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Publication Date: 2009-01-01
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Osorio, J. H., & Cárdenas, F. (2009). Heorin, a trip with no return?. Cultura Y Droga, 14(16), 189–204. Retrieved from https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/culturaydroga/article/view/5438
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Abstract
While cannabis remains the most consumed drug in the world, opiates are one of the psychoactive groups with the highest consumption, being heroin the most addictive substance. There is a significant gap between what people can say about a heroin addict as witnesses of the addiction from their social perceptions, their morale; and the experience of a heroin consumer, as protagonist of the addiction. An analysis of the most important aspects related to heroin consumption are presented in this review.
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References
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Cummins, Erin; Leri, Francesco. (2008). “Unreinforced responding during limited access to heroin self-administration”. In: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 90: 420-427
Trochi, Alexander. (2000). El libro de Caín. Traducción de Martín Lendínez. Barcelona: Editorial Anagrama. p. 47.
Carnwatch T, Smith T. (2006). El siglo de la heroína. Barcelona: Plaza edición.
Camí J. (1992). “Drogas de diseño: ¿un nuevo reto?”. En: Laporte JR (ed.). Avances en Terapéutica 16. Barcelona: eds. Científico Técnicas masson-Salvat. pp. 211-223.
Ludwig Pergera, Katharina M. Rentschb, Gerd A. Kullak-Ublickc, Davide Verottad, Karin Fattingera. (2009). “Oral heroin in opioid-dependent patients: Pharmacokinetic comparison of immediate and extended release tablets”. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 36: 421-432.
Gómez P. (2006). “Monografía patología orgánica en adicciones”. Adicciones, 18(1): 283.
United Nations. Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Web: www.unodc.org
Observatorio Español sobre Drogas. Indicadores de Tratamiento, Urgencias y Mortalidad. Informe Año 2002. (2003). Madrid: Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.
Strang J, Griffiths P, Gossop M. (1997). “Heroin smoking by ‘chasing the dragon’: origins and history”. Addiction, 92(6):673-83; discussion 685-95.
van den Brink W, Hendriks VM, Blanken P, Huijsman IA, van Ree JM. (2002). Central Committee on the Treatment of Heroin Addicts (CCBH). Medical coprescription of heroin: Two randomized controlled trials. Utrecht: Central Committee on the Treatment of Heroin Addicts.
Smyth BP, O’Brien M, Barry J. (2000). “Trends in treated opiate misuse in Dublin: the emergence of chasing the dragon”. Addiction, 95(8):1217-23.
Gervin M, Hughes R, Bamford L, Smyth BP, Keenan E. (2001). “Heroin smoking by «chasing the dragon» in young opiate users in Ireland: stability and associations with use to «come down» off «Ecstasy»”. J Subst Abuse Treat, 20(4):297-300.
Comer SD, Collins ED, MacArthur RB, Fischman MW. (1999). “Comparison of intravenous and intranasal heroin self-administration by morphine-maintained humans”. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 143(4):327-38.
Sotheran J, Goldsmith D, Blasco M, Friedman R. “Heroine sniffing as selfregulatin among injecting and non-injecting heroin users”. Journal of Drug Issues, 29:401-22.
CND. (2008). Situación mundial del tráfico de drogas. Informe de la Secretaría, Comisión de Estupefacientes del Consejo Económico y Social de las Naciones Unidas, Viena.
ONUDD. (2008). 2008 World Drug Report. Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, Viena.
Nessa A, Latif SA, Siddiqui NI, Hussain MA, Hossain MA. (2008). “Drug abuse and addiction”. Mymensingh Med J,17(2):227-35.
Sargeant TJ, Miller JH, Day DJ. (2008). “Opioidergic regulation of astroglial/neuronal proliferation: where are we now?”. J Neurochem, 107(4):883-97.
Nestler, EJ, Hope BT, Widnell KL. (1993). “Drug addiction a model forthe molecular basis of neural plasticity”. Neuron, 11:995-1006.
Nestler EJ, Aghajanian GK. (1997). “Molecular and cellular basis of addiction”. Science, 278:58-63.
Nestler EJ. (1992). “Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction”. J Neurosci, 12:2439-50.
Clouet DH, Iwatsubo K. (1975). “Mechanisms of tolerance to and dependence on narcotic analgesic drugs”. Annu Rev Pharmacol, 15:49-71.
