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Fecha Publicación: 2012-06-22
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Giraldo Arana, D., & Uribe Velásquez, L. F. (2012). Estrategias para mejorar la condición corporal postparto en vacas de carne. Biosalud, 11(1), 71–89. Recuperado a partir de https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/biosalud/article/view/4733
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El objetivo de esta revisión es describir el efecto de estrategias nutricionales y de manejo sobre la condición corporal y el desempeño reproductivo de vacas de carne. Las vacas de carne experimentan un balance energético negativo durante el postparto, perdiendo condición corporal. El desarrollo folicular, la tasa de preñez, la fertilidad, los intervalos parto-primer estro, parto-concepción e intervalo entre partos son superiores en vacas con condición corporal moderada durante el postparto, comparadas con vacas delgadas. La suplementación con lípidos de cadena larga poliinsaturados permite obtener una reanudación de la ciclicidad ovárica temprana, independiente de su contribución energética. La suplementación con proteína ayuda a mantener o mejorar la condición corporal durante el postparto, optimiza el medio ambiente ruminal y la eficiencia digestiva de los animales. El destete precoz y el amamantamiento restringido se han venido utilizando en sistemas de cría extensivos, ya que la aplicación de este tipo de estrategias es relativamente fácil. Estas actividades tienen efecto sobre el eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-ovario y reducen los requerimientos energéticos de la madre derivados de la producción de leche, permitiendo mejorar la condición corporal y la reiniciación de la actividad ovárica, además de optimizar los resultados de tratamientos con progestágenos cuando son usados alternamente. En conclusión, una adecuada condición corporal postparto es esencial para garantizar el rendimiento reproductivo de vacas de carne. El uso de suplementación con lípidos y proteína durante el postparto mejora la condición corporal y optimiza el rendimiento reproductivo de vacas de carne. Estrategias de manejo como el destete precoz son efectivas, pero su uso se restringe solo cuando las fuentes nutricionales son escasas o la aplicación de estrategias nutricionales no es posible.
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Ayres H, Machado R, De Souza J, Garcia C, Gonçalves C, Sampaio P. Validation of body condition score as a predictor of subcutaneous fat in Nelore (Bos indicus) cows. Livest Sci 2009; 123:175-9.
Jones AL, Lamb GC. Nutrition, synchronization, and management of beef embryo transfer recipients. Theriogenology 2008; 69:107-15.
Lopes CN, Scarpa AB, Cappellozza BI, Cooke RF, Vasconcelos JLM. Effects of rumen-protected polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on reproductive performance on Bos indicus beef cows. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:3935-43.
Lopes CN, Cooke RF, Reis MM, Peres RFG, Vasconcelos JLM. Strategic supplementation of calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids to enhance reproductive performance of Bos indicus beef cows. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3116-24.
Roche JR, Burke CR, Meier S, Walker CG. Nutrition x reproduction interaction in pasture-based systems: is nutrition a factor in reproductive failure? Anim Prod Sci 2011; 51:1045-66.
Cassady JM, Maddock TD, DiCostanzo A, Lamb GC. Initial body condition score affects hormone and metabolite response to nutritional restriction and repletion in yearling postpuberal beef heifers. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:2262-73.
Oliveira Filho BD, Toniollo GH, Oliveira AFD, Viu MAO, Ferraz HT, Lopes DT, et al. The effect of offering an energy and protein supplement to grazing canchim beef cows either postpartum or both pre- and postpartum on lipid blood metabolites and folliculogenesis. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 121:39-45.
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Fiems LO, Van Caelenbergh W, Vanacker JM, De Campeneere S, Seynaeve M. Prediction of empty body composition of double-muscled beef cows. Livest Prod Sci 2005; 92:249-59.
Montiel F, Ahuja C. Body condition and suckling as factors influencing the duration of postpartum anestrus in cattle: a review. Anim Reprod Sci 2005; 85:1-26.
Berry DP, Veerkamp RF, Dillon P. Phenotypic profiles for body weight, body condition score, energy intake, and energy balance across different parities and concentrate feeding levels. Livest Sci 2006; 104:1-12.
