78.
Domingues PF, Oba E, Uribe-Velásquez LF, Souza MIL, Ramos AA, Langoni H. Concentração plasmática de estradiol, prolactina e cortisol em vacas com mastite subclínica. A Hora Veterinaria 1999;18(107):9-11.
Uribe-Velásquez LF, Oba E, Brasil LHA, Souza FN, Wechsler FS. Efeitos do estresse termico nas concentracoes plasmaticas de progesterona (P4) e estradiol 17-b (E2) e temperatura retal em cabras da raça Pardo Alpina. Rev Bras Zoot 2001;30(2):388-93.
Matteri RL, Carroll JA, Dyer CJ. Neuroendocrine response to stress. In: Moberg GP, Mench JA, editors. The biology of animal stress. Basic principles and implications for animal welfare. New York: CABI Publishing; 2001. p. 43-76.
Yoshida C, Nakao T. Response of plasma cortisol and progesterone after ACTH challenge in ovariectomized lactating dairy cows. J Reprod Dev 2005;51:99-107.
Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Webster E, Chrousos GP. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997;816:42-56.
Lucy MC. Mechanisms linking nutrition and reproduction in postpartum cows. Reproduction 2003; (Suppl 61):415-27.
Goppelt-Struebe M. Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis by glucocorticoids. Biochem Pharmacol 1997;53(10):1389-95.
Colitti M, Sgorlon S, Stradaioli G, Farinacci M, Gabai G, Stefanon B. Grape polyphenols affect mRNA expression of PGHS-2, TIS11b and FOXO3 in endometrium of heifers under ACTH-induced stress. Theriog 2007;68:1022-30.
Niswender GD, Juengel JL, Silva PJ, Rollyson MK, Mcintush EW. Mechanisms controlling the function and life span of the corpus luteum. Physiol Rev 2000;80:1-29.
Braden A, Moule G. Effects of stress on ovarian morphology and oestrus cycles in ewes. Aust J Agr Res 1964;15:937-49.
Bond J, McDowell R. Reproductive performance and physiological responses of beef females as affected by a prolonged high environmental temperature. J Anim Sci 1972;4: 320-9.
Doney JM, Gunn RG, Griffiths JG. The effect of premating stress on the onset of oestrus and on ovulation rate in Scottish Blackface ewes. J Reprod Fertil 1973;35:381-4.
Ehnert K, Moberg GP. Disruption of estrous behavior in ewes by dexamethasone or managementrelated stress. J Anim Sci 1991;69:2988-94.
Cartmill JA, El-Zarkouny SZ, Hensley BA, Rozell TG, Smith JF, Stevenson JS. An alternative al breeding protocol for dairy cows exposed to elevated ambient temperatures before or after calving or both. J Dairy Sci 2001;84:799-806.
Ravagnolo O, Misztal I. Effect of heat stress on nonreturn rate in Holsteins: fixed-model analysis. J Dairy Sci 2002;85:3101-6.
Ealy AD, Drost M, Hansen PJ. Developmental changes in embryonic resistance to adverse effects of maternal heat stress in cows. J Dairy Sci 1993;76:2899-907.
Ryan DP, Prichard JF, Kopel E, Godke RA. Comparing early embryo mortality in dairy cows during hot and cool seasons of the year. Theriog 1993;39:719-37.
Roth Z, Meidan R, Braw-Tal R, Wolfenson D. Immediate and delayed effects of heat stress on folicular development and its association with plasma FSH and inhibin concentration in cows. J Reprod Fertil 2000;120:83-90.
Roth Z, Arav A, Bor A, Zeron Y, Braw-Tal R, Wolfenson D. Improvement of quality of oocytes Ecollected in the autumn by enhanced removal of impaired follicles from previously heat-stressed cows. Reproduction 2001;122:737-44.
Roth Z, Meidan R, Shaham-Albalancy A, Braw-Tal R, Wolfenson D. Delayed effect of heat stress on steroid production in medium sized and preovulatory bovine follicles. Reproduction 2001;121:745-51.
Gilad E, Meidan R, Berman A, Graber, Wolfenson D. Effect of heat stress on tonic and GnRH-induced gonadotrophin secretion in relation to concentration of oestradiol in plasma of cyclic cows. J Reprod Fertil 1993;99:315-21.
