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Fecha Publicación: 2011-12-23
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Muñoz Rodríguez, L. C., Linares Villalba, S. E., & Narváez Solarte, W. (2011). Propiedades del propóleo como aditivo natural funcional en la nutrición animal. Biosalud, 10(2), 101–111. Recuperado a partir de https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/4744
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El própolis es una resina cérea de composición compleja y consistencia viscosa, que usado en la alimentación de animales, favorece el incremento de peso y masa muscular, mediante la estimulación de la ingesta alimenticia. En cabras estimula la producción de sólidos totales, grasa y proteína en la leche; resultando benéfico también en bovinos, pollos, porcinos, tilapias y trucha arco iris. El propóleo al ser evaluado en diferentes especies animales, ha demostrado poseer propiedades inmunoestimulantes, antioxidantes, antibacteriales, antitumorales y antivirales. Estas características hacen del propóleo una sustancia importante, que puede ser incluida en la dieta de los animales para fortalecer su sistema inmunológico, por su resistencia a enfermedades y ayudan a mejorar el rendimiento productivo, características que lo clasifican como aditivo natural funcional.
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Gaggìa F, Mattarelli P, Biavati B. Probiotics and prebiotics in animal feeding for safe food production. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2010; 141(Suppl. 1):S15-S28.
Collomb M, Schmid A, Sieber R. Conjugated linoleic acids in milk fat: variation and physiological effects. Int. Dairy J. 2006; 16(11):1347-1361.
Cherrington C, Hinton M, Mead G. Organic acids: chemistry, antibacterial activity and practical applications. Adv.Microb.Physiol. 1991; 32:87-108.
Márquez D, Jimenez G, García, F, Garzón C. Analítico: Residuos químicos en alimentos de origen animal: problemas y desafíos para la inocuidad alimentaria en Colombia. Revista CORPOICA. 2008; 9 (Suppl 1): 124-135
Milner J. Functional foods: the US perspective. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71(6):1654.
Burdock G, et al. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). FCT. 1998; 36(4):347-363.
Kumazawa S, Hamasaka T, Nakayama T. Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic origins. FCT. 2004; 84(3):329-339.
Marcucci MC. Propolis: chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutic activity. Apidologie, 1995; 26(2):83-99.
Farré R, Frasquet I, Sánchez A. El própolis y la salud. Ars Pharm 2004; 45(1):21-43.
Silici S, Kutluca S. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of propolis collected by three different races of honeybees in the same region. J. of Ethnopharmacol.2005; 99(1):69-73.
Havsteen BH. The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids. Pharmacology y Therapeutics. 2002; 96(2-3):67-202.
Marinov BS; Evtodienko JV. Estimation of redox properties of chemical compounds by their reactions with free radicals. Anal. Biochem. 1994; 220(1):154-159.
Panthong A, Tassaneeyakul W, Kanjanapothi D. Anti-inflammatory activity of 5, 7-dimethoxyflavone. Planta Médica. 1989; 55(2):133-136.
Pascual CR, Torricella RG. Scavenging action of propolis extract against oxygen radicals. J. of Ethnopharmacol.1994; 41(1-2):9-13.
Halliwell B. Antioxidants and human disease: a general introduction. Nutrition reviews. 1997; 55(1):S44-S49.
Hughes DA. Effects of dietary antioxidants on the immune function of middle-aged adults. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999; 58(1):79-84.
Wiltrout RH, Boyd MR, Back TC, Salup RR, Arthur JA, Homung RL . Flavone-8-acetic acid augments systemic natural killer cell activity and synergizes with IL-2 for treatment of murine renal cancer. J Immunol.1988; 140(9):3261-3265.
Oršoli N, Brbot Šaranovi A, Baši I. Direct and indirect mechanism(s) of antitumour activity of propolis and its polyphenolic compounds. Planta Médica. 2006; 72(1):20-27.
Sforcin JM. Propolis and the immune system: a review. J. of Ethnopharmacol.2007; 113(1):1-14.
Sá-Nunes A, Faccioli LH, Sforcin JM. Propolis: lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-[gamma] production. J. of Ethnopharmacol.. 2003; 87(1):93-97.
Dimov V, Ivanovska N, Manolova N, Bankova V. Immunomodulatory action of propolis. Influence on anti-infectious protection and macrophage function. Apidologie. 1991; 22(2):155-162.