Short RE, Adams DC. Nutritional and hormonal interrelationships in beef cattle reproduction. Can J Anim Sci 1988; 68:29-39.
Kane KK, Creighton KW, Petersen MK, Hallford DM, Remmenga MD, Hawkins DE. Effects of varying levels of undegradable intake protein on endocrine and metabolic function of young post-partum beef cows. Theriogenology 2002; 57:2179-91.
Beam SW, Butler WR. Energy balance, metabolic hormones, and early postpartum follicular development in dairy cows fed prilled lipid. J Dairy Sci 1998; 81:121-31.
De Vries MJ, Van der beek S, Kaal-lansbergen LMTE, Ouweltjes W, Wilmink JBM. Modeling of energy balance in early lactation and the effect of energy deficits in early lactation on first detected estrus postpartum in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1999; 82:1927-34.
Lake SL, Scholljegerdes EJ, Atkinson RL, Nayigihugu V, Paisley SI, Rule DC, et al. Body condition score at parturition and postpartum supplemental fat effects on cow and calf performance. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:2908-17.
Lake SL, Scholljegerdes EJ, Nayigihugu V, Murrieta CM, Atkinson RL, Rule DC, et al. Effects of body condition score at parturition and postpartum supplemental fat on adipose tissue lipogenic activity of lactanting beef cows. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:397-404.
Bossis I, Wettemann RP, Welty SD, Vizcarra J, Spicer LJ. Nutritionally induced anovulation in beef heifers: ovarian and endocrine function during realimentation and resumption of ovulation. Biol. Reprod 2000; 62:36-1444.
Sullivan TM, Micke GC, Perry VEA. Influences of diet during gestation on potential postpartum reproductive performance and milk production of beef heifers. Theriogenology 2009; 72:1202-14.
Renquist BJ, Oltjen JW, Sainz RD, Calvert CC. Relationship between body condition score and production of multiparous beef cows. Livest Sci 2006; 104:147-55.
Lents CA, White FJ, Ciccioli NH, Wettemann RP, Spicer LJ, Lalman DL. Effects of body condition score at parturition and postpartum protein supplementation on estrous behavior and size of the dominant follicle in beef cows. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:2549-56.
Flores R, Looper ML, Rorie RW, Lamb MA, Reiter ST, Hallford DM, et al. Influence of body condition and bovine somatotropin on estrous behavior, reproductive performance, and concentrations of serum somatotropin and plasma fatty acids in postpartum Brahman-influenced cows. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:1318-29.
Freetly HC, Nienaber JA, Brown-Brandl T. Partitioning of energy during lactation of primiparous beef cows. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:2157-62.
Giraldo CA, Oliveira M, Ruiz ZT. Efecto de la variación en el peso y la condición corporal, y la expresión de receptores de leptina y hormona luteinizante, sobre la anovulación posparto en vacas cebú (Bos indicus). Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu 2008; 21:228-38.
Bishop DK, Wettemann RP. Pulsatil infusión of gonadotropin-releasing hormone initiates luteal activity in nutritionally anestrous beef cows. J Anim Sci 1993; 71:2714-20.
Vizcarra JA, Wettemann RP, Braden TD, Turzillo AM, Nett TM. Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse frequency on serum and pituitary concentrations of luteinizing hormone and folliclestimulating hormone, GnRH receptors, and messenger ribonucleic acid for gonadotropin subunits in cows. Endocrinology 1997; 138(2).
Funston RN. Fat supplementation and reproduction in beef females. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:E154-E161.
Santos JEP, Bilby TR, Thatcher WW, Staples CR, Silvestre. Long chain fatty acids of diets as factors influencing reproduction in cattle. Reprod Dom Anim 2008; 43(2):23-30.
Hess BW, Moss GE, Rule DC. A decade of developments in the area of fat supplementation research with beef cattle and sheep. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:E188-E204.
