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Quijano Parra, A., Quijano Vargas, M. J., & Meléndez Gélvez, I. (2015). Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in particulate matter pm2.5 in a residential area of Pamplona, Colombia. Luna Azul, (40), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.17151/10.17151/luaz.2015.40.7
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Abstract
Air pollutants have been. and still are. the main factor that contribute to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), asthma and cancer. Ozone, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter are air pollutants. Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in samples of particulate matter breathable fraction PM2.5 air of the city of Pamplona (Norte de Santander, Colombia) was performed in this study. Initially, organic material present in the particulate material PM2.5 was extracted through ultrasound, followed by concentration through a rotary evaporator, obtaining the overall extract, part of which was subjected to a division process in a silica gel column, Finally four fractions were obtained. Quantification of PAHs present in the (hap) PM2.5 particulate material, global extract and the four fractions was carried out in an Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph plus with FID detector. Among the HAPs identified the following are included: naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, benzo(a)anthracene, pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and indene(1,2,3,cd-pyrene). These PAHs are toxic compounds, mutagenic and carcinogenic for animals and humans according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
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References
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Arciniégas Suárez, C.A. (2012). Diagnóstico y control de material particulado: partículas suspendidas totales y fracción respirable PM10. Luna Azul, 34(1), 195-213.
Banjoo, D. & Nelson, P. (2005). Improved ultrasonic extraction procedure for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments. Journal of Chromatography A, 1066, 9-18.
Billet, S., Garçon, G., Dagher, Z., Verdin, A., Ledoux, F., Cazier, F., Courcot, D., Aboukais, A. & Shirali, P. (2007). Ambient particulate matter (PM2.5): physicochemical characterization and metabolic activation of the organic fraction in human lung epithelial cells (A549). Environmental Research, 105, 212-223.
Billet, S., Abbas, I., Le Goff, J., Verdin, A., Andre, V., Lafargue, P.E., Hachimi, A., Cazier, F., Sichel, F., Shirali, P. & Garçon, G. (2008). Genotoxic potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-coated onto airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) in human lung epithelial A549 cells. Cancer Letters, 270(1), 144-155.
Brunekreef, B. & Holgate, S.T. (2002). Air pollution and health. Lancet, 360, 1233-42.
Castro, D., Slezakova, K., Oliva-Teles, M.T., Delerue-Matos, C., Alvim-Ferraz, M.C., Morais, S. & Pereira, M.C. (2009). Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate samples by microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography. J. Sep. Sci., 32, 501-510.
Castro, D., Slezakova, K., Delerue-Matos, C., Alvim-Ferraz, M.C., Morais, S. & Pereira, M.C. (2010). Contribution of traffic and tobacco smoke in the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on outdoor and indoor PM2.5. Glob. Nest. J., 12, 3-11.
Cormier, S., Lomnicki, S., Backes, W. & Dellinger, B. (2006). Origin and health impacts of emissions of toxic by-products and fine particles from combustion and thermal treatment of hazardous wastes ald materials. Environ. Health Perspect., 114(6), 810-817.
Consuegra, A.A. (2006). Estudio de la contaminación atmosférica generada por óxidos de azufre, óxidos de nitrógeno y material particulado en un sector de la ciudad de Bogotá. Primera parte. Avances Investigación en Ingeniería, 22, 32-36.
De Kok, T.M., Driece, H.A., Hogervorst, J.G. & Briede, J.J. (2006). Toxicological assessment of ambient and traffic-related particulate matter: a review of recent studies. Mutat. Res., 613, 103-122.
Dominici, F., Peng, R.D., Bell, M.L., Pham, L., McDermott, A., Zeger, S.L. & Samet, J.M. (2006). Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 295, 1127-1134.
Du Four, V.A., Van Larebeke, N. & Janssen, C.R. (2004). Genotoxic and mutagenic activity of environmental air samples in Flanders, Belgium. Mutation Research, 558(1-2), 155-167.
EEA –European Environment Agency– (2004). Transport and Environment in Europe. EEA Briefing 03/2004. Copenhagen: EEA.
