Emisiones biogénicas de monoterpenos en el parque nacional natural Tayrona, Santa Marta (Colombia)

Abstract

Monoterpenes and other volatile organic compounds emitted by vegetation (biogenic emissions) play a significant role in tropospheric chemistry because of their participation in the formation of photochemical oxidants (i.e. troposfheric ozone). This is how the estimation of biogenic emissions is useful for determining approximate values of monoterpenes concentration, which is essential in developing programs to improve air quality. The aim of this work was to estimate biogenic emissions of monoterpenes in the Tayrona National Park, that was selected because of the presence of native vegetation of the tropics with little or no human interference. Remote sensing was applied for classification of vegetation, coverage obtaining the spatial distribution of the typical vegetation and identifying the most dominant families. Monoterpenes emissions were estimated at 3.54 x 104 kg d-1, represented 60% of the Leguminosae family, 37.4% of the Euphorbiaceae family, 2.4% of the Anacardiaceae family and less than 1% of Rubiaceae and Polygonaceae families. During daylight hours in the park area (from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) the highest daily temperatures were registered and the highest emission rates of monoterpenes (59.6%); one fourth of the emissions occur between 10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. (24.2%), period in which solar radiation presents daily maximums and establishes critical conditions for the formation of photochemical oxidants. The influence of winds on the spatial-temporal distribution of emissions shows that 26% of the air mass come from the N and 15% of NE in the last quarter of year, a situation that could favor the spread of monoterpenes to urban centers near the natural park, which could alter the local atmospheric chemistry with the formation of photochemical oxidants.

Keywords:

Emisiones biogénicas

monoterpenos

oxidantes fotoquímicos

vegetación

Biogenic emissions

monoterpenes

photochemical oxidants

vegetation

References

Arey, J., Atkinson, R. & Aschmann, S. (1990). Product Study of the GasPhase Reactions of Monoterpenes with the OH Radical in the Presence of NOx. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95(D11), 18,539-18,546.

Camargo, Y., Bolaño T., Álvarez A. (2010). Emisiones de compuestos orgánicos volátiles de origen Biogénico y su contribución a la dinámica atmosférica. Revista Intropica, 5, 77-86.

Cremades, L. V. & Ribes, S. (1997). Emisiones biogénicas procedentes de la vegetación terrestre en las áreas mediterráneas. II Jornadas sobre COVs. Emisión, Muestreo, Análisis y Tratamiento. Fórum Ambiental ECOMED POLLUTEC. Barcelona, 26 Febrero.

Chen, F., Kin-Yin, J., Guenther, A. & Wing-Kin, Y. (2009). A biogenic volatile organic compound emission inventory for Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 6442-6448.

Chuvieco, E. (2008). Teledetección Ambiental, la observación de la tierra desde el espacio. 3a ed. Madrid, España: Ariel.

Derognat, C., Beekmann, M., Baeumle, M., Martin, D. & Schmidt, H. (2003). Effect of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions on tropospheric chemistry during the Atmospheric Pollution Over the Paris Area (ESQUIF) campaign in the Ile-de-France region. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (D17), ESQ 3: 1-13.

Fehsenfeld, F., Calvert, J., Fall, R., Goldan, P., Guenther, A. B., Hewitt, C. N., Lamb, B., Liu, S., Trainer, M., Westberg, H. & Zimmerman, P. R. (1992). Emission of volatile organic compounds from vegetation and the implications for atmospheric chemistry. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 6, 389-430.

Gastelum, S. (2000). Estimación de las emisiones de isoprenos y monoterpenos generados por la vegetación que contribuyen a las condiciones de la cuenta atmosférica de Moterrey. Tesis Maestro en Ciencias Especialidad en Ciencias Ambientales. Programa de graduados en Ingeniería. Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, México.

Guenther, A., Monson, R. K. & Fall, R. (1991). Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: observations with Eucalyptus and emission rate algorithm development. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 10799-10808.

Guenther, A., Zimmerman, P. & Harley, P. C. (1993). Isoprene and Monoterpene Emission Rate Variability: Model Evaluations and sensitivity Analyses. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98(D7), 12609-12617.

Guenther, A., Zimmerman, P. & Wildermuth. M. (1994). Natural volatile organic compound emission rate estimates for U.S. woodland landscapes. Atmospheric Environment, 28(6), 1197-1210.

Guenther, A., Hewitt, C., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P. et al. (1995). A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(D5), 8873-8892.

Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales de Colombia – IDEAM–. (2007a). Informe 151: Condiciones meteorológicas en agosto de 2007 y proyecciones en el corto, mediano y largo plazo. Bogotá D.C., Colombia.

