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Dubbini, A., Mabit, J., & Politi, M. (2020). Therapeutic potential of spirituality and mystical experiences in the treatment of substance use disorders. Cultura Y Droga, 25(29), 41–62. https://doi.org/10.17151/culdr.2020.25.29.3
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Abstract
Objective. This article aims to give an overview on the role of spirituality, faith and mystical experiences in the treatment of Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) by presenting the case of the therapeutic community Takiwasi, where psychoactive plants are used, and by considering other Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) therapies that are derived from or have connection with religious or spiritual practices. Methodology. The research has been based on the review of scientific and grey literature and on an interview performed with the president and founder of Takiwasi. Results and discussion. Synergism between Christian and Amazonian spirituality appears relevant within the Takiwasi protocol. The use of CAM including Mindfulness, Holotropic Breathwork and Yoga emerge from the literature. Conclusions. Clinical experience show that spirituality is a key factor to be taken into account when considering addiction treatment and several CAM practices with spiritual connotations show promising potential for the treatment of SUDs.
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References
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Berlowitz, I., Ghasarian, C., Walt, H., Mendive, F., Alvarado, V. and Martin-Soelch, C. (2018). Conceptions and practices of an integrative treatment for substance use disorders involving Amazonian medicine: traditional healers’ perspectives. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 40 (2), 200-209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2016-2117
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Brewerton, TD., Eyerman, JE., Cappetta , P., and Mithoefer, MC. (2011). Long-term abstinence following holotropic breathwork as adjunctive treatment of substance use disorders and related psychiatric comorbidity. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 10 (3),453-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9352-3
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Cavicchioli, M., Movalli, M., and Maffei, C. (2018). The Clinical Efficacy of MindfulnessBased Treatments for Alcohol and Drugs Use Disorders: A Meta-Analytic Review of Randomized and Nonrandomized Controlled Trials. European Addiction Research, 24(3), 137–162. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490762
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Cui, CL, Wu, L.Z. and Luo, F. (2008). Acupuncture for the treatment of drug addiction. Neurochem. Res. 33 (10), 2013-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-008-9784-8
Demange, F. (2002). Amazonian Vegetalismo: a study of the healing power of chants in Tarapoto, Peru. University of East London.
Denys, A. (2013). Des plantes médicinales au service d’une action thérapeutique dans la prise en charge de l’addiction. Ethnopharmacologia, 50,69-78.
Devi, N.J., Singh,T.B., and Subramanya, P. (2014). Effect of yoga on depression and quality of life in drug abusers. Int. J. Ayurveda Pharma Res. 2(2), 61-65.
Dhar, N., Chaturvedi, S. K., and Nandan, D. (2011). Spiritual health scale 2011: Defining and measuring 4th dimension of health. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 36(4), 275. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.91329
Dhawan, A., Chopra, A., Jain, R. and Yadav, D. (2015). Effectiveness of yogic breathing intervention on quality of life of opioid dependent users. International journal of yoga, 8(2), 144-147. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.154075
D’souza, R. and George, K. (2006). Spirituality, Religion and Psychiatry: Its Application to Clinical Practice. Australasian Psychiatry, 14(4), 408–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1665.2006.02314.x
Ellison, C. G., Bradshaw, M. and Roberts, C. A. (2012). Spiritual and religious identities predict the use of complementary and alternative medicine among US adults. Preventive medicine, 54(1), 9-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.08.029
Foley, E. (2015). Music and Spirituality - Introduction. Religions 6: 638–641. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel6020638
Forcehimes, A., and Tonigan,J. (2009). Spirituality and Substance Use Disorders. In Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry, edited by Huguelet & Koenig, 114-27. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511576843.009
Garland, E.L. and Howard, M.O. (2018). Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 13 (1):14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-018-0115-3
Giove, R. (2002). La liana de los muertos al rescate de la vida, medicina tradicional amazónica en el tratamiento de las toxicomanías. Tarapoto, Perú: Takiwasi.
Gordon, R. (1983). El hongo maravilloso: teonanacátl. Micolatría en mesoamérica. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Grant, S., Kandrack, R., Motala, A., Shanman, R., Booth, M., Miles, J., ... and Hempel, S. (2016). Acupuncture for substance use disorders: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 163, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.034
Grof, S., and Grof, C. (1990). The Stormy Search for the Self: A Guide to Personal Growth Through Transformational Crisis. Los Angeles: J. Tarcher. Distributed by St. Martin’s Press, New York.
Grof, S., and Grof, C. (2010). Holotropic Breathwork: A new approach to self-exploration and therapy. State University of New York: Excelsior Editions.
Grof, S. (2010). Healing potential of spiritual experiences: Observations from modern consciousness research. The healing power of spirituality: How faith helps humans thrive, 3, 126-146.
Hofmann, A. (1980). LSD - My Problem Child. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Hofmann, A., Gordon, R., Ruck C. (2013). El camino a Eleusis, Una solución al enigma de los misterios. Fondo de Cultura Económica, México.
Hohmann, L., Bradt, J., Stegemann, T., and Koelsch, S. (2017). Effects of music therapy and music-based interventions in the treatment of substance use disorders: A systematic review. PloS one, 12(11), e0187363. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187363
Horák, M. (2013). The House of Song. Rehabilitation of Drug Addicts by the Traditional Indigenous Medicine of the Peruvian Amazon. Mendel University, Brno.
Lardinois, O., and Vermander, B. (2006). Shamanism and Christianity: Religious Encounter among Indigenous Peoples of East Asia. Taipei Ricci Institute, Taiwan.
Lu, L., Liu, Y., Zhu, W., Shi, J., Liu, Y., Ling, W., & Kosten, T. R. (2009). Traditional medicine in the treatment of drug addiction. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 35(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990802455469
Lua, P.L., and Talib, N.S. (2012). The effectiveness of auricular acupuncture for drug addiction: a review of research evidence from clinical trials. ASEAN J.Psychiatry 13:55-68.
Luna, L.E. (1984). The concept of plants as teachers among four mestizo shamans of Iquitos, northeastern Peru. J Ethnopharmacol. 11 (2):135-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(84)90036-9
Luna, L.E. (1986). Vegetalismo: shamanism among the mestizo population of the Peruvian Amazon, in Department of Comparative Religion. University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden, 202 p.
Mabit J. (1994). Contra-iniciación toxicománica versus iniciación shamánica, II Congreso Internacional para el Estudio de los Estados Modificados de Consciencia, Lérida, España.
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