EEA –European Environment Agency– (2008). Annual European Community LRTAP Convention Emissions Inventory Report 1990-2006. EEA Technical Report No. 7. Copenhagen: EEA.
EPA –Environmental Protection Agency–. (1996). Air quality criteria for particulate matter. Vol. 1. EPA.
EPA (2001). Air quality criteria for particulate matter. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. EPA 2001. 600/P-99/002aB.
EPA Method TO-13A. (1999). Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Ambient Air Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Second edition. Cincinnati: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. pp. 36-43.
Guo, H., Lee, S.C., Ho, K.F., Wang, X.M. & Zou, S.C. (2003). Particleassociated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong. Atmos. Environ., 37, 5307-5317.
Harri, M., Svoboda, P., Mori, T., Mutanen, P., Kasai, H. & Savela, K. (2005). Analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine among workers exposed to diesel particulate exhaust: comparison with urinary metabolites and PAH air monitoring. Free Radical Research, 39, 963-972.
Hu, S., Fruin, S., Kozawa, K., Mara, S., Winer, A.M. & Paulson, S.E. (2009). Aircraft emission impacts in a neighborhood adjacent to a general aviation airport in Southern California. Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 8039-8045.
IARC. (2002). Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risk. Hum., 82, 367.
IARC (2010). International Agency for Research on Cancer. Some Nonheterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risk. Hum., 92, 773.
Liu, Z.D., Liu, H.G., Wang, B., Lu, F., Huang, S.H., Wu, D.X. & Han, D.W. (2008). Aerosol observation in Fengtai area, Beijing. Particuology, 6, 214-217.
Mahbub, P., Goonetilleke, A., Egodawatta, P.K., Yigitcanlar, T. & Ayoko, G.A. (2011). Analysis of build-up of heavy metals and volatile organics on urban roads in Gold Coast, Australia. Water Science and Technology, 63(9), 2077-2085.
Meléndez Gélvez, I., Martínez Montañez, M.L. & Quijano Parra, A. (2012). Actividad mutagénica y genotóxica en el material particulado fracción respirable MP2,5, en Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. Iatreia, 25(4), 347-356.
Muránszky, G., Óvári, M., Virág, I., Csiba, P., Dobai, R. & Záray, G. (2011). Chemical characterization of PM10 fractions of urban aerosol. Microchem. J., 98, 1-10.
Nawrot, T.S. & Nemery, B. (2007). Response to findings on association between temperature and dose response coefficient of inhalable particles (PM10) e Response. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61, 838- 839.
Nel, A.E., Xia, T., Madler, L. & Li, N. (2006). Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science, 311, 622-627.
Nemmar, A. & Inuwa, I.M. (2008). Diesel exhaust particles in blood trigger systemic and pulmonary morphological alterations. Toxicology Letters, 176, 20-30.
Novotna, B., Topinka, J., Solansky, I., Chvatalova, I., Lnenickova, Z. & Sram, R.J. (2007). Impact of air pollution and genotype variability on DNA damage in Prague policemen. Toxicology Letters, 172, 37-47.
Oliveira, C., Pio, C., Alves, C., Evtyugina, M., Santos, P., Goncalves, V., Nunes, T., Silvestre, A.J.D., Palmgren, F., Wahlin, P. & Harrad, S. (2007). Seasonal distribution of polar organic compounds in the urban atmosphere of two large cities from the North and South of Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 5555-5570.
Pachón, J., García, H., Bustos, M., Bravo, H. & Sosa, R. (2004). Determinación de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en muestras de partículas atmosféricas en la zona metropolitana de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia). Meteorol. Colomb., 8, 27-35.
Pey, J., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Rodríguez, S., Putaud, J.P. & Van Dingenen, R. (2009). Source apportionment of urban fine and ultra-fine particle number concentration in a Western Mediterranean city. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 4407-4415.
Pickering, R.W. (1999). A toxicological review of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Toxicol Cutan Ocul Toxicol, 18, 101-135.
Piñeiro, M., López, P., Muniategui, S., Prada, D., Querol, X. & Alastuey, A. (2003). A new method for the simultaneous determination of PAH and metals in samples of atmospheric particulate matter. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 4171-4175.