Becker A, Grecksch G, Brodemann R, Kraus J, Peters B, Schroeder H, et al. (2000). “Morphine self-administration in -opioid receptordeficient mice-”. Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol, 361:584-89.
Arnsten AF. (2000). “Through the looking glass: differential noradrenergic modulation of prefrontal cortical function”. Neural Plast, 7:133-46.
Areda T, Kõks S, Philips MA, Vasar E, Karis A, et al. (2005). “Alterations in opioid system of the rat brain after cat odor exposure”. Neurosci Lett., 29:377(2):136-9.
Robinson SE, Guo HZ, McDowell KP, Pascua JR, Enters EK. (1991). “Prenatal exposure to methadone affects central cholinergic neuronal activity in the weanling rat”. Brain Res Dev Brain Res, 64:183-188
van Ree JM, Gerrits MA, Vanderschuren LJ. (1999). “Opioids, reward and addiction: An encounter of biology, psychology, and medicine”. Pharmacol Rev, 51:341-396.
Vaccarino AL, Kastin AJ. (2000). “Endogenous opiates: 1999”. Peptides, 21:1975-2034.
Vaccarino AL, Kastin AJ. (2001). “Endogenous opiates: 2000”. Peptides, 22:2257-2328.
Jackson A, Mead AN, Stephens DN. (2000). “Behavioural effects of alphaamino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate-receptor antagonists and their relevance to substance abuse”. Pharmacol Ther, 88:59-76.
Zhu H, Barr GA. (2004). “The role of AMPA and metabotropic glutamate receptors on morphine withdrawal in infant rats”. Int J Dev Neurosci, 22:379-395.
Özek M, Uresin Y, Gungor M. (2003). “Comparison of the effects of specific and nonspecific inhibition of nitric oxide synthase on morphine analgesia, tolerance and dependence in mice”. Life Sci, 72:1943-51.
Pasternak GW, Kolesnikov YA, Babey AM. (1995). “Perspectives on the N-methyl-D-aspartate/ nitric oxide cascade and opioid tolerance”. Neuropsychopharmacology, 13:309-13.
Trujillo, K.A. (2000). “Are NMDA receptors involved in opiate-induced neural and behavioral plasticity? A review of preclinical studies”. Psychopharmacology, 151:121-41.
Jones KL, Barr GA. (2001). “Injections of an opioid antagonist into the locus coeruleus and periaqueductal gray but not the amygdala precipitates morphine withdrawal in the 7-day-old rat”. Synapse, 39:139-51.
Saiz PA, García-Portilla MP, Flórez G, Arango C, Corcoran P, Morales B, et al. (2009). “Differential role of serotonergic polymorphisms in alcohol and heroin dependence”. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 33(4):695-700.
Benavides M, Laorden ML, Milanes MV. (2005). “Involvement of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in regulation of Fos expression and tyrosine hydroxylase levels during morphine withdrawal in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and medulla oblongata catecholaminergic cell groups”. J Neurochem, 92:246-254.
Ceger P, Kuhn CM. (2000). “Opiate withdrawal in the neonatal rat: Relationship to duration of treatment and naloxone dose”. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 150:253-259.
Maldonado R. (1997). “Participation of noradrenergic pathways in the expression of opiate withdrawal: biochemical and pharmacological evidence”. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev, 21:91-104.
Bozarth MA. Physical dependence produced by central morphine infusions: An anatomical mapping study. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1994; 18:373–83.
Maldonado R, Negus S, Koob GF. (1992). “Precipitation of morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats by administration of mu-, delta- and kappa-selective opioid antagonists”. Neuropharmacology, 31:1231-41.
Przewlocki R. (2005). “Opioid abuse and brain gene expression”. Eur J Pharmacol, 500:331-49.
Freedman JE, Aghajanian GK. (1985). “Opiate and alpha 2-adrenoceptor responses of rat amygdaloid neurons: Co-localization and interactions during withdrawal”. J Neurosci, 5:3016-24.
Williams JT, Christie MJ, Manzoni O. (2001). “Cellular and synaptic adaptations mediating opioid dependence”. Physiol Rev, 81:299-43.
Aston-Jones G, Delfs JM, Druhan J, Zhu Y. (1999). “The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. A target site for noradrenergic actions in opiate withdrawal”. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 877:486-498.
