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Ojeda-Aguilar, Y. L., & Martínez-Martínez, K. I. (2025). Relación entre el craving y el trastorno por uso de metanfetamina en pacientes en tratamiento residencial del Estado de Aguascalientes, México. Cultura Y Droga, 30(39), 49–66. https://doi.org/10.17151/culdr.2025.30.39.3
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Yancarlo Lizandro Ojeda-Aguilar
Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes y Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación (SECIHTI)
Resumen
Este estudio examina la relación entre el craving y el trastorno por uso de metanfetaminas (TUM) en pacientes que se encuentran en tratamiento residencial en centros certificados en Aguascalientes, México. La metanfetamina, una sustancia altamente adictiva y de fácil acceso, ha generado un aumento en la demanda de tratamiento, particularmente en el contexto mexicano. El craving o deseo intenso de consumo es un síntoma significativo del TUM y se asocia con un mayor riesgo de recaídas, lo que lo convierte en un foco clave para entender y abordar el consumo de esta droga. El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer la relación entre el craving por metanfetaminas y el nivel del TUM en pacientes de centros residenciales del Estado de Aguascalientes, México. Se evaluaron 204 participantes que se encontraban en tratamiento residencial por el consumo de metanfetamina utilizando la versión breve del Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Now (CCQ-N) adaptado para metanfetaminas, así como los indicadores del Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (DSM-5) para evaluar el TUM. Se encontró una relación débil, pero significativa, entre los niveles de craving y la gravedad del TUM, así como diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los niveles de craving según el grado de TUM de los participantes. La mayoría de los participantes presentaron un TUM grave, reportando un nivel de craving promedio de 17.13, según el CCQ-N. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia del craving en la progresión del TUM. Comprender la relación entre ambos fenómenos es fundamental para el desarrollo de intervenciones más efectivas en el tratamiento de pacientes consumidores de metanfetaminas. Futuras investigaciones podrían explorar factores adicionales que puedan mediar la relación entre el craving y el TUM, tales como la impulsividad, la presencia de trastornos de salud mental y la historia de consumo.
Citas
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Anton, R. F. (1999). What Is Craving? Alcohol Research and Health, 23(3), 165-173. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10890811/
Chesa Vela, D., Elías Abadías, M., Fernández Vidal, E., Izquierdo Munuera, E. y Sitjas Carvacho, M. (2004). El craving, un componente esencial en la abstinencia. Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría, (89), 93-112. https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0211-57352004000100007
Comisión Nacional de Salud Mental y Adicciones [CONASAMA]. (2024). Informe Sobre la situación de la salud mental y el consumo de sustancias en México, 2024. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/923815/INFORME_PAxS_2024.pdf
Havermans, R. C. (2013). Pavlovian Craving and Overeating: A Conditioned Incentive Model. Current Obesity Reports, 2(2), 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-013-0053-z
Galloway, G. P., y Singleton, E. G. (2008). How Long Does Craving Predict Use of Methamphetamine? Assessment of Use One to Seven Weeks After the Assessment of Craving. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 1, 63-79. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2773437/
Galloway, G. P., Singleton, E. G., Buscemi, R., Baggott, M. J., Dickerhoof, R. M., Mendelson, J. E., y Authors for T. M. T. P. C. (2010). An Examination of Drug Craving Over Time in Abstinent Methamphetamine Users. The American Journal on Addictions, 19(6), 510-514.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00082.x
Garavan, H., Pankiewicz, J., Bloom, A., Cho, J.-K., Sperry, L., Ross, T. J., Salmeron,B. J., Risinger, R., Kelley, D. y Stein, E. A. (2000). Cue-Induced Cocaine Craving: Neuroanatomical Specificity for Drug Users and Drug Stimuli. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(11), 1789-1798. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1789
Garrison, K. A., Sinha, R., Potenza, M. N., Gao, S., Liang, Q., Lacadie, C., y Scheinost, D. (2023). Transdiagnostic Connectome-Based Prediction of Craving. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 180(6), 445-453. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.21121207
Hartz, D. T., Frederick-Osborne, S. L., y Galloway, G. P. (2001). Craving predicts use during treatment for methamphetamine dependence: A prospective, repeated-measures, withinsubject analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 63(3), 269-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00217-9