Pio, C.A., Legrand, M., Oliveira, T., Afonso, J., Santos, C., Caseiro, A., Fialho, P., Barata, F., Puxbaum, H., Sánchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Gelencser, A., Preunkert, S. & Schock, M. (2007). Climatology of aerosol composition (organic versus inorganic) at nonurban sites on a west-east transect across Europe. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 112.
Pope III, C.A., Burnett, R.T., Thun, M.J., Calle, E.E., Krewski, D., It, K & Thurston, G.D. (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. J. Am. Med., 287(9), 1132-1141.
Quijano Parra, A., Quijano Vargas, M.J. & Henao M., J.A. (2010). Caracterización fisicoquímica del Material Particulado-Fracción Respirable (PM2.5) en Pamplona (Colombia). Bistua: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, 10(1), 1-11.
Ravindra, K., Bencs, L., Wauters, E., De Hoog, J., Deutsch, F., Roekens, E., Bleux, N., Bergmans, P. & Van Grieken, R. (2006). Seasonal and site-specific variation in vapor and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their relation with anthropogenic activities. Atmos. Environ, 40, 771-785.
Samara, C. & Voutsa, D. (2005). Size distribution of airborne particulate matter and associated heavy metals in the roadside environment. Journal Chemosphere, 59, 1197-1206.
Shaofei, K., Xiao, D., Zhipeng, B., Bin, H., Li, C., Jianwu, S. & Zhiyong, L. (2010). A seasonal study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 in five typical cities of Liaoning Province, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183, 70-80.
Shaofei, K., Jianwu, S., Bing, L., Weiguang, Q., Baosheng, Z., Yue, P., Bowen, Z. & Zhipeng, B. (2011). Characterization of PAHs within PM10 fraction for ashes from coke production, iron smelt, heating station and power plant stacks in Liaoning Province, China. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 3777-3785.
Slezakova, K., Castro, D., Pereira, M.C., Morais, S., Delerue-Matos, C. & Alvim-Ferraz, M.C.M. (2010). Influence of traffic emissions on the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in outdoor breathable particles, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 60, 393-401.
Traversi, D., Degan, R., De Marco, R., Gilli, G., Pignata, C., Villani, S. & Bono, R. (2009). Mutagenic properties of PM2.5 urban pollution in Northern Italy: the nitro-compounds contribution. Environment International, 35, 905-910.
Valavanidis, A., Fiotakis, K., Vlahogianni, T., Bakeas, E.B., Triantafillaki, S., Paraskevopoulou, V. & Dassenakis, M (2006). Characterization of atmospheric particulates, particle-bound transition metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of urban air in the centre of Athens (Greece). Chemosphere, 65, 760-768.
Vargas, F.A. & Rojas, N.Y. (2010). Composición química y reconstrucción másica del material particulado suspendido en el aire de Bogotá. Ingeniería e Investigación, 30(2), 105-115.
Vinitketkumnuen, U., Kalayanamitra, K., Chewonarin, T. & Kamens, R. (2002). Particulate matter, PM10 & PM2.5 levels, and airborne mutagenicity in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Mutation Research e Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 519, 121-131.
Walker, B. & Mouton, C.P. (2008). Environmental influences on cardiovascular health. Journal of the National Medical Association, 100, 98- 102.
Wentao, W., Bingjun, M., Xiaoxia, L., Yu, L. & Shu, T. (2007). Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides from soils: A comparison between Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction techniques. Analytica Chimica Acta, 602(2), 211-222.
Yang, L.X., Wang, D.C., Cheng, S.H., Wang, Z., Zhou, Y., Zhou, X.H. & Wang, W.X. (2007). Influence of meteorological conditions and particulate matter on visual range impairment in Jinan, China. Science of the Total Environment, 383, 164-173.
Yang, X.-Y., Igarashi, K., Tang, N. & Lin, J.-M. (2010). Indirect- and directacting mutagenicity of diesel, coal and wood burning-derived particulates and contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Research, 695, 29-34. Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.