Gold, MS, Redmond, DE Jr, Kleber, HD. (1978). “Clonidine blocks acute opiate withdrawal symptoms”. Lancet, 2:599-602.
Delfs JM, Zhu Y, Druhan JP, Aston-Jones G. (2000). “Noradrenaline in the ventral forebrain is critical for opiate withdrawal-induced aversion”. Nature, 403:430-434. 37.
Xu K, Liu XH, Nagarajan S, Gu XY, Goldman D. (2002). “Relationship of the -opioid receptor gene to heroin abuse in a large Chinese case/control sample”. Am J Med Genet, 110:45-50.
Trocchi A. (2000). El libro de Caín. Editorial Anagrama. Barcelona.
Berridge V. (2009). “Heroin prescription and history”. N Engl J Med. 361(8):820-821.
Toprak S, Cetin 1. (2009). “Heroin overdose deaths and heroin purity between and 2000 in Istanbul, Turkey”. J Forensic Sci. 54(5):1 185-1188.
Werb D, Hayashi K, Fairbairn N, Kaplan K, Suwannawong P, Lai C, et al. (2009). “Drug use patterns among Thai illicit drug injectors amidst increased police presence”. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 21(4):16.
http://incicIopedia.wikia.com/wikiIWilliam_S._Burroughs
Jaffe RB, Koschman EB. (1970). “Intravenous drug abuse. Pulmonary, cardiac and vascular complications”. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med, 109:107-120.
Gordon, N.B. (1970). “Reaction-times of methadone treated ex-heroin addicts. Psychopharmacologia, 16: 337-344.
Heel RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS. (1979). “Buprenorphine: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy”. Drugs, 17:81-119.
Sittl, R. (2005). “Transdermal buprenorphine in clinical practice”. In: Buprenorphine: The unique opioid analgesic: pharmacology an clinical application. Budd K and Raffa R (Eds). Stuttgart, Thieme.
Sittl R, Likar R, Poulsen B. (2005). “Equipotent doses of transdermal fentanyl and transdermal buprenorphine in patients with cancer and noncancer pain: results of a retrospective cohort study”. Clin. Ther., 27(2):225-237.
Budd K. (2004). “Pain, the inmune system and opioimmunotoxicity”. Reviews in Analgesia, 8:1-10.
Lobmaier P, Kornør H, Kunøe N, Bjørndal A. (2008). “Naltrexona de liberación sostenida para la dependencia de opiáceos”. (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, número 3. Oxford, Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com. (Traducida de The Cochrane Library, Issue. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.).
Cummins, Erin; Leri, Francesco. (2008). “Unreinforced responding during limited access to heroin self-administration”. In: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 90: 420-427
Trochi, Alexander. (2000). El libro de Caín. Traducción de Martín Lendínez. Barcelona: Editorial Anagrama. p. 47.
Carnwatch T, Smith T. (2006). El siglo de la heroína. Barcelona: Plaza edición.
Camí J. (1992). “Drogas de diseño: ¿un nuevo reto?”. En: Laporte JR (ed.). Avances en Terapéutica 16. Barcelona: eds. Científico Técnicas masson-Salvat. pp. 211-223.
Ludwig Pergera, Katharina M. Rentschb, Gerd A. Kullak-Ublickc, Davide Verottad, Karin Fattingera. (2009). “Oral heroin in opioid-dependent patients: Pharmacokinetic comparison of immediate and extended release tablets”. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 36: 421-432.
Gómez P. (2006). “Monografía patología orgánica en adicciones”. Adicciones, 18(1): 283.
United Nations. Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Web: www.unodc.org
Observatorio Español sobre Drogas. Indicadores de Tratamiento, Urgencias y Mortalidad. Informe Año 2002. (2003). Madrid: Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.
Strang J, Griffiths P, Gossop M. (1997). “Heroin smoking by ‘chasing the dragon’: origins and history”. Addiction, 92(6):673-83; discussion 685-95.
van den Brink W, Hendriks VM, Blanken P, Huijsman IA, van Ree JM. (2002). Central Committee on the Treatment of Heroin Addicts (CCBH). Medical coprescription of heroin: Two randomized controlled trials. Utrecht: Central Committee on the Treatment of Heroin Addicts.
Smyth BP, O’Brien M, Barry J. (2000). “Trends in treated opiate misuse in Dublin: the emergence of chasing the dragon”. Addiction, 95(8):1217-23.