Wise ME, Armstrong DV, Huber JT, Hunter R, Wiersma F. Hormonal alterations in the lactating dairy cow in response to thermal stress. J Dairy Sci 1988;71:2480-5.
Wilson SJ, Marion RS, Spain JN, Spiers DE, Keisler DH, Lucy MC. Effect of controlled heat stress on ovarian function in dairy cattle: Lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 1998;1:2124-31.
Kawate N, Inaba T, Mori J. Effect of cortisol on the amounts of estradiol-17 b and progesterone secreted and the number of luteinizing hormone receptors in cultured bovine granulosa cells. Anim Reprod Sci 1993;32:15-25.
Jennifer P, McDowell LR, Hansen PJ. Characteristics of the estrous cycle and antioxidant status of lactating Holstein cows exposed to heat stress. J Dairy Sci 1998;81:1244-50.
Rodríguez M, Montaldo HH, Balcázar JA, Hernández J. Niveles de progesterona sérica en ovejas Pelibuey y Suffolk sometidas a estrés térmico. Veterinaria México [en línea] 2009, vol. 40 [citado 2010-10-24]. Disponible en URL: http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/src/inicio
Chrousos GP, Torpy DJ, Gold PW. Interactions between the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and the Female Reproductive System: Clinical Implications. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:229-40.
Córdova IA, López HR, Saltijeral OJ, Muñoz MR, Córdova JM, Córdova JC, et al. El Bienestar Animal en la Reproducción Animal. Av Tecnol Porc 2005;2(1)1:4-20.
Báez FJ, Chávez AC, Hernández HJ, Villamediana PC. Evaluación de la capacidad de desarrollo in vitro de ovocitos bovinos provenientes de vacas con predominancia fenotípica Bos taurus y Bos indicus. Rev Cient 2010;20(3):259-67.
Ingraham RH, Stanley RW, Wagner WC. Relationship of temperature and humidity to pregnancy rate of Holstein cows in Hawaii. J Dairy Sci 1976;59:2086-90.
Sartori S, Sartor-Bergfelt R, Mertens SA, Guenther JN, Parrish JJ, Wiltbank MC. Fertilization and early embryonic development in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter. J Dairy Sci 2002;85:2803-12.
Al-Katanani YM, Paula-Lopes FF, Hansen PJ. Effect of season and exposure to heat stress on oocyte competence in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2002;85:390-6.
Ambrose JD, Guseloglu A, Thatcher MJ, Kassa T, Diaz T, Thatcher WW. Long-term follicular dynamics and biochemical characteristics of dominant follicles in dairy cows subjected to heat-stress. J Reprod Fertil 1999; 54(Suppl):503-4.
Roman-Ponce H, Thatcher WW, Canton D, Barron DH, Wilcox CJ. Thermal stress effects on uterine blood flow in dairy cows. J Anim Sci 1978;46:175-80.
Fisher AD, Niemeyer JM, Lea C, Lee DR, Paull MT, Ferguson DM. The effects of 12, 30, or 48 hours of road transport on the physiological and behavioral responses of sheep. J Anim Sci 2010;88:2144-52.
Smith R, Dobson H. Hormonal interactions within the hypothalamus and pituitary with respect to stress and reproduction in sheep. Domes Anim Endo 2002;23:75-85.
Ozawa M, Tabayashi D, Latief TA, Shimizu T, Oshima I, Kanai Y. Alterations in follicular dynamics and steroidogenic abilities induced by heat stress during follicular recruitment in goats. Reproduction 2005;129:621-30.
Dobson H, Smith RF. What is stress, and how does it affect reproduction? Anim Reprod Sci 2000;60-61:743-52.
Álvarez L. Efectos negativos del estrés sobre la reproducción en animales domésticos. Arch Zootec 2008;57 (R):39-59.
Souza MIL, Rubert MA, Monteiro VJO, Tasca CT, Uribe-Velásquez LF. Concentrações plasmáticas médias de triiodotironina, tiroxina e cortisol em vacas de corte de cascavel-pr-Brasil. En: VI Jornada de Medicina Veterinária Da UNIPAR, Arq. Ciên. Zool. UNIPAR, Umuarama, 2001;4(2):247-51. [Abstract].
Arias RA, Mader TL, Escobar PC. Factores climáticos que afectan el desempeño productivo del ganado bovino de carne y leche. Arch Med Vet 2008;40:7-22.