Zhang, W., Tian Lei, T., Lin, Z.-Q., Zhang, H.-S., Yang, D.-F., Xi, Z.-G., Chen, J.-H. & Wang, W. (2011). Pulmonary toxicity study in rats with PM10 and PM2.5: Differential responses related to scale and composition. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 1034-1041.
Zielinska, B., Sagebiel, J., McDonald, J.D., Whitney, K. & Lawson, D.R. (2004). Emission rates and comparative chemical composition from selected in-use diesel and gasoline-fueled vehicles. JAWMA, 54, 1138-50.
Arciniégas Suárez, C.A. (2012). Diagnóstico y control de material particulado: partículas suspendidas totales y fracción respirable PM10. Luna Azul, 34(1), 195-213.
Banjoo, D. & Nelson, P. (2005). Improved ultrasonic extraction procedure for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments. Journal of Chromatography A, 1066, 9-18.
Billet, S., Garçon, G., Dagher, Z., Verdin, A., Ledoux, F., Cazier, F., Courcot, D., Aboukais, A. & Shirali, P. (2007). Ambient particulate matter (PM2.5): physicochemical characterization and metabolic activation of the organic fraction in human lung epithelial cells (A549). Environmental Research, 105, 212-223.
Billet, S., Abbas, I., Le Goff, J., Verdin, A., Andre, V., Lafargue, P.E., Hachimi, A., Cazier, F., Sichel, F., Shirali, P. & Garçon, G. (2008). Genotoxic potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-coated onto airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) in human lung epithelial A549 cells. Cancer Letters, 270(1), 144-155.
Brunekreef, B. & Holgate, S.T. (2002). Air pollution and health. Lancet, 360, 1233-42.
Castro, D., Slezakova, K., Oliva-Teles, M.T., Delerue-Matos, C., Alvim-Ferraz, M.C., Morais, S. & Pereira, M.C. (2009). Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate samples by microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography. J. Sep. Sci., 32, 501-510.
Castro, D., Slezakova, K., Delerue-Matos, C., Alvim-Ferraz, M.C., Morais, S. & Pereira, M.C. (2010). Contribution of traffic and tobacco smoke in the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on outdoor and indoor PM2.5. Glob. Nest. J., 12, 3-11.
Cormier, S., Lomnicki, S., Backes, W. & Dellinger, B. (2006). Origin and health impacts of emissions of toxic by-products and fine particles from combustion and thermal treatment of hazardous wastes ald materials. Environ. Health Perspect., 114(6), 810-817.
Consuegra, A.A. (2006). Estudio de la contaminación atmosférica generada por óxidos de azufre, óxidos de nitrógeno y material particulado en un sector de la ciudad de Bogotá. Primera parte. Avances Investigación en Ingeniería, 22, 32-36.
De Kok, T.M., Driece, H.A., Hogervorst, J.G. & Briede, J.J. (2006). Toxicological assessment of ambient and traffic-related particulate matter: a review of recent studies. Mutat. Res., 613, 103-122.
Dominici, F., Peng, R.D., Bell, M.L., Pham, L., McDermott, A., Zeger, S.L. & Samet, J.M. (2006). Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 295, 1127-1134.
Du Four, V.A., Van Larebeke, N. & Janssen, C.R. (2004). Genotoxic and mutagenic activity of environmental air samples in Flanders, Belgium. Mutation Research, 558(1-2), 155-167.
EEA –European Environment Agency– (2004). Transport and Environment in Europe. EEA Briefing 03/2004. Copenhagen: EEA.
EEA –European Environment Agency– (2008). Annual European Community LRTAP Convention Emissions Inventory Report 1990-2006. EEA Technical Report No. 7. Copenhagen: EEA.
EPA –Environmental Protection Agency–. (1996). Air quality criteria for particulate matter. Vol. 1. EPA.
EPA (2001). Air quality criteria for particulate matter. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. EPA 2001. 600/P-99/002aB.
EPA Method TO-13A. (1999). Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Ambient Air Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Second edition. Cincinnati: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. pp. 36-43.