Gervin M, Hughes R, Bamford L, Smyth BP, Keenan E. (2001). “Heroin smoking by «chasing the dragon» in young opiate users in Ireland: stability and associations with use to «come down» off «Ecstasy»”. J Subst Abuse Treat, 20(4):297-300.
Comer SD, Collins ED, MacArthur RB, Fischman MW. (1999). “Comparison of intravenous and intranasal heroin self-administration by morphine-maintained humans”. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 143(4):327-38.
Sotheran J, Goldsmith D, Blasco M, Friedman R. “Heroine sniffing as selfregulatin among injecting and non-injecting heroin users”. Journal of Drug Issues, 29:401-22.
CND. (2008). Situación mundial del tráfico de drogas. Informe de la Secretaría, Comisión de Estupefacientes del Consejo Económico y Social de las Naciones Unidas, Viena.
ONUDD. (2008). 2008 World Drug Report. Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, Viena.
Nessa A, Latif SA, Siddiqui NI, Hussain MA, Hossain MA. (2008). “Drug abuse and addiction”. Mymensingh Med J,17(2):227-35.
Sargeant TJ, Miller JH, Day DJ. (2008). “Opioidergic regulation of astroglial/neuronal proliferation: where are we now?”. J Neurochem, 107(4):883-97.
Nestler, EJ, Hope BT, Widnell KL. (1993). “Drug addiction a model forthe molecular basis of neural plasticity”. Neuron, 11:995-1006.
Nestler EJ, Aghajanian GK. (1997). “Molecular and cellular basis of addiction”. Science, 278:58-63.
Nestler EJ. (1992). “Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction”. J Neurosci, 12:2439-50.
Clouet DH, Iwatsubo K. (1975). “Mechanisms of tolerance to and dependence on narcotic analgesic drugs”. Annu Rev Pharmacol, 15:49-71.
Becker A, Grecksch G, Brodemann R, Kraus J, Peters B, Schroeder H, et al. (2000). “Morphine self-administration in -opioid receptordeficient mice-”. Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol, 361:584-89.
Arnsten AF. (2000). “Through the looking glass: differential noradrenergic modulation of prefrontal cortical function”. Neural Plast, 7:133-46.
Areda T, Kõks S, Philips MA, Vasar E, Karis A, et al. (2005). “Alterations in opioid system of the rat brain after cat odor exposure”. Neurosci Lett., 29:377(2):136-9.
Robinson SE, Guo HZ, McDowell KP, Pascua JR, Enters EK. (1991). “Prenatal exposure to methadone affects central cholinergic neuronal activity in the weanling rat”. Brain Res Dev Brain Res, 64:183-188
van Ree JM, Gerrits MA, Vanderschuren LJ. (1999). “Opioids, reward and addiction: An encounter of biology, psychology, and medicine”. Pharmacol Rev, 51:341-396.
Vaccarino AL, Kastin AJ. (2000). “Endogenous opiates: 1999”. Peptides, 21:1975-2034.
Vaccarino AL, Kastin AJ. (2001). “Endogenous opiates: 2000”. Peptides, 22:2257-2328.
Jackson A, Mead AN, Stephens DN. (2000). “Behavioural effects of alphaamino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate-receptor antagonists and their relevance to substance abuse”. Pharmacol Ther, 88:59-76.
Zhu H, Barr GA. (2004). “The role of AMPA and metabotropic glutamate receptors on morphine withdrawal in infant rats”. Int J Dev Neurosci, 22:379-395.
Özek M, Uresin Y, Gungor M. (2003). “Comparison of the effects of specific and nonspecific inhibition of nitric oxide synthase on morphine analgesia, tolerance and dependence in mice”. Life Sci, 72:1943-51.
Pasternak GW, Kolesnikov YA, Babey AM. (1995). “Perspectives on the N-methyl-D-aspartate/ nitric oxide cascade and opioid tolerance”. Neuropsychopharmacology, 13:309-13.
Trujillo, K.A. (2000). “Are NMDA receptors involved in opiate-induced neural and behavioral plasticity? A review of preclinical studies”. Psychopharmacology, 151:121-41.
Jones KL, Barr GA. (2001). “Injections of an opioid antagonist into the locus coeruleus and periaqueductal gray but not the amygdala precipitates morphine withdrawal in the 7-day-old rat”. Synapse, 39:139-51.