Moriyasu J, Arai S, Motoda R, Kurimoto M, et al. In vitro activation of mouse macrophage by propolis extract powder. Biotherapy. 1994; 8:364-365.
Dimov V, Ivanovska N, Bankova V. Immunomodulatory action of propolis: IV. Prophylactic activity against Gram-negative infections and adjuvant effect of the water-soluble derivative. Vaccine. 1992; 10(12):817-823.
Orsi R, Funari S, Soares A. Immunomodulatory action of propolis on macrophage activation. J Venom Anim Toxins. 2000; 6(2):205-219.
Brätter C, Tregel M, Liebenthal C. Prophylaktische Wirkungen von Propolis zur Immunstimulation: Eine klinische Pilotstudie. Forschende Komplementärmedizin. Research in Complementary Medicine. 1999; 6(5):256-260.
Dantas AP, Bianca P, Olivieri F. Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice with propolis promotes changes in the immune response. J. of Ethnopharmacol.2006; 103(2):187-193.
Kalkbrenner F, Wurm G, von Bruchhausen F. In vitro inhibition and stimulation of purified prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase by flavonoids: Structure-activity relationship. Pharmacology 1992; 44(1):1-12.
Medina L, Perez-Ramos J, Ramirez R. Leukotriene C4 upregulates collagenase expression and synthesis in human lung fibroblasts. BBA-Molecular Cell Research 1994; 1224(2):168-174.
Mirzoeva O, Calder P. The effect of propolis and its components on eicosanoid production during the inflammatory response. PLEFA. Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. 1996; 55(6):441-449.
Landolfi R, Mower RL, Steiner M. Modification of platelet function and arachidonic acid metabolism by bioflavonoids: Structure-activity relations. Biochemical Pharmacology 1984; 33(9):1525-1530.
Sud’Ina G, et al. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester as a lipoxygenase inhibitor with antioxidant properties. FEBS letters 1993; 329(1-2):21-24.
Hu F, Hepburn H, Li Y. Effects of ethanol and water extracts of propolis (bee glue) on acute inflammatory animal models. J. of Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 100(3):276-283.
Mirzoeva OK, Grishanin RN, Calder PC. Antimicrobial action of propolis and some of its components: The effects on growth, membrane potential and motility of bacteria. Microbiol Res. 1997; 152(3):239-246.
Ohnishi E, Bannai H. Quercetin potentiates TNF-induced antiviral activity. Antiviral Res. 1993; 22(4):327-331.
Harborne JB, et al. The isopentenyl isoflavone luteone as a pre-infectional antifungal agent in the genus Lupinus. Phytochemistry 1976; 15(10):1485-1487.
Cushnie TPT, Lamb AJ. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005; 26(5):343-356.
Ohemeng KA, Schewender C. DNA gyrase inhibitory and antibacterial activity of some flavones (1). Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 1993; 3(2):225-230.
Veckenstedt A, Guttner J, Beladi I. Synergistic action of quercetin and murine alpha/beta interferon in the treatment of Mengo virus infection in mice. Antiviral Res. 1987; 7(3):169-178.
Amoros M, Sauvager F, Girre L. In vitro antiviral activity of propolis. Apidologie 1992; 23(3):231-240.
Nolkemper S, Reichling J, Sensch K. Mechanism of herpes simplex virus type 2 suppression by propolis extracts. Phytomedicine 2010; 17(2):132-138.
Grunberger D. Preferential cytotoxicity on tumor cells by caffeic acid phenethyl ester isolated from propolis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1988; 44(3):230-232.
Scheller S, et al. Antitumoral property of ethanolic extract of propolis in mice-bearing Ehrlich carcinoma, as compared to bleomycin. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. J Biosci .1989; 44(11-12):1063.
Harper JW, Adami G, Wei N. The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclindependent kinases. Cell. 1993; 75(4):805-816.
Rice-Evans C. Flavonoid antioxidants. Curr Med Chem. 2001; 8(7):797-807.
Beecher GR. Overview of dietary flavonoids: nomenclature, occurrence and intake. J Nutr. 2003; 133(10): 3248ss.
Lana, R., Leal, M., Queiroz, A. Óleo de soja e própolis na alimentação de cabras leiteiras. R. Bras. Zootec. 2005; 34(2): 650-658
Júnior DS, Queiroz A, Paula Lana R, Gama C. Ação do Extrato de Própolis sobre a Fermentação in vitro de Diferentes Alimentos pela Técnica de Produção de Gases1. R. Bras. Zootec. 2004; 33(4):1093-1099.