Jordan ER. Effects of heat stress on reproduction. J Dairy Sci 2003;86:104-14.
Lopez-Gatius F. Is fertility declining in dairy cattle? A retrospective study in northeastern Spain. Theriog 2003;60:89-99.
Rensis FD, Scaramuzzi RJ. Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the dairy cow-a review. Theriog 2003;60:1139-51.
Wolfenson D, Roth Z, Meidan R. Impaired reproduction in heat-stressed cattle:basic and applied aspects. J Anim Sci 2000;60-61:535-47.
Wolfenson D, Thatcher WW, Badinga L, Savio JD, Meidan R, Lew BJ, et al. Effect of heat stress on follicular development during the estrous cycle in lactating dairy cattle. Biol Reprod 1995;52:1106-13.
Ullah G, Fuquay JW, Keawkhong T, Clark BL, Pogue DE, Murphey EJ. Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone at estrus on subsequent luteal function and fertility in lactating Holsteins during heat stress. J Dairy Sci 1996;79:1950-3.
Almier M, De Rosa G, Grasso F, Napolitano F, Bordi A. Effect of climate on the response of three oestrus synchronisation techniques in lactating dairy cows. Anim Rep Sci 2002;71:157-68.
Hansen PJ, Arechiga CF. Strategies for managing reproduction in the heat-stressed dairy cow. J Anim Sci 1999;77(Suppl 2):36-50.
Inskeep EK. Preovulatory, postovulatory, and postmaternal recognition effects of concentrations of progesterone on embryonic survival in the cow. J Anim Sci 2004;82:24-39.
Selye H. The evolution of the stress concept. Am Sci 1973;6(61):692-8.
Herskin MS, Munksgaard L. Relations between adrenocortical and nociceptive responses toward acute stress in individual dairy cows. J Anim Feed Sci 2004;1(Suppl13):635-8.
Cannon WB. Stresses and strains of homeostasis. Am J Med Sci 1935;189:1-14.
Lay D, Wilson M. Physiological indicators of stress in domestic livestock. Symposium on Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations Regarding Animal Behavior, Care, and Well-Being, Indiana. 2001; 1-25.
Caballero SC, Sumano HS. Caracterización del estrés en bovinos. Arch Med Vet 1993;25:15-30.
Bohus B, Koolhass JM, Nyakas C, Steffens AB, Fokkema DS, Scheurink AJW. Physiology of stress: a behavioral view. In: P.R. Wiepkema and P.W.M. Van Adrichem, Editors, Biology of Stress in Farm Animals: An Integrative Approach, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht 1987. p. 57-70.
Pires MFA, Campos AT. Relação dos dados climáticos com o desempenho animal. In: Resende H, Campos AT, Pires MF. (Orgs). Dados climáticos e sua utilização na atividade leiteira, 1 ed, Juiz de Fora: EMBRAPA Gado de Leite. 2003;(1):250.
Johnson HD. Bioclimate effects on growth, reproduction and milk production of livestock. En Johnson HD editor. Bioclimatology and Adaptation of Livestock. World Animal Science B - 5. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publication; 1987. p. 2-26.
Chemineau P. Medio ambiente y reproducción animal. Rev Mund Zoot 1993;77:(4):2-14.
González F. Curso II de Medicina Veterinaria. Guatemala, s.e.; 2003. 11p.
Collier RJ, Beede DK, Thatcher WW. Influence of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production. J Dairy Sci 1982;65:2213-27.
Roman-Ponce HH, Thatcher WW, Wilcox CJ. Hormonal interrelationships and physiologivcal response of lactation dairy cows to a shade management system in a subtropical environment. Theriog 1981;6:139-54.
Uribe-Velásquez LF, Oba E, Brasil LHA, Wechsler FS, Stachissini AVM. Concentrações plasmáticas de cortisol, hormônios tireoideanos, metabólitos lipidicos e temperatura corporal de cabras alpinas submetidas ao estresse térmico. Rev Bras Zoot 1998;6:1123-30.
Webster MD. Behavioral and physiological adaptations of birds to hot desert climates, In: Proceedings of the 20th international ornithological congress: Christchurch, New Zealand; 1991. p. 1765-76.
McDonald LE. Veterinary endocrinology and reproduction. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1980. p.173-174.