Saiz PA, García-Portilla MP, Flórez G, Arango C, Corcoran P, Morales B, et al. (2009). “Differential role of serotonergic polymorphisms in alcohol and heroin dependence”. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 33(4):695-700.
Benavides M, Laorden ML, Milanes MV. (2005). “Involvement of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in regulation of Fos expression and tyrosine hydroxylase levels during morphine withdrawal in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and medulla oblongata catecholaminergic cell groups”. J Neurochem, 92:246-254.
Ceger P, Kuhn CM. (2000). “Opiate withdrawal in the neonatal rat: Relationship to duration of treatment and naloxone dose”. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 150:253-259.
Maldonado R. (1997). “Participation of noradrenergic pathways in the expression of opiate withdrawal: biochemical and pharmacological evidence”. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev, 21:91-104.
Bozarth MA. Physical dependence produced by central morphine infusions: An anatomical mapping study. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1994; 18:373–83.
Maldonado R, Negus S, Koob GF. (1992). “Precipitation of morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats by administration of mu-, delta- and kappa-selective opioid antagonists”. Neuropharmacology, 31:1231-41.
Przewlocki R. (2005). “Opioid abuse and brain gene expression”. Eur J Pharmacol, 500:331-49.
Freedman JE, Aghajanian GK. (1985). “Opiate and alpha 2-adrenoceptor responses of rat amygdaloid neurons: Co-localization and interactions during withdrawal”. J Neurosci, 5:3016-24.
Williams JT, Christie MJ, Manzoni O. (2001). “Cellular and synaptic adaptations mediating opioid dependence”. Physiol Rev, 81:299-43.
Aston-Jones G, Delfs JM, Druhan J, Zhu Y. (1999). “The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. A target site for noradrenergic actions in opiate withdrawal”. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 877:486-498.
Gold, MS, Redmond, DE Jr, Kleber, HD. (1978). “Clonidine blocks acute opiate withdrawal symptoms”. Lancet, 2:599-602.
Delfs JM, Zhu Y, Druhan JP, Aston-Jones G. (2000). “Noradrenaline in the ventral forebrain is critical for opiate withdrawal-induced aversion”. Nature, 403:430-434. 37.
Xu K, Liu XH, Nagarajan S, Gu XY, Goldman D. (2002). “Relationship of the -opioid receptor gene to heroin abuse in a large Chinese case/control sample”. Am J Med Genet, 110:45-50.
Trocchi A. (2000). El libro de Caín. Editorial Anagrama. Barcelona.
Berridge V. (2009). “Heroin prescription and history”. N Engl J Med. 361(8):820-821.
Toprak S, Cetin 1. (2009). “Heroin overdose deaths and heroin purity between and 2000 in Istanbul, Turkey”. J Forensic Sci. 54(5):1 185-1188.
Werb D, Hayashi K, Fairbairn N, Kaplan K, Suwannawong P, Lai C, et al. (2009). “Drug use patterns among Thai illicit drug injectors amidst increased police presence”. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 21(4):16.
http://incicIopedia.wikia.com/wikiIWilliam_S._Burroughs
Jaffe RB, Koschman EB. (1970). “Intravenous drug abuse. Pulmonary, cardiac and vascular complications”. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med, 109:107-120.
Gordon, N.B. (1970). “Reaction-times of methadone treated ex-heroin addicts. Psychopharmacologia, 16: 337-344.
Heel RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS. (1979). “Buprenorphine: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy”. Drugs, 17:81-119.
Sittl, R. (2005). “Transdermal buprenorphine in clinical practice”. In: Buprenorphine: The unique opioid analgesic: pharmacology an clinical application. Budd K and Raffa R (Eds). Stuttgart, Thieme.
Sittl R, Likar R, Poulsen B. (2005). “Equipotent doses of transdermal fentanyl and transdermal buprenorphine in patients with cancer and noncancer pain: results of a retrospective cohort study”. Clin. Ther., 27(2):225-237.
Budd K. (2004). “Pain, the inmune system and opioimmunotoxicity”. Reviews in Analgesia, 8:1-10.
Lobmaier P, Kornør H, Kunøe N, Bjørndal A. (2008). “Naltrexona de liberación sostenida para la dependencia de opiáceos”. (Revisión Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, número 3. Oxford, Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: http://www.update-software.com. (Traducida de The Cochrane Library, Issue. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.).
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