DOI: 10.17151/culdr.2025.30.40.9
How to Cite
Lagunas-Puls, S. (2025). Traceability of the Legal International Trade of Fentanyl (2005–2024): An Empirical Analysis Using International Trade Centre Data. Cultura Y Droga, 30(40), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.17151/culdr.2025.30.40.9

Authors

Sergio Lagunas-Puls
Universidad del Caribe 
slagunas@ucaribe.edu.mx
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4126-3603
Perfil Google Scholar

Abstract

This study aims to trace and quantify the legal international trade of fentanyl and related substances, using data from global customs operations to analyze trends across continents and among the top ten exporting and importing nations. This article was developed using a quantitative and descriptive approach, while considering two key hypotheses: first, that China ranks among the world’s top ten exporters; and second, that Mexico should be considered among the top ten importers. For this purpose, data from the International Trade Centre was used. The results indicate that while fentanyl was classified under tariff subheading 2933.39 until 2021, China appeared as the main exporter. However, starting in 2022, when the Harmonized System for tariff classification introduced a specific subheading for fentanyl, 2933.34, only India appeared as the main exporter from the Asian continent. The case of Mexico is conclusive it cannot be considered among the top ten importers. This study aims to contribute statistical elements that may be considered in future public policies regarding the global trade of fentanyl and its derivatives.

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