Faure R, Fernández-Limia O, Morales-Denis C. Concentraciones de Cortisol sérico en novillas Holstein durante las dos épocas del año en Cuba. REDVET 2004; 12:12.
McNabb AFM. Thyroid hormones, their activation, degradation and effects on metabolism. J Nut 1995;125:1773-76.
Cardoso JM, Gomes R, Negrão JÁ, Campos A, Bueno AR. Variação Estacional dos Hormônios Tireoideanos e do Cortisol em Ovinos em Ambiente Tropical. R Bras Zootec 2005;34(6):2064-73.
Daley CA, Sakurai H, Adams BM, Adams TE. Effect of stress-like concentrations of cortisol on the feedback potency of oestradiol in orchidectomized sheep. Anim Reprod Sci 2000;59:167-78.
Domingues PF, Oba E, Uribe-Velásquez LF, Souza MIL, Ramos AA, Langoni H. Concentração plasmática de estradiol, prolactina e cortisol em vacas com mastite subclínica. A Hora Veterinaria 1999;18(107):9-11.
Uribe-Velásquez LF, Oba E, Brasil LHA, Souza FN, Wechsler FS. Efeitos do estresse termico nas concentracoes plasmaticas de progesterona (P4) e estradiol 17-b (E2) e temperatura retal em cabras da raça Pardo Alpina. Rev Bras Zoot 2001;30(2):388-93.
Matteri RL, Carroll JA, Dyer CJ. Neuroendocrine response to stress. In: Moberg GP, Mench JA, editors. The biology of animal stress. Basic principles and implications for animal welfare. New York: CABI Publishing; 2001. p. 43-76.
Yoshida C, Nakao T. Response of plasma cortisol and progesterone after ACTH challenge in ovariectomized lactating dairy cows. J Reprod Dev 2005;51:99-107.
Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Webster E, Chrousos GP. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997;816:42-56.
Lucy MC. Mechanisms linking nutrition and reproduction in postpartum cows. Reproduction 2003; (Suppl 61):415-27.
Goppelt-Struebe M. Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis by glucocorticoids. Biochem Pharmacol 1997;53(10):1389-95.
Colitti M, Sgorlon S, Stradaioli G, Farinacci M, Gabai G, Stefanon B. Grape polyphenols affect mRNA expression of PGHS-2, TIS11b and FOXO3 in endometrium of heifers under ACTH-induced stress. Theriog 2007;68:1022-30.
Niswender GD, Juengel JL, Silva PJ, Rollyson MK, Mcintush EW. Mechanisms controlling the function and life span of the corpus luteum. Physiol Rev 2000;80:1-29.
Braden A, Moule G. Effects of stress on ovarian morphology and oestrus cycles in ewes. Aust J Agr Res 1964;15:937-49.
Bond J, McDowell R. Reproductive performance and physiological responses of beef females as affected by a prolonged high environmental temperature. J Anim Sci 1972;4: 320-9.
Doney JM, Gunn RG, Griffiths JG. The effect of premating stress on the onset of oestrus and on ovulation rate in Scottish Blackface ewes. J Reprod Fertil 1973;35:381-4.
Ehnert K, Moberg GP. Disruption of estrous behavior in ewes by dexamethasone or managementrelated stress. J Anim Sci 1991;69:2988-94.
Cartmill JA, El-Zarkouny SZ, Hensley BA, Rozell TG, Smith JF, Stevenson JS. An alternative al breeding protocol for dairy cows exposed to elevated ambient temperatures before or after calving or both. J Dairy Sci 2001;84:799-806.
Ravagnolo O, Misztal I. Effect of heat stress on nonreturn rate in Holsteins: fixed-model analysis. J Dairy Sci 2002;85:3101-6.
Ealy AD, Drost M, Hansen PJ. Developmental changes in embryonic resistance to adverse effects of maternal heat stress in cows. J Dairy Sci 1993;76:2899-907.
Ryan DP, Prichard JF, Kopel E, Godke RA. Comparing early embryo mortality in dairy cows during hot and cool seasons of the year. Theriog 1993;39:719-37.
Roth Z, Meidan R, Braw-Tal R, Wolfenson D. Immediate and delayed effects of heat stress on folicular development and its association with plasma FSH and inhibin concentration in cows. J Reprod Fertil 2000;120:83-90.