Bonomi A, Bonomi B, Quarantelli A, Sabbioni A. L’impiego della propoli nell’alimentazione delle anatre da carne. Riv. Sci. Aliment. 2002; 31(1):15-28.
Oliveira J, Paula RL, Chaer BA, Queiroz A, Almeida. Efeito da monensina e extrato de própolis sobre a produção de amônia e degradabilidade in vitro da proteína bruta de diferentes fontes de nitrogênio. R. Bras. Zootec. 2004; 33(2):504-510.
Franco S, Índices produtivos e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo níveis de extrato etanólico de própolis ou promotores de crescimento convencionais. Cienc. Rural. 2007; 1765-1771.
Buhatel T, Vesa S, Dimitrin A, Moldovan, I. Contributii la cunoasterca actiunii biostimulatoare a propolisului asupra tincretului porcin si aviar. Buletinul Institutului Agronomic. 1983; 37(1):45-48.
Khojasteh Shalmany S, Shivazad M. The effect of diet propolis supplementation on Ross broiler Chick performance. Int. J. Poult. Sci.. 2006; 5(1): 84-88
Bonomi A, Bonomi B, Mazzotti A. L’impiego della propoli nell’alimentazione dell’agnello leggero. Riv. Sci. Aliment. 2002; 31(1):65-75.
Galal A, Ahmed A, Zaki T. Productive performance and immune response of laying hens as affected by dietary propolis supplementation. Int J Poult Sci. 2008; 7:272-278.
TatlI Seven P, et al. The effects of Turkish propolis on growth and carcass characteristics in broilers under heat stress. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2008; 146(1-2):137-148.
Haro A, López I, Lisbona F. Beneficial effect of pollen and/or propolis on the metabolism of iron, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in rats with nutritional ferropenic anemia. J Agric Food Chem. 2000; 48(11):5715-5722.
Newairy A, et al. Propolis alleviates aluminium-induced lipid peroxidation and biochemical parameters in male rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009; 47(6): 1093-1098.
Kim Y, Kwon H, Park I. Immunomodulatory Effects of Propolis and Fermented-propolis in BALB/c Mice. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology 2008; 40 (5): 574-579
Abd-El-Rhman AMM. Antagonism of aeromonas hydrophila by propolis and its effect on the performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2009; 27(3):454-459.
Beyraghdar K, Ebrahimi E, Mahboobi N. Long-term effects of propolis on serum biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 2011; 74(3):315-318.
Talas ZS, Gulhan MF. Effects of various propolis concentrations on biochemical and hematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 2009; 72(7):1994-1998.
Meurer F, Matiuzzi M. Brown propolis extract in feed as a growth promoter of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus 1758) fingerlings. Aquac. Res. 2009; 40(5):603-608.
Velotto S. Effect of propolis on the Fish Muscular Development and Histomorphometrical Characteristics. Acta Vet. Brno 2010; 79:543-550.
Adlerberth MC, Poilane I, Wold A, Collignon AI. Mechanisms of colonisation and colonisation resistance of the digestive tract part 1: bacteria/host interactions. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2000; 12(2):223-239.
Bandyopadhyay D, Chattopadhyay A, Ghosh G. Oxidative stress-induced ischemic heart disease: protection by antioxidants. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2004; 11(3):369-387.
Bolduan G . Die Wirkung von Propion und Ameisensäure in der Ferkelaufzucht. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 1988; 59(1-5):72-78.
Bosscher D, van Loo J, Franck A. Inulin and oligofructose as functional ingredients to improve bone mineralization. Int. Dairy J. 2006; 16(9):1092-1097.
Chauvière G, Coconnier M, Kerneis S. Competitive exclusion of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) from human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells by heat-killed Lactobacillus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.1992; 91(3):213-217.
Decker E, Akoh C, Min D. Antioxidant mechanisms. Food lipids: Chemistry, nutrition, and biotechnology 2002; 2:517-542.
Dibner J, Buttin P. Use of organic acids as a model to study the impact of gut microflora on nutrition and metabolism. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2002; 11(4):453.
Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics. J. Nutr.1995; 125(6):1401-1412.
Huang B, Eberstadt M, Olejniczac E. NMR structure and mutagenesis of the Fas (APO-1/CD95) death domain. Nature. 1996; 384(6610):638-641.
Kartal M, Sulhiye Y, Serdar K. Antimicrobial activity of propolis samples from two different regions of Anatolia. J. of Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 86(1):69-73.