Huang, S., Zhang, Z., Dai, Y., Zhang, C., Yang, C., Fan, L., Liu, J., Hao, W., y Chen, H. (2018). Craving Responses to Methamphetamine and Sexual Visual Cues in Individuals With Methamphetamine Use Disorder After Long-Term Drug Rehabilitation. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00145
Konova, A. B., y Schweitzer, E. M. (2023). Decoding Craving: Insights From a Brain-Based Connectome Predictive Model of Subjective Reports. American Journal of Psychiatry, 180(6), 407-409. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230299
Leiva-Gutiérrez, J., Urzúa M., A., Leiva-Gutiérrez, J., y Urzúa M., A. (2018). Craving en adicciones conductuales: Propuesta de un modelo teórico explicativo en la adicción a Facebook y mensajería instantánea. Terapia psicológica, 36(1), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-48082017000300001
Liu, Y., Wang, L., Yu, C., Liu, M., Li, H., Zhang, Y., Yu, Y., Bao, J., Wang, T., Qi, Y., y Zhou, Q. (2022). How drug cravings affect metacognitive monitoring in methamphetamine abusers. Addictive Behaviors, 132, 107341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107341
Lopez, R. B., Onyemekwu, C., Hart, C. L., Ochsner, K. N., y Kober, H. (2015). Boundary conditions of methamphetamine craving. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23(6), 436-444. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000049
Ludwig, A. M., y Wikler, A. (1974). "Craving" and relapse to drink. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 35(1-A), 108-130.
Martín del Campo, R. (2007). Indicadores de dependencia DSM-IV [Test]. Comisión Nacional Contra las Adicciones (CONADIC).
Mohammadzadeh, A., Khosravani, V., y Feizi, R. (2018). The comparison of impulsivity and craving in stimulant-dependent, opiate-dependent and normal individuals. Journal of Substance Use, 23(3), 312-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2017.1394384
Moszczynska, A. (2021). Current and Emerging Treatments for Methamphetamine Use Disorder. Current Neuropharmacology, 19(12), 2077. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X19666210803091637
Nakama, H., Chang, L., Cloak, C., Jiang, C., Alicata, D., y Haning, W. (2008). Association between Psychiatric Symptoms and Craving in Methamphetamine Users. American Journal on Addictions, 17(5), 441-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490802268462
National Institute on Drugs Abuse. (2023). What is methamphetamine? National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/whatmethamphetamine
Northrup, T. F., Green, C., Walker, R., Greer, T. L., y Trivedi, M. H. (2015). On the invariance of the Stimulant Craving Questionnaire (STCQ) across cocaine and methamphetamine users. Addictive Behaviors, 42, 144-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.020
Ojeda, Y. L., y Martínez, K. I. (2024). Reduction of craving in an adolescent in residential treatment for addictions through a brief intervention: A case study. Interacciones, 10.https://doi.org/10.24016/2024.v10.395
Ray, L. A., y Roche, D. J. O. (2018). Neurobiology of Craving: Current Findings and New Directions. Current Addiction Reports, 5(2), 102-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-018-0202-2
Robinson, T. E., y Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug craving: An incentivesensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18(3), 247-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-p
Sánchez-Hervás, E., Molina Bou, N., del Olmo Gurrea, R., Tomás Gradolí, V., y Morales Gallús, E. (2001). Craving y adicción a drogas. Trastornos Adictivos, 3(4), 237-243.https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-trastornos-adictivos-182-articulo-craving-adicciondrogas-
13021690
Stuart, A. M., Baker, A. L., Denham, A. M. J., Lee, N. K., Hall, A., Oldmeadow, C., Dunlop, A., Bowman, J., y McCarter, K. (2020). Psychological treatment for methamphetamine use and associated psychiatric symptom outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 109, 61-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2019.09.005
Sussner, B. D., Smelson, D. A., Rodrigues, S., Kline, A., Losonczy, M., y Ziedonis, D. (2006). The validity and reliability of a brief measure of cocaine craving. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 83(3), 233-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.022
Tiffany, S. T. (1999). Cognitive Concepts of Craving. Alcohol Research and Health, 23(3), 215-224. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10890817/
Tiffany, S. T., Singleton, E., Haertzen, C. A., y Henningfield, J. E. (1993). The development of a cocaine craving questionnaire. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 34(1), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(93)90042-o
Tziortzis, D., Mahoney, J. J., Kalechstein, A. D., Newton, T. F., y La Garza, R. D. (2011). The relationship between impulsivity and craving in cocaine- and methamphetaminedependent volunteers. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 98(2), 196-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2010.12.022
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2023). World Drug Report 2023. UNODC. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2023.html
Wang, G., Shi, J., Chen, N., Xu, L., Li, J., Li, P., Sun, Y., y Lu, L. (2013). Effects of Length of Abstinence on Decision-Making and Craving in Methamphetamine Abusers. PLOS ONE, 8(7), e68791. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068791
Watanabe-Galloway, S., Ryan, S., Hansen, K., Hullsiek, B., Muli, V., y Malone, A. C. (2009). Effects of Methamphetamine Abuse Beyond Individual Users. Journal of Psychoactive
Drugs, 41(3), 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10400534 Winslow, B. T., Voorhees, K. I., y Pehl, K. A. (2007). Methamphetamine Abuse. American Family Physician, 76(8), 1169-1174. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17990840/
Anton, R. F. (1999). What Is Craving? Alcohol Research and Health, 23(3), 165-173. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10890811/
Chesa Vela, D., Elías Abadías, M., Fernández Vidal, E., Izquierdo Munuera, E. y Sitjas Carvacho, M. (2004). El craving, un componente esencial en la abstinencia. Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría, (89), 93-112. https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0211-57352004000100007
Comisión Nacional de Salud Mental y Adicciones [CONASAMA]. (2024). Informe Sobre la situación de la salud mental y el consumo de sustancias en México, 2024. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/923815/INFORME_PAxS_2024.pdf
Havermans, R. C. (2013). Pavlovian Craving and Overeating: A Conditioned Incentive Model. Current Obesity Reports, 2(2), 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-013-0053-z
Galloway, G. P., y Singleton, E. G. (2008). How Long Does Craving Predict Use of Methamphetamine? Assessment of Use One to Seven Weeks After the Assessment of Craving. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 1, 63-79. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2773437/
Galloway, G. P., Singleton, E. G., Buscemi, R., Baggott, M. J., Dickerhoof, R. M., Mendelson, J. E., y Authors for T. M. T. P. C. (2010). An Examination of Drug Craving Over Time in Abstinent Methamphetamine Users. The American Journal on Addictions, 19(6), 510-514.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00082.x
Garavan, H., Pankiewicz, J., Bloom, A., Cho, J.-K., Sperry, L., Ross, T. J., Salmeron,B. J., Risinger, R., Kelley, D. y Stein, E. A. (2000). Cue-Induced Cocaine Craving: Neuroanatomical Specificity for Drug Users and Drug Stimuli. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(11), 1789-1798. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1789
Garrison, K. A., Sinha, R., Potenza, M. N., Gao, S., Liang, Q., Lacadie, C., y Scheinost, D. (2023). Transdiagnostic Connectome-Based Prediction of Craving. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 180(6), 445-453. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.21121207
Hartz, D. T., Frederick-Osborne, S. L., y Galloway, G. P. (2001). Craving predicts use during treatment for methamphetamine dependence: A prospective, repeated-measures, withinsubject analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 63(3), 269-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00217-9
Huang, S., Zhang, Z., Dai, Y., Zhang, C., Yang, C., Fan, L., Liu, J., Hao, W., y Chen, H. (2018). Craving Responses to Methamphetamine and Sexual Visual Cues in Individuals With Methamphetamine Use Disorder After Long-Term Drug Rehabilitation. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00145
Konova, A. B., y Schweitzer, E. M. (2023). Decoding Craving: Insights From a Brain-Based Connectome Predictive Model of Subjective Reports. American Journal of Psychiatry, 180(6), 407-409. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230299
Leiva-Gutiérrez, J., Urzúa M., A., Leiva-Gutiérrez, J., y Urzúa M., A. (2018). Craving en adicciones conductuales: Propuesta de un modelo teórico explicativo en la adicción a Facebook y mensajería instantánea. Terapia psicológica, 36(1), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-48082017000300001
Liu, Y., Wang, L., Yu, C., Liu, M., Li, H., Zhang, Y., Yu, Y., Bao, J., Wang, T., Qi, Y., y Zhou, Q. (2022). How drug cravings affect metacognitive monitoring in methamphetamine abusers. Addictive Behaviors, 132, 107341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107341
Lopez, R. B., Onyemekwu, C., Hart, C. L., Ochsner, K. N., y Kober, H. (2015). Boundary conditions of methamphetamine craving. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23(6), 436-444. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000049
Ludwig, A. M., y Wikler, A. (1974). "Craving" and relapse to drink. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 35(1-A), 108-130.
