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A. Giove, R. . (2022). The Ayahuasca ritual: Peruvian national cultural heritage and its possible integration into the primary health system. Cultura Y Droga, 27(33), 17–41. https://doi.org/10.17151/culdr.2022.27.33.2
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Rosa A. Giove
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On June 24, 2008, the Peruvian Government declared the “knowledge and traditional uses of Ayahuasca practiced by native Amazonian communities” as National Cultural Heritage. The inspiration that led to this important achievement was to protect the ritual use of the Ayahuasca brew as traditionally practiced for centuries by Amazonian indigenous communities, including its intangible ritual component, the knowledge of the healers and the healers themselves, while also favoring the protection of the environment and the sustainability of the plant resources involved. In the last couple of decades, the mechanisms of action of Ayahuasca and its therapeutic potential in several fields have been investigated in depth. Nevertheless, thirteen years after the
enactment of this declaration, regulations that can offer a concrete protection are still pending, while we observe increasing commercial pressure and risks associated with the irresponsible use of Ayahuasca and other psychoactive plants in the context of shamanic tourism.
Palabras clave:
Citas
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Berlowitz, I., Walt, H., Ghasarian, C., Mendive, F., & Martin-Soelch, C. (2019). Short-term treatment effects of a substance use disorder therapy involving
traditional Amazonian medicine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(4), 323-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1607956
Beyer, S. (2009). Singing to the plants: A Guide to Mestizo Shamanism in the Upper Amazon. University of New Mexico Press.
Bussmann, R.W. & Sharon, D. (2006). Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture. Journal of ethnobiology
and ethnomedicine, 2(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-47
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Fotiou, E., & Gearin, A. K. (2019). Purging and the body in the therapeutic use of ayahuasca. Social Science & Medicine, 239, 112532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112532
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in Pharmacology, 7(35). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2016.00035
Friso, F., Mendive, F., Soffiato, M., Bombardelli, V., Hesketh, A., Heinrich, M., Menghini, L., & Politi, M. (2020). Implementation of Nagoya Protocol on
access and benefit-sharing in Peru: Implications for researchers. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 259, 112885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112885
Giove, R. (2002). La Liana de los Muertos al Rescate de la Vida. Medicina tradicional amazónica en el tratamiento de las toxicomanías. Devida.
Giove, R. (2016). El Ritual del Ayahuasca. Patrimonio cultural de la Nación. Gráfica Gárate SAC.
Grob, C. (1999). The Psychology of ayahuasca. In R. Metzner (ed.), Sacred vine of spirits: Ayahuasca (pp. 63-93). University of New York press.
Guamán Poma de Ayala, F. (1987). Nueva Crónica y Buen Gobierno. http://www.biblioteca.org.ar/libros/211687.pdf
Hamill, J., Hallak, J., Dursun, S. M. & Baker, G. (2019). Ayahuasca: Psychological and physiologic effects, pharmacology and potential uses in addiction and mental
illness. Current Neuropharmacology, 17(2), 108-128. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X16666180125095902
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Hopp, K. H., Cunningham, L. V., Bromel, M. C., Schermeister, L. J., & Khalil, S. K. (1976). In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of certain alkaloids against
Trypanosoma lewisi. Lloydia, 39(5), 375-377. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/798093/
International Conference on Primary Health Care. (1978). Declaration of Alma-Ata. WHO Chronicle, 32(11):428-30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11643481/
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Labate, B.C. & Jungaberle, H. (2011). The Internationalization of Ayahuasca. Lit.
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Transworld Research Network.
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traditional Amazonian medicine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(4), 323-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1607956
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Fotiou, E., & Gearin, A. K. (2019). Purging and the body in the therapeutic use of ayahuasca. Social Science & Medicine, 239, 112532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112532
Fotiou, E. (2020). Shamanic tourism in the peruvian lowlands: critical and ethical considerations. Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, 25(3),
374–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12508
Frecska, E., Bokor, P. & Winkelman, M. (2016). The Therapeutic Potentials of Ayahuasca: Possible Effects against Various Diseases of Civilization. Frontiers
in Pharmacology, 7(35). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2016.00035
Friso, F., Mendive, F., Soffiato, M., Bombardelli, V., Hesketh, A., Heinrich, M., Menghini, L., & Politi, M. (2020). Implementation of Nagoya Protocol on
access and benefit-sharing in Peru: Implications for researchers. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 259, 112885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112885
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Grob, C. (1999). The Psychology of ayahuasca. In R. Metzner (ed.), Sacred vine of spirits: Ayahuasca (pp. 63-93). University of New York press.
Guamán Poma de Ayala, F. (1987). Nueva Crónica y Buen Gobierno. http://www.biblioteca.org.ar/libros/211687.pdf
Hamill, J., Hallak, J., Dursun, S. M. & Baker, G. (2019). Ayahuasca: Psychological and physiologic effects, pharmacology and potential uses in addiction and mental
illness. Current Neuropharmacology, 17(2), 108-128. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X16666180125095902
Harner, M. J. (1962). Jívaro Souls. American Anthropologist, 64(2), 258–272. http://www.jstor.org/stable/666597
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Trypanosoma lewisi. Lloydia, 39(5), 375-377. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/798093/
International Conference on Primary Health Care. (1978). Declaration of Alma-Ata. WHO Chronicle, 32(11):428-30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11643481/
Jiménez-Garrido, D. F., Gómez-Sousa, M., Ona, G., Dos Santos, R. G., Hallak, J. E. C., Alcázar-Córcoles, M. Á. & Bouso, J. C. (2020). Effects of ayahuasca on
mental health and quality of life in naïve users: A longitudinal and cross-sectional study combination. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 4075. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61169-x
Kensinger, K. (1973). Banisteriopsis usage among the Peruvian Cashinahua. In M. Hamer (ed.), Hallucinogens and Shamanism (pp.9–14). Oxford University Press.
Knight, D. (1998). “An Enemy of Indigenous Peoples”: The Case of Loren Miller, COICA, the Inter-American Foundation and the Ayahuasca plant. Multinational monitor, 19(6). https://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm1998/061998/knight.html
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Labate, B.C. & Jungaberle, H. (2011). The Internationalization of Ayahuasca. Lit.
Labate, B.C. & Cavnar, C. (2018). The Expanding World Ayahuasca Diaspora: Appropriation, Integration and Legislation. Routledge.
Langdon, J. (1979). Yagé among the Siona: Cultural patterns in visions. In R.A Schwarz, & D.L. Browmann (eds.), Spirits, Shamanism and Stars-Perspectives in South America (pp.63-80). Mouton.
Luna, L. E. (1984). The concept of plants as teachers among four mestizo shamans of iquitos, Northeastern Peru. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 11(2), 135-156.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(84)90036-9
Luna, L. E. (2011). Indigenous and mestizo use of ayahuasca. An overview, In R.l Guimarães dos Santos (ed.), The Ethnopharmacology of Ayahuasca (pp. 1-21).
Transworld Research Network.
Mabit, J., Campos, J. & Arce, J. (1992). Consideraciones acerca del brebaje ayahuasca y perspectivas terapéuticas. Revista de Neuropsiquiatría, 55(2),118-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.20453/rnp.v55i2.1281
Mabit, J. (2018). Coca et ayahuasca, une même destinée ? Cultura y Droga,23 (25), 15-32. https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/culturaydroga/article/view/2892
Mabit, J. & González, J. M. (2013). Towards a transcultural medicine: Reflections and proposals based on the experience in Takiwasi. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 5(2), 49-76. https://www.takiwasi.com/docs/arti_esp/hacia-una-medicina-transcultural.pdf
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Metzner, R. (2006). Sacred vine of spirits: Ayahuasca. Park Street Press.
Naranjo, P. (1986). La ayahuasca en la arqueología ecuatoriana. América Indígena, 46(1), 117-127.
Ott, J. (1996). Pharmacotheon. Los Libros de la Liebre de Marzo.
Ott, J. (1999). Pharmahuasca: Human pharmacology of oral DMT plus Harmine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 31(2), 171-177.
Palhano-Fontes, F., Barreto, D., Onias, H., Andrade, K. C., Novaes, M. M., Pessoa, J. A., Mota-Rolim, S. A., Osório, F. L., Sanches, R., dos Santos, R. G., Tófoli, L.
F., de Oliveira Silveira, G., Yonamine, M., Riba, J., Santos, F. R., Silva-Junior, A. A., Alchieri, J. C., Galvão-Coelho, N. L., Lobão-Soares, B., … & Araújo, D. B.
(2019). Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatmentresistant depression: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Psychological Medicine, 49(4), 655-663. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718001356
Peluso, D., Sinclair, E., Labate, B., & Cavnar, C. (2020). Reflections on crafting an ayahuasca community guide for the awareness of sexual abuse. Journal of
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