Milner J. Functional foods and health promotion. J. Nutr. 1999; 129(7):1395.
Piquer F. Bases de la utilización de complejos enzimáticos en nutrición animal: estudio comparativo entre especies. [Internet] Disponible en: http://www1.etsia.upm.es/fedna/capitulos/96capituloVII.pdf. Consultado Septiembre 27 de 2011.
Roberfroid M. Prebiotics: the concept revisited. J. Nutr. 2007; 137(3):830ss.
Stanton C, et al. Fermented functional foods based on probiotics and their biogenic metabolites. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2005; 16(2):198-203.
Collomb M, Schmid A, Sieber R. Conjugated linoleic acids in milk fat: variation and physiological effects. Int. Dairy J. 2006; 16(11):1347-1361.
Cherrington C, Hinton M, Mead G. Organic acids: chemistry, antibacterial activity and practical applications. Adv.Microb.Physiol. 1991; 32:87-108.
Márquez D, Jimenez G, García, F, Garzón C. Analítico: Residuos químicos en alimentos de origen animal: problemas y desafíos para la inocuidad alimentaria en Colombia. Revista CORPOICA. 2008; 9 (Suppl 1): 124-135
Milner J. Functional foods: the US perspective. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71(6):1654.
Burdock G, et al. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). FCT. 1998; 36(4):347-363.
Kumazawa S, Hamasaka T, Nakayama T. Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic origins. FCT. 2004; 84(3):329-339.
Marcucci MC. Propolis: chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutic activity. Apidologie, 1995; 26(2):83-99.
Farré R, Frasquet I, Sánchez A. El própolis y la salud. Ars Pharm 2004; 45(1):21-43.
Silici S, Kutluca S. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of propolis collected by three different races of honeybees in the same region. J. of Ethnopharmacol.2005; 99(1):69-73.
Havsteen BH. The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids. Pharmacology y Therapeutics. 2002; 96(2-3):67-202.
Marinov BS; Evtodienko JV. Estimation of redox properties of chemical compounds by their reactions with free radicals. Anal. Biochem. 1994; 220(1):154-159.
Panthong A, Tassaneeyakul W, Kanjanapothi D. Anti-inflammatory activity of 5, 7-dimethoxyflavone. Planta Médica. 1989; 55(2):133-136.
Pascual CR, Torricella RG. Scavenging action of propolis extract against oxygen radicals. J. of Ethnopharmacol.1994; 41(1-2):9-13.
Halliwell B. Antioxidants and human disease: a general introduction. Nutrition reviews. 1997; 55(1):S44-S49.
Hughes DA. Effects of dietary antioxidants on the immune function of middle-aged adults. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999; 58(1):79-84.
Wiltrout RH, Boyd MR, Back TC, Salup RR, Arthur JA, Homung RL . Flavone-8-acetic acid augments systemic natural killer cell activity and synergizes with IL-2 for treatment of murine renal cancer. J Immunol.1988; 140(9):3261-3265.
Oršoli N, Brbot Šaranovi A, Baši I. Direct and indirect mechanism(s) of antitumour activity of propolis and its polyphenolic compounds. Planta Médica. 2006; 72(1):20-27.
Sforcin JM. Propolis and the immune system: a review. J. of Ethnopharmacol.2007; 113(1):1-14.
Sá-Nunes A, Faccioli LH, Sforcin JM. Propolis: lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-[gamma] production. J. of Ethnopharmacol.. 2003; 87(1):93-97.
Dimov V, Ivanovska N, Manolova N, Bankova V. Immunomodulatory action of propolis. Influence on anti-infectious protection and macrophage function. Apidologie. 1991; 22(2):155-162.
Moriyasu J, Arai S, Motoda R, Kurimoto M, et al. In vitro activation of mouse macrophage by propolis extract powder. Biotherapy. 1994; 8:364-365.
Dimov V, Ivanovska N, Bankova V. Immunomodulatory action of propolis: IV. Prophylactic activity against Gram-negative infections and adjuvant effect of the water-soluble derivative. Vaccine. 1992; 10(12):817-823.
Orsi R, Funari S, Soares A. Immunomodulatory action of propolis on macrophage activation. J Venom Anim Toxins. 2000; 6(2):205-219.
Brätter C, Tregel M, Liebenthal C. Prophylaktische Wirkungen von Propolis zur Immunstimulation: Eine klinische Pilotstudie. Forschende Komplementärmedizin. Research in Complementary Medicine. 1999; 6(5):256-260.
Dantas AP, Bianca P, Olivieri F. Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice with propolis promotes changes in the immune response. J. of Ethnopharmacol.2006; 103(2):187-193.
Kalkbrenner F, Wurm G, von Bruchhausen F. In vitro inhibition and stimulation of purified prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase by flavonoids: Structure-activity relationship. Pharmacology 1992; 44(1):1-12.
Medina L, Perez-Ramos J, Ramirez R. Leukotriene C4 upregulates collagenase expression and synthesis in human lung fibroblasts. BBA-Molecular Cell Research 1994; 1224(2):168-174.
Mirzoeva O, Calder P. The effect of propolis and its components on eicosanoid production during the inflammatory response. PLEFA. Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. 1996; 55(6):441-449.
Landolfi R, Mower RL, Steiner M. Modification of platelet function and arachidonic acid metabolism by bioflavonoids: Structure-activity relations. Biochemical Pharmacology 1984; 33(9):1525-1530.
Sud’Ina G, et al. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester as a lipoxygenase inhibitor with antioxidant properties. FEBS letters 1993; 329(1-2):21-24.
Hu F, Hepburn H, Li Y. Effects of ethanol and water extracts of propolis (bee glue) on acute inflammatory animal models. J. of Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 100(3):276-283.
Mirzoeva OK, Grishanin RN, Calder PC. Antimicrobial action of propolis and some of its components: The effects on growth, membrane potential and motility of bacteria. Microbiol Res. 1997; 152(3):239-246.
Ohnishi E, Bannai H. Quercetin potentiates TNF-induced antiviral activity. Antiviral Res. 1993; 22(4):327-331.
Harborne JB, et al. The isopentenyl isoflavone luteone as a pre-infectional antifungal agent in the genus Lupinus. Phytochemistry 1976; 15(10):1485-1487.
Cushnie TPT, Lamb AJ. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005; 26(5):343-356.
Ohemeng KA, Schewender C. DNA gyrase inhibitory and antibacterial activity of some flavones (1). Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 1993; 3(2):225-230.
Veckenstedt A, Guttner J, Beladi I. Synergistic action of quercetin and murine alpha/beta interferon in the treatment of Mengo virus infection in mice. Antiviral Res. 1987; 7(3):169-178.
Amoros M, Sauvager F, Girre L. In vitro antiviral activity of propolis. Apidologie 1992; 23(3):231-240.
Nolkemper S, Reichling J, Sensch K. Mechanism of herpes simplex virus type 2 suppression by propolis extracts. Phytomedicine 2010; 17(2):132-138.
Grunberger D. Preferential cytotoxicity on tumor cells by caffeic acid phenethyl ester isolated from propolis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1988; 44(3):230-232.
Scheller S, et al. Antitumoral property of ethanolic extract of propolis in mice-bearing Ehrlich carcinoma, as compared to bleomycin. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. J Biosci .1989; 44(11-12):1063.
Harper JW, Adami G, Wei N. The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclindependent kinases. Cell. 1993; 75(4):805-816.
Rice-Evans C. Flavonoid antioxidants. Curr Med Chem. 2001; 8(7):797-807.
Beecher GR. Overview of dietary flavonoids: nomenclature, occurrence and intake. J Nutr. 2003; 133(10): 3248ss.
Lana, R., Leal, M., Queiroz, A. Óleo de soja e própolis na alimentação de cabras leiteiras. R. Bras. Zootec. 2005; 34(2): 650-658
Júnior DS, Queiroz A, Paula Lana R, Gama C. Ação do Extrato de Própolis sobre a Fermentação in vitro de Diferentes Alimentos pela Técnica de Produção de Gases1. R. Bras. Zootec. 2004; 33(4):1093-1099.
Bonomi A, Bonomi B, Quarantelli A, Sabbioni A. L’impiego della propoli nell’alimentazione delle anatre da carne. Riv. Sci. Aliment. 2002; 31(1):15-28.
Oliveira J, Paula RL, Chaer BA, Queiroz A, Almeida. Efeito da monensina e extrato de própolis sobre a produção de amônia e degradabilidade in vitro da proteína bruta de diferentes fontes de nitrogênio. R. Bras. Zootec. 2004; 33(2):504-510.
Franco S, Índices produtivos e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo níveis de extrato etanólico de própolis ou promotores de crescimento convencionais. Cienc. Rural. 2007; 1765-1771.