Espinoza-Villavicencio JL, Ortega-Pérez R, Palacios-Espinosa A, Guillén-Trujillo A. Efecto de la suplementación de grasas sobre caracterisiticas productivas, tasas de preñez y algunos metabolitos de los lípidos en vacas para carne en pastoreo. Arch Med Vet 2010; 42:25-32.
De Fries CA, Neuendorff DA, Randel RD. Fat supplementation influences postpartum reproductive performance in Brahman cows. J Anim Sci 1998; 76:864-70.
Engel CL, Patterson HH, Perry GA. Effect of dried corn distillers grains plus soluble compared with soybean hulls, in late gestation heifers diets, on animal and reproductive performance. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:1697-708.
Bottger JD, Hess BW, Alexander BM, Hixon DL, Woodard LF, Funston RN, et al. Effects of supplementation with high linoleic or oleic cracked safflower seeds on postpartum reproduction and calf performance of primiparous beef heifers. J Anim Sci 2002; 80:2023-30.
Lake SL, Weston TR, Scholljegerdes EJ, Murrieta CM, Alexander BM, Rule GE, et al. Effects of postpartum dietary fat and body condition score at parturition on plasma, adipose tissue, and milk fatty acid composition of lactating beef cows. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:717-30.
Araujo DB, Cooke RF, Hansen GR, Staples CR, Arthington JD. Effects of rumen-protected polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on performance and physiological responses of growing cattle after transportation and feedlot entry. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:4120-32.
Cooke RF, Bohnert DW, Moriel P, Hess BW, Mills RR. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on ruminal in situ forage degradability, performance, and physiological responses of feeder cattle. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3677-89.
Darckley JK, Klusmeyer TH, Trusk AM, Clark JH. Infusion of long-chain fatty acids varying in saturation and chain length into the abomasum of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1992; 75:1517-26.
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Ciccioli NH, Wettemann RP, Spicer LJ, Lents CA, White FJ, Keisler DH. Influence of body condition at calving and postpartum nutrition on endocrine function and reproductive performance of primiparous beef cows. J Animal sci 2003; 81:3107-20.
Correa A, Uribe-Velásquez LF. La condición corporal como herramienta para pronosticar el potencial reproductivo en hembras bovinas de carne. Rev.Fac.Nal.Agr.Medellín 2010; 63(2):5607-19.
Ayres H, Machado R, De Souza J, Garcia C, Gonçalves C, Sampaio P. Validation of body condition score as a predictor of subcutaneous fat in Nelore (Bos indicus) cows. Livest Sci 2009; 123:175-9.
Jones AL, Lamb GC. Nutrition, synchronization, and management of beef embryo transfer recipients. Theriogenology 2008; 69:107-15.
Lopes CN, Scarpa AB, Cappellozza BI, Cooke RF, Vasconcelos JLM. Effects of rumen-protected polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on reproductive performance on Bos indicus beef cows. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:3935-43.
Lopes CN, Cooke RF, Reis MM, Peres RFG, Vasconcelos JLM. Strategic supplementation of calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids to enhance reproductive performance of Bos indicus beef cows. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3116-24.
Roche JR, Burke CR, Meier S, Walker CG. Nutrition x reproduction interaction in pasture-based systems: is nutrition a factor in reproductive failure? Anim Prod Sci 2011; 51:1045-66.
Cassady JM, Maddock TD, DiCostanzo A, Lamb GC. Initial body condition score affects hormone and metabolite response to nutritional restriction and repletion in yearling postpuberal beef heifers. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:2262-73.
Oliveira Filho BD, Toniollo GH, Oliveira AFD, Viu MAO, Ferraz HT, Lopes DT, et al. The effect of offering an energy and protein supplement to grazing canchim beef cows either postpartum or both pre- and postpartum on lipid blood metabolites and folliculogenesis. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 121:39-45.
Dominguez MM. Effects of body condition, reproductive status and breed on follicular population and oocyte quality in cows. Theriogenology 1995; 43:1405-18.
Maciel AB. Proposta de avaliação da condição corporal em vacas Holandesa e Nelore. