Relación entre el craving y el trastorno por uso de metanfetamina en pacientes en tratamiento residencial del Estado de Aguascalientes, México

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between craving and methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) in patients undergoing residential treatment at certified centres in Aguascalientes, Mexico. Methamphetamine is a highly addictive and easily accessible substance which has led to an increased demand for treatment, particularly within the Mexican context. Craving, or the intense desire to use the drug, is a significant symptom of MUD and is associated with an increased risk of relapse. This makes it a key focus for understanding and addressing methamphetamine use. This research aimed to determine the relationship between methamphetamine craving and the severity of MUD in patients at residential centres in Aguascalientes, Mexico. A total of 204 patients undergoing residential treatment for methamphetamine use were evaluated using the shortened version of the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Now (CCQ-N), which has been adapted for use with methamphetamine, as well as the criteria set out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) to assess MUD. A weak but significant correlation was found between craving levels and MUD severity, and statistically significant differences in craving levels were observed according to participants' MUD severity. Most participants had severe MUD, reporting an average craving level of 17.13 according to the CCQ-N. These findings emphasise the importance of craving in the progression of MUD. Understanding this relationship is essential for developing more effective interventions for treating methamphetamine users. Future research could explore additional factors that may mediate this relationship, such as impulsivity, the presence of mental health disorders and history of use.

Keywords

craving

methamphetamine

methamphetamine use disorder

residential centers

treatment

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2014). DSM-5: Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales [Text]. Biblioteca Hernán Malo González de la Universidad del Azuay; Biblioteca Hernán Malo González. https://biblioteca.uazuay.edu.ec/buscar/-item/75703

Anton, R. F. (1999). What Is Craving? Alcohol Research and Health, 23(3), 165-173. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10890811/

Chesa Vela, D., Elías Abadías, M., Fernández Vidal, E., Izquierdo Munuera, E. y Sitjas Carvacho, M. (2004). El craving, un componente esencial en la abstinencia. Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría, (89), 93-112. https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0211-57352004000100007

Comisión Nacional de Salud Mental y Adicciones [CONASAMA]. (2024). Informe Sobre la situación de la salud mental y el consumo de sustancias en México, 2024. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/923815/INFORME_PAxS_2024.pdf

Havermans, R. C. (2013). Pavlovian Craving and Overeating: A Conditioned Incentive Model. Current Obesity Reports, 2(2), 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-013-0053-z

Galloway, G. P., y Singleton, E. G. (2008). How Long Does Craving Predict Use of Methamphetamine? Assessment of Use One to Seven Weeks After the Assessment of Craving. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 1, 63-79. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2773437/

Galloway, G. P., Singleton, E. G., Buscemi, R., Baggott, M. J., Dickerhoof, R. M., Mendelson, J. E., y Authors for T. M. T. P. C. (2010). An Examination of Drug Craving Over Time in Abstinent Methamphetamine Users. The American Journal on Addictions, 19(6), 510-514.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00082.x

Garavan, H., Pankiewicz, J., Bloom, A., Cho, J.-K., Sperry, L., Ross, T. J., Salmeron,B. J., Risinger, R., Kelley, D. y Stein, E. A. (2000). Cue-Induced Cocaine Craving: Neuroanatomical Specificity for Drug Users and Drug Stimuli. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(11), 1789-1798. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1789

Garrison, K. A., Sinha, R., Potenza, M. N., Gao, S., Liang, Q., Lacadie, C., y Scheinost, D. (2023). Transdiagnostic Connectome-Based Prediction of Craving. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 180(6), 445-453. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.21121207

Hartz, D. T., Frederick-Osborne, S. L., y Galloway, G. P. (2001). Craving predicts use during treatment for methamphetamine dependence: A prospective, repeated-measures, withinsubject analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 63(3), 269-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00217-9

Huang, S., Zhang, Z., Dai, Y., Zhang, C., Yang, C., Fan, L., Liu, J., Hao, W., y Chen, H. (2018). Craving Responses to Methamphetamine and Sexual Visual Cues in Individuals With Methamphetamine Use Disorder After Long-Term Drug Rehabilitation. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00145

Konova, A. B., y Schweitzer, E. M. (2023). Decoding Craving: Insights From a Brain-Based Connectome Predictive Model of Subjective Reports. American Journal of Psychiatry, 180(6), 407-409. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230299

Leiva-Gutiérrez, J., Urzúa M., A., Leiva-Gutiérrez, J., y Urzúa M., A. (2018). Craving en adicciones conductuales: Propuesta de un modelo teórico explicativo en la adicción a Facebook y mensajería instantánea. Terapia psicológica, 36(1), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-48082017000300001

Liu, Y., Wang, L., Yu, C., Liu, M., Li, H., Zhang, Y., Yu, Y., Bao, J., Wang, T., Qi, Y., y Zhou, Q. (2022). How drug cravings affect metacognitive monitoring in methamphetamine abusers. Addictive Behaviors, 132, 107341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107341

Lopez, R. B., Onyemekwu, C., Hart, C. L., Ochsner, K. N., y Kober, H. (2015). Boundary conditions of methamphetamine craving. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23(6), 436-444. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000049

Ludwig, A. M., y Wikler, A. (1974). "Craving" and relapse to drink. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 35(1-A), 108-130.

Martín del Campo, R. (2007). Indicadores de dependencia DSM-IV [Test]. Comisión Nacional Contra las Adicciones (CONADIC).

Mohammadzadeh, A., Khosravani, V., y Feizi, R. (2018). The comparison of impulsivity and craving in stimulant-dependent, opiate-dependent and normal individuals. Journal of Substance Use, 23(3), 312-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2017.1394384

Moszczynska, A. (2021). Current and Emerging Treatments for Methamphetamine Use Disorder. Current Neuropharmacology, 19(12), 2077. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X19666210803091637

Nakama, H., Chang, L., Cloak, C., Jiang, C., Alicata, D., y Haning, W. (2008). Association between Psychiatric Symptoms and Craving in Methamphetamine Users. American Journal on Addictions, 17(5), 441-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490802268462

National Institute on Drugs Abuse. (2023). What is methamphetamine? National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/whatmethamphetamine

Northrup, T. F., Green, C., Walker, R., Greer, T. L., y Trivedi, M. H. (2015). On the invariance of the Stimulant Craving Questionnaire (STCQ) across cocaine and methamphetamine users. Addictive Behaviors, 42, 144-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.020

Ojeda, Y. L., y Martínez, K. I. (2024). Reduction of craving in an adolescent in residential treatment for addictions through a brief intervention: A case study. Interacciones, 10.https://doi.org/10.24016/2024.v10.395

Ray, L. A., y Roche, D. J. O. (2018). Neurobiology of Craving: Current Findings and New Directions. Current Addiction Reports, 5(2), 102-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-018-0202-2

Robinson, T. E., y Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug craving: An incentivesensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18(3), 247-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-p

Sánchez-Hervás, E., Molina Bou, N., del Olmo Gurrea, R., Tomás Gradolí, V., y Morales Gallús, E. (2001). Craving y adicción a drogas. Trastornos Adictivos, 3(4), 237-243.https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-trastornos-adictivos-182-articulo-craving-adicciondrogas-
13021690

Stuart, A. M., Baker, A. L., Denham, A. M. J., Lee, N. K., Hall, A., Oldmeadow, C., Dunlop, A., Bowman, J., y McCarter, K. (2020). Psychological treatment for methamphetamine use and associated psychiatric symptom outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 109, 61-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2019.09.005

Sussner, B. D., Smelson, D. A., Rodrigues, S., Kline, A., Losonczy, M., y Ziedonis, D. (2006). The validity and reliability of a brief measure of cocaine craving. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 83(3), 233-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.022

Tiffany, S. T. (1999). Cognitive Concepts of Craving. Alcohol Research and Health, 23(3), 215-224. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10890817/
Tiffany, S. T., Singleton, E., Haertzen, C. A., y Henningfield, J. E. (1993). The development of a cocaine craving questionnaire. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 34(1), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(93)90042-o

Tziortzis, D., Mahoney, J. J., Kalechstein, A. D., Newton, T. F., y La Garza, R. D. (2011). The relationship between impulsivity and craving in cocaine- and methamphetaminedependent volunteers. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 98(2), 196-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2010.12.022

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2023). World Drug Report 2023. UNODC. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2023.html

Wang, G., Shi, J., Chen, N., Xu, L., Li, J., Li, P., Sun, Y., y Lu, L. (2013). Effects of Length of Abstinence on Decision-Making and Craving in Methamphetamine Abusers. PLOS ONE, 8(7), e68791. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068791

Watanabe-Galloway, S., Ryan, S., Hansen, K., Hullsiek, B., Muli, V., y Malone, A. C. (2009). Effects of Methamphetamine Abuse Beyond Individual Users. Journal of Psychoactive

Drugs, 41(3), 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10400534 Winslow, B. T., Voorhees, K. I., y Pehl, K. A. (2007). Methamphetamine Abuse. American Family Physician, 76(8), 1169-1174. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17990840/

Citations

Citations in Crossref

Citations in Scopus

Google Sholar Citation

Citations in Europe PMC