Martín del Campo, R. (2007). Indicadores de dependencia DSM-IV [Test]. Comisión Nacional Contra las Adicciones (CONADIC).
Mohammadzadeh, A., Khosravani, V., y Feizi, R. (2018). The comparison of impulsivity and craving in stimulant-dependent, opiate-dependent and normal individuals. Journal of Substance Use, 23(3), 312-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2017.1394384
Moszczynska, A. (2021). Current and Emerging Treatments for Methamphetamine Use Disorder. Current Neuropharmacology, 19(12), 2077. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X19666210803091637
Nakama, H., Chang, L., Cloak, C., Jiang, C., Alicata, D., y Haning, W. (2008). Association between Psychiatric Symptoms and Craving in Methamphetamine Users. American Journal on Addictions, 17(5), 441-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490802268462
National Institute on Drugs Abuse. (2023). What is methamphetamine? National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/whatmethamphetamine
Northrup, T. F., Green, C., Walker, R., Greer, T. L., y Trivedi, M. H. (2015). On the invariance of the Stimulant Craving Questionnaire (STCQ) across cocaine and methamphetamine users. Addictive Behaviors, 42, 144-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.020
Ojeda, Y. L., y Martínez, K. I. (2024). Reduction of craving in an adolescent in residential treatment for addictions through a brief intervention: A case study. Interacciones, 10.https://doi.org/10.24016/2024.v10.395
Ray, L. A., y Roche, D. J. O. (2018). Neurobiology of Craving: Current Findings and New Directions. Current Addiction Reports, 5(2), 102-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-018-0202-2
Robinson, T. E., y Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug craving: An incentivesensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18(3), 247-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-p
Sánchez-Hervás, E., Molina Bou, N., del Olmo Gurrea, R., Tomás Gradolí, V., y Morales Gallús, E. (2001). Craving y adicción a drogas. Trastornos Adictivos, 3(4), 237-243.https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-trastornos-adictivos-182-articulo-craving-adicciondrogas-
13021690
Stuart, A. M., Baker, A. L., Denham, A. M. J., Lee, N. K., Hall, A., Oldmeadow, C., Dunlop, A., Bowman, J., y McCarter, K. (2020). Psychological treatment for methamphetamine use and associated psychiatric symptom outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 109, 61-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2019.09.005
Sussner, B. D., Smelson, D. A., Rodrigues, S., Kline, A., Losonczy, M., y Ziedonis, D. (2006). The validity and reliability of a brief measure of cocaine craving. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 83(3), 233-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.022
Tiffany, S. T. (1999). Cognitive Concepts of Craving. Alcohol Research and Health, 23(3), 215-224. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10890817/
Tiffany, S. T., Singleton, E., Haertzen, C. A., y Henningfield, J. E. (1993). The development of a cocaine craving questionnaire. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 34(1), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(93)90042-o
Tziortzis, D., Mahoney, J. J., Kalechstein, A. D., Newton, T. F., y La Garza, R. D. (2011). The relationship between impulsivity and craving in cocaine- and methamphetaminedependent volunteers. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 98(2), 196-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2010.12.022
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2023). World Drug Report 2023. UNODC. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2023.html
Wang, G., Shi, J., Chen, N., Xu, L., Li, J., Li, P., Sun, Y., y Lu, L. (2013). Effects of Length of Abstinence on Decision-Making and Craving in Methamphetamine Abusers. PLOS ONE, 8(7), e68791. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068791
Watanabe-Galloway, S., Ryan, S., Hansen, K., Hullsiek, B., Muli, V., y Malone, A. C. (2009). Effects of Methamphetamine Abuse Beyond Individual Users. Journal of Psychoactive
Drugs, 41(3), 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10400534 Winslow, B. T., Voorhees, K. I., y Pehl, K. A. (2007). Methamphetamine Abuse. American Family Physician, 76(8), 1169-1174. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17990840/
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