Guo, H., Lee, S.C., Ho, K.F., Wang, X.M. & Zou, S.C. (2003). Particleassociated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong. Atmos. Environ., 37, 5307-5317.
Harri, M., Svoboda, P., Mori, T., Mutanen, P., Kasai, H. & Savela, K. (2005). Analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine among workers exposed to diesel particulate exhaust: comparison with urinary metabolites and PAH air monitoring. Free Radical Research, 39, 963-972.
Hu, S., Fruin, S., Kozawa, K., Mara, S., Winer, A.M. & Paulson, S.E. (2009). Aircraft emission impacts in a neighborhood adjacent to a general aviation airport in Southern California. Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 8039-8045.
IARC. (2002). Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risk. Hum., 82, 367.
IARC (2010). International Agency for Research on Cancer. Some Nonheterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risk. Hum., 92, 773.
Liu, Z.D., Liu, H.G., Wang, B., Lu, F., Huang, S.H., Wu, D.X. & Han, D.W. (2008). Aerosol observation in Fengtai area, Beijing. Particuology, 6, 214-217.
Mahbub, P., Goonetilleke, A., Egodawatta, P.K., Yigitcanlar, T. & Ayoko, G.A. (2011). Analysis of build-up of heavy metals and volatile organics on urban roads in Gold Coast, Australia. Water Science and Technology, 63(9), 2077-2085.
Meléndez Gélvez, I., Martínez Montañez, M.L. & Quijano Parra, A. (2012). Actividad mutagénica y genotóxica en el material particulado fracción respirable MP2,5, en Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia. Iatreia, 25(4), 347-356.
Muránszky, G., Óvári, M., Virág, I., Csiba, P., Dobai, R. & Záray, G. (2011). Chemical characterization of PM10 fractions of urban aerosol. Microchem. J., 98, 1-10.
Nawrot, T.S. & Nemery, B. (2007). Response to findings on association between temperature and dose response coefficient of inhalable particles (PM10) e Response. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61, 838- 839.
Nel, A.E., Xia, T., Madler, L. & Li, N. (2006). Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science, 311, 622-627.
Nemmar, A. & Inuwa, I.M. (2008). Diesel exhaust particles in blood trigger systemic and pulmonary morphological alterations. Toxicology Letters, 176, 20-30.
Novotna, B., Topinka, J., Solansky, I., Chvatalova, I., Lnenickova, Z. & Sram, R.J. (2007). Impact of air pollution and genotype variability on DNA damage in Prague policemen. Toxicology Letters, 172, 37-47.
Oliveira, C., Pio, C., Alves, C., Evtyugina, M., Santos, P., Goncalves, V., Nunes, T., Silvestre, A.J.D., Palmgren, F., Wahlin, P. & Harrad, S. (2007). Seasonal distribution of polar organic compounds in the urban atmosphere of two large cities from the North and South of Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 5555-5570.
Pachón, J., García, H., Bustos, M., Bravo, H. & Sosa, R. (2004). Determinación de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en muestras de partículas atmosféricas en la zona metropolitana de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia). Meteorol. Colomb., 8, 27-35.
Pey, J., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Rodríguez, S., Putaud, J.P. & Van Dingenen, R. (2009). Source apportionment of urban fine and ultra-fine particle number concentration in a Western Mediterranean city. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 4407-4415.
Pickering, R.W. (1999). A toxicological review of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Toxicol Cutan Ocul Toxicol, 18, 101-135.
Piñeiro, M., López, P., Muniategui, S., Prada, D., Querol, X. & Alastuey, A. (2003). A new method for the simultaneous determination of PAH and metals in samples of atmospheric particulate matter. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 4171-4175.
Pio, C.A., Legrand, M., Oliveira, T., Afonso, J., Santos, C., Caseiro, A., Fialho, P., Barata, F., Puxbaum, H., Sánchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Gelencser, A., Preunkert, S. & Schock, M. (2007). Climatology of aerosol composition (organic versus inorganic) at nonurban sites on a west-east transect across Europe. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 112.
Pope III, C.A., Burnett, R.T., Thun, M.J., Calle, E.E., Krewski, D., It, K & Thurston, G.D. (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. J. Am. Med., 287(9), 1132-1141.