Buhatel T, Vesa S, Dimitrin A, Moldovan, I. Contributii la cunoasterca actiunii biostimulatoare a propolisului asupra tincretului porcin si aviar. Buletinul Institutului Agronomic. 1983; 37(1):45-48.
Khojasteh Shalmany S, Shivazad M. The effect of diet propolis supplementation on Ross broiler Chick performance. Int. J. Poult. Sci.. 2006; 5(1): 84-88
Bonomi A, Bonomi B, Mazzotti A. L’impiego della propoli nell’alimentazione dell’agnello leggero. Riv. Sci. Aliment. 2002; 31(1):65-75.
Galal A, Ahmed A, Zaki T. Productive performance and immune response of laying hens as affected by dietary propolis supplementation. Int J Poult Sci. 2008; 7:272-278.
TatlI Seven P, et al. The effects of Turkish propolis on growth and carcass characteristics in broilers under heat stress. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2008; 146(1-2):137-148.
Haro A, López I, Lisbona F. Beneficial effect of pollen and/or propolis on the metabolism of iron, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in rats with nutritional ferropenic anemia. J Agric Food Chem. 2000; 48(11):5715-5722.
Newairy A, et al. Propolis alleviates aluminium-induced lipid peroxidation and biochemical parameters in male rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009; 47(6): 1093-1098.
Kim Y, Kwon H, Park I. Immunomodulatory Effects of Propolis and Fermented-propolis in BALB/c Mice. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology 2008; 40 (5): 574-579
Abd-El-Rhman AMM. Antagonism of aeromonas hydrophila by propolis and its effect on the performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2009; 27(3):454-459.
Beyraghdar K, Ebrahimi E, Mahboobi N. Long-term effects of propolis on serum biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 2011; 74(3):315-318.
Talas ZS, Gulhan MF. Effects of various propolis concentrations on biochemical and hematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 2009; 72(7):1994-1998.
Meurer F, Matiuzzi M. Brown propolis extract in feed as a growth promoter of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus 1758) fingerlings. Aquac. Res. 2009; 40(5):603-608.
Velotto S. Effect of propolis on the Fish Muscular Development and Histomorphometrical Characteristics. Acta Vet. Brno 2010; 79:543-550.
Adlerberth MC, Poilane I, Wold A, Collignon AI. Mechanisms of colonisation and colonisation resistance of the digestive tract part 1: bacteria/host interactions. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2000; 12(2):223-239.
Bandyopadhyay D, Chattopadhyay A, Ghosh G. Oxidative stress-induced ischemic heart disease: protection by antioxidants. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2004; 11(3):369-387.
Bolduan G . Die Wirkung von Propion und Ameisensäure in der Ferkelaufzucht. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 1988; 59(1-5):72-78.
Bosscher D, van Loo J, Franck A. Inulin and oligofructose as functional ingredients to improve bone mineralization. Int. Dairy J. 2006; 16(9):1092-1097.
Chauvière G, Coconnier M, Kerneis S. Competitive exclusion of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) from human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells by heat-killed Lactobacillus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.1992; 91(3):213-217.
Decker E, Akoh C, Min D. Antioxidant mechanisms. Food lipids: Chemistry, nutrition, and biotechnology 2002; 2:517-542.
Dibner J, Buttin P. Use of organic acids as a model to study the impact of gut microflora on nutrition and metabolism. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2002; 11(4):453.
Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics. J. Nutr.1995; 125(6):1401-1412.
Huang B, Eberstadt M, Olejniczac E. NMR structure and mutagenesis of the Fas (APO-1/CD95) death domain. Nature. 1996; 384(6610):638-641.
Kartal M, Sulhiye Y, Serdar K. Antimicrobial activity of propolis samples from two different regions of Anatolia. J. of Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 86(1):69-73.
Milner J. Functional foods and health promotion. J. Nutr. 1999; 129(7):1395.
Piquer F. Bases de la utilización de complejos enzimáticos en nutrición animal: estudio comparativo entre especies. [Internet] Disponible en: http://www1.etsia.upm.es/fedna/capitulos/96capituloVII.pdf. Consultado Septiembre 27 de 2011.
Roberfroid M. Prebiotics: the concept revisited. J. Nutr. 2007; 137(3):830ss.
Stanton C, et al. Fermented functional foods based on probiotics and their biogenic metabolites. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2005; 16(2):198-203.
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