Roth Z, Arav A, Bor A, Zeron Y, Braw-Tal R, Wolfenson D. Improvement of quality of oocytes Ecollected in the autumn by enhanced removal of impaired follicles from previously heat-stressed cows. Reproduction 2001;122:737-44.
Roth Z, Meidan R, Shaham-Albalancy A, Braw-Tal R, Wolfenson D. Delayed effect of heat stress on steroid production in medium sized and preovulatory bovine follicles. Reproduction 2001;121:745-51.
Gilad E, Meidan R, Berman A, Graber, Wolfenson D. Effect of heat stress on tonic and GnRH-induced gonadotrophin secretion in relation to concentration of oestradiol in plasma of cyclic cows. J Reprod Fertil 1993;99:315-21.
Wise ME, Armstrong DV, Huber JT, Hunter R, Wiersma F. Hormonal alterations in the lactating dairy cow in response to thermal stress. J Dairy Sci 1988;71:2480-5.
Wilson SJ, Marion RS, Spain JN, Spiers DE, Keisler DH, Lucy MC. Effect of controlled heat stress on ovarian function in dairy cattle: Lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 1998;1:2124-31.
Kawate N, Inaba T, Mori J. Effect of cortisol on the amounts of estradiol-17 b and progesterone secreted and the number of luteinizing hormone receptors in cultured bovine granulosa cells. Anim Reprod Sci 1993;32:15-25.
Jennifer P, McDowell LR, Hansen PJ. Characteristics of the estrous cycle and antioxidant status of lactating Holstein cows exposed to heat stress. J Dairy Sci 1998;81:1244-50.
Rodríguez M, Montaldo HH, Balcázar JA, Hernández J. Niveles de progesterona sérica en ovejas Pelibuey y Suffolk sometidas a estrés térmico. Veterinaria México [en línea] 2009, vol. 40 [citado 2010-10-24]. Disponible en URL: http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/src/inicio
Chrousos GP, Torpy DJ, Gold PW. Interactions between the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and the Female Reproductive System: Clinical Implications. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:229-40.
Córdova IA, López HR, Saltijeral OJ, Muñoz MR, Córdova JM, Córdova JC, et al. El Bienestar Animal en la Reproducción Animal. Av Tecnol Porc 2005;2(1)1:4-20.
Báez FJ, Chávez AC, Hernández HJ, Villamediana PC. Evaluación de la capacidad de desarrollo in vitro de ovocitos bovinos provenientes de vacas con predominancia fenotípica Bos taurus y Bos indicus. Rev Cient 2010;20(3):259-67.
Ingraham RH, Stanley RW, Wagner WC. Relationship of temperature and humidity to pregnancy rate of Holstein cows in Hawaii. J Dairy Sci 1976;59:2086-90.
Sartori S, Sartor-Bergfelt R, Mertens SA, Guenther JN, Parrish JJ, Wiltbank MC. Fertilization and early embryonic development in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter. J Dairy Sci 2002;85:2803-12.
Al-Katanani YM, Paula-Lopes FF, Hansen PJ. Effect of season and exposure to heat stress on oocyte competence in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2002;85:390-6.
Ambrose JD, Guseloglu A, Thatcher MJ, Kassa T, Diaz T, Thatcher WW. Long-term follicular dynamics and biochemical characteristics of dominant follicles in dairy cows subjected to heat-stress. J Reprod Fertil 1999; 54(Suppl):503-4.
Roman-Ponce H, Thatcher WW, Canton D, Barron DH, Wilcox CJ. Thermal stress effects on uterine blood flow in dairy cows. J Anim Sci 1978;46:175-80.
Fisher AD, Niemeyer JM, Lea C, Lee DR, Paull MT, Ferguson DM. The effects of 12, 30, or 48 hours of road transport on the physiological and behavioral responses of sheep. J Anim Sci 2010;88:2144-52.
Smith R, Dobson H. Hormonal interactions within the hypothalamus and pituitary with respect to stress and reproduction in sheep. Domes Anim Endo 2002;23:75-85.
Ozawa M, Tabayashi D, Latief TA, Shimizu T, Oshima I, Kanai Y. Alterations in follicular dynamics and steroidogenic abilities induced by heat stress during follicular recruitment in goats. Reproduction 2005;129:621-30.
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