Quijano Parra, A., Quijano Vargas, M.J. & Henao M., J.A. (2010). Caracterización fisicoquímica del Material Particulado-Fracción Respirable (PM2.5) en Pamplona (Colombia). Bistua: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, 10(1), 1-11.
Ravindra, K., Bencs, L., Wauters, E., De Hoog, J., Deutsch, F., Roekens, E., Bleux, N., Bergmans, P. & Van Grieken, R. (2006). Seasonal and site-specific variation in vapor and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their relation with anthropogenic activities. Atmos. Environ, 40, 771-785.
Samara, C. & Voutsa, D. (2005). Size distribution of airborne particulate matter and associated heavy metals in the roadside environment. Journal Chemosphere, 59, 1197-1206.
Shaofei, K., Xiao, D., Zhipeng, B., Bin, H., Li, C., Jianwu, S. & Zhiyong, L. (2010). A seasonal study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 in five typical cities of Liaoning Province, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183, 70-80.
Shaofei, K., Jianwu, S., Bing, L., Weiguang, Q., Baosheng, Z., Yue, P., Bowen, Z. & Zhipeng, B. (2011). Characterization of PAHs within PM10 fraction for ashes from coke production, iron smelt, heating station and power plant stacks in Liaoning Province, China. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 3777-3785.
Slezakova, K., Castro, D., Pereira, M.C., Morais, S., Delerue-Matos, C. & Alvim-Ferraz, M.C.M. (2010). Influence of traffic emissions on the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in outdoor breathable particles, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 60, 393-401.
Traversi, D., Degan, R., De Marco, R., Gilli, G., Pignata, C., Villani, S. & Bono, R. (2009). Mutagenic properties of PM2.5 urban pollution in Northern Italy: the nitro-compounds contribution. Environment International, 35, 905-910.
Valavanidis, A., Fiotakis, K., Vlahogianni, T., Bakeas, E.B., Triantafillaki, S., Paraskevopoulou, V. & Dassenakis, M (2006). Characterization of atmospheric particulates, particle-bound transition metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of urban air in the centre of Athens (Greece). Chemosphere, 65, 760-768.
Vargas, F.A. & Rojas, N.Y. (2010). Composición química y reconstrucción másica del material particulado suspendido en el aire de Bogotá. Ingeniería e Investigación, 30(2), 105-115.
Vinitketkumnuen, U., Kalayanamitra, K., Chewonarin, T. & Kamens, R. (2002). Particulate matter, PM10 & PM2.5 levels, and airborne mutagenicity in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Mutation Research e Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 519, 121-131.
Walker, B. & Mouton, C.P. (2008). Environmental influences on cardiovascular health. Journal of the National Medical Association, 100, 98- 102.
Wentao, W., Bingjun, M., Xiaoxia, L., Yu, L. & Shu, T. (2007). Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides from soils: A comparison between Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction techniques. Analytica Chimica Acta, 602(2), 211-222.
Yang, L.X., Wang, D.C., Cheng, S.H., Wang, Z., Zhou, Y., Zhou, X.H. & Wang, W.X. (2007). Influence of meteorological conditions and particulate matter on visual range impairment in Jinan, China. Science of the Total Environment, 383, 164-173.
Yang, X.-Y., Igarashi, K., Tang, N. & Lin, J.-M. (2010). Indirect- and directacting mutagenicity of diesel, coal and wood burning-derived particulates and contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Research, 695, 29-34. Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.
Zhang, W., Tian Lei, T., Lin, Z.-Q., Zhang, H.-S., Yang, D.-F., Xi, Z.-G., Chen, J.-H. & Wang, W. (2011). Pulmonary toxicity study in rats with PM10 and PM2.5: Differential responses related to scale and composition. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 1034-1041.
Zielinska, B., Sagebiel, J., McDonald, J.D., Whitney, K. & Lawson, D.R. (2004). Emission rates and comparative chemical composition from selected in-use diesel and gasoline-fueled vehicles. JAWMA, 54, 1138-50.
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