Authors
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Whenever antibiotic resistance is posed as an environmental problem, it shouldn’t be centered only in the hospital setting. The use given to antibiotics must also be considered because it might be extended to the surrounding environment or, simply it might be originated in external surroundings and migrate to the hospital setting. For this reason, the inter-specific relationships which characterize our planet must be taken into consideration, as well as the human relationships with microorganisms, recognizing their essential role in the maintenance of the medical and pharmaceutical activity, which has generated the sensibility and resistance of different pathogens through the use of antibiotics. The resistance of microorganisms is hopeless. From the clinic and practical experience, more and more a greater increase in the antibiotic resistance is observed which causes difficulty in the implementation of an adequate treatment. Few strategies aimed to the control of this problem are really working presently.
Keywords:
References
Bronzwaer, Stef. (2003). European antimicrobial resistance surveillance as part of a Community strategy. University of Groningen. Netherlands.
Cabello, F. (2004). “Antibiotics and aquaculture in Chile: Implications for human and animal health”. Rev Méd Chile, 132, 1001-1006.
Cantón Moreno, R. (2002). “Lectura interpretada del antibiograma: ¿ejercicio intelectual o necesidad clínica?”. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 20(4), 176-86.
Carranza, M. A.; Rodríguez, D. & Díaz, J. (2003). “Etiología y resistencia bacteriana de las infecciones urinarias en pacientes hospitalizados en el Centro Médico Naval entre enero y diciembre del 2003”. Rev Soc Per Med Inter, 16(3).
Cornejo, M. (s.f.). “La Selección del Antibiótico”. Revista Médica del C.I.E.M. [Hospital Nacional del Sur de Arequipa (HNSA) - Instituto Peruano de Seguridad Social. Universidad Católica de Santa María].
Cosgrove, S.; Saye, K.; Eliopoulos, G. & Carmeli, Y. (2000). “Health and economic outcomes of the emergence of third generation cephalosporin resistance in Enterobacter species”. Arch Intern Med, 162, 185-190.
Courvalin, P. & Trieu-Cuot, P. (2001). “Minimizing potential resistance: The molecular view”. Clin Infect Dis, 33(Suppl 3), S138-S146.
Daza Pérez, R. M. (1998). “Resistencia bacteriana a antimicrobianos: su importancia en la toma de decisiones en la práctica diaria”. Inf Ter Sist Nac Salud, 22, 57-67.
Diestraa, K.; Coquebc, T. M.; Miróa, E. & Oteod, J. (2008). “Caracterización y epidemiología molecular de betalactamasas de espectro extendido en Escherichia coli y Klebsiella pneumoniae en once hospitales españoles (2004)”. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 26(7), 404-10.
Drobnic, L. (1997). “Principios generales del tratamiento antibiótico”. En: Tratamiento Antimicrobiano. Madrid: Emisa. pp. 639-650.
Foxman, B. (2003). “Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: Incidence, morbidity and economic costs”. Dis Mon, 49(2), 53-70.
García Rodríguez J. A. & García Sánchez, E. (s.f.). “Resistencias bacterianas y antibioterapia”. En: Eficacia in vivo Eficacia in vitro. MadridBarcelona: Doyma. pp. 39-50.
Harrison, P. & Lederberg, J. (1998). Antimicrobial Resistance: Issues and Options. Workshop Report. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Holmberg, S. D.; Solomon, S. L. & Blake, P. A. (1987). “Health and economic impacts of antimicrobial resistance”. Rev Infect Dis, 9, 1065-1078.
Jaramillo, E. L. (1996). “Vigilancia epidemiológica de infecciones intrahospitalarias. Hospital de Caldas 1989-1993”. Colombia Médica, 27,21-25.
Leal Castro, A. L. MD. Msc. (s.f.). Impacto de la resistencia bacteriana en la salud pública. Universidad Nacional de Colombia Grupo para el Control de la Resistencia Bacteriana en Bogotá.
Levy, S. (2001a). “Antibiotic resistance: Consequences of inaction”. Clin Infect Dis, 33 (Suppl 3): S124-S129.
________. (2001b). The antibiotic paradox. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. Lindsay, N. (2003). “Best Pharmacological practice: Urinary tract infections”. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 4(5), 693-704.
Mazón, A.; Gil Setas, A. & López Andrés, A. (2002). “Etiología y sensibilidad antibiótica de las infecciones extrahospitalarias más frecuentes, excepto las del tracto respiratorio inferior”. ANALES. Sis San Navarra, 25(3): 273-280.
Mesa Española de Normalización de la Sensibilidad y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (MENSURA). Recomendaciones del grupo MENSURA para la selección de antimicrobianos en el estudio de la sensibilidad.
Mosdell, D.; Morris, D.; Voltura, A.; Pitcher, D.; Twiest, M.; Milne R. et al.(1991). “Antibiotic treatment for surgical peritonitis”. Ann Surg, 214, 543-549.
Quintero, G. (s.f.). “Reciclaje de los antibióticos”. Revista Colombiana de Cirugía. SCC., FACS, FRCS.
Robinson, A.; Marcon, M.; Mortensen, J. E.; McCarter, Y. S.; LaRocco, M.; Peterson, L. R. et al. (1999). “Controversies affecting the future of clinical microbiology”. J Clin Microbiol, 37, 883-889.
Rubin, R.; Harrington, C.; Poon, A.; Dietrich, K.; Greebe, J. & Moiduddin,A. (1999). “The economic impact of Staphyloccocus aureus infection in New York City hospitals”. Emerg Infect Dis, 5, 9-17.
Shnayerson, M. & Plotkin, M. (2002). The killers within. The deadly rise of drug-resistant bacteria. Boston, MA: Back Bay Books. Little, Brown and Co.
Warren, J. W.; Abrutyn, E; Hebel, J. R.; Johnson, J. R.; Schaeffer, A. J. & Stamm, W. E. (1999). “Guidelines for Antimicrobial Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Bacterial Cystitis and Acute Pyelonephritis in Women Clinical Infectious Diseases, 29. pp. 745-58.