________. (2007b). Predicciones climáticas y alertas para planear y decidir. Bogotá D.C., Colombia. No. 151. Septiembre de 2007. ISSN 1909-3314.

________. (2007c). Predicciones climáticas y alertas para planear y decidir. Bogotá D.C., Colombia. No. 152. Octubre de 2007. ISSN 1909-3314.

Janson, R. W. (1992). Monoterpenes from the Boreal Coniferous Forest. Their Role in Atmospheric Chemistry. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University.

Lancaster University. (2009). Database of Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Department of Environmental Science. http://www.es.lancs.ac.uk/people/cnh, julio - 2009.

Lerdau M., Litvak M. & Monson, R. (1994). Plant-Chemical Defense - Monoterpenes and the Growth-Differentiation Balance Hypothesis. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 9, 58-61.

McGarvey, D. J. & Croteau, R. (1995). Terpenoid metabolism. The Plant Cell, 7, 1015-1026.

Monson, R. K., Lerdau, M. T., Sharkey, T. D., Schimel, D. S. & Fall, R. (1995). Biological aspects of constructing volatile organic compound emissions inventories. Atmospheric Environment, 29, 2989-3002.

Puentes, M. (2002). Plantas Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona. Las 100 especies más sobresalientes. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. Delegación de la Comisión Europea para Colombia y Ecuador. Agencia colombiana de Cooperación Internacional. Santa Marta.

Räisänen, T., Ryyppö, A. & Kellomäki, S. (2009). Monoterpene emission of a boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest. Agric. For. Meteorol, 149, 808- 819.

Sabillón, D. (2001). Determinación de los factores de emisión de Monoterpenos en tres especies típicas de la vegetación terrestre mediterránea: Pinus pinea, Pinus halepensis y Quercus ilex. Tesis doctoral. Departament d'Enginyeria Química. Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya. Barcelona, España.

Schindler, T. & Kotzias, D. (1989). Comparison of monoterpene volatilization and leaf-oil composition of conifers. Naturwissenschaften, 76, 475-476.

Schuh, G., Heiden, A. C., Hoffmann, Th., Kahl, J., Rockel, P., Rudolph, J. & Wildt, J. (1997). Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Sunflower and Beech: Dependence on Temperature and Light Intensity. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 27, 291-318.

Simon, V., Clement, B., Riba, M.-L. & Torres, L. (1994). The Landesexperiment: Monoterpenes emitted from the maritime pine. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 16501-16510.

Spanke, J., Rannik, U., Forkel, R., Nigge, W. & Hoffmann, T. (2001). Emission fluxes and atmospheric degradation of monoterpenes above a boreal forest: field measurements and modelling. Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 53, 406-422.

Staudt, M. & Bertin, N. (1998). Light and temperature dependence of the emission of cyclic and acyclic monoterpenes from holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) leaves. Plant, cell and Environment, 21, 385-395.

Tao, Z., Larson, S. M., Wuebbles, D. J., Williams, A. & Caughey, M. (2003). A seasonal simulation of biogenic contributions to ground-level ozone over the continental United States. Journal of Geophysical research, 108(D14), ACH 2: 1-15.

Thunis, P. & Cavilier, C. (2000). Impact of biogenic emissions on ozone formation in the Mediterranean area- a BEMA modelling study. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 467-481.

Tingey, D. T., Manning, M., Grothaus, L. C. & Burns, W. F. (1980). Influence of light and temperature on monoterpene emissions from slash pine. Plant Physiology, 65, 797-801.

Tingey, D. T., Turner, D. P. & Weber, J. A. (1991). Factors Controlling the Emissions of Monoterpenes and Other Volatile Organic Compounds. En T. D. Sharkey, E. A. Holland & H. A. Mooney (Eds.). Trace Gas Emissions By Plants (pp. 93-119). San Diego: Academic Press.

Toro, G. M., Cremades O. L. & Ramírez, B. J. (2001). Inventario de Emisiones Biogénicas en el Valle de Aburrá. Revista Ingeniería y Gestión Ambiental, 17(32-33).

Velasco, E. (2003). Estimates for biogenic non-methane hydrocarbons and nitric oxide emissions in the Valley of Mexico. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 625-637.

Velasco, E. & Bernabé, R. (2004). Emisiones Biogénicas. México, D.F.: Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco.

Wang, Z., Yuhua, B. & Shuyu, Z. (2003). A biogenic volatile organic compounds emission inventory for Beijing. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 3771-3782.

Xu, Y., Wesely, M. L. & Pierce, T. E. (2002). Estimates of biogenic emissions using satellite observations and influence of isoprene emission on O3 formation over the eastern United States. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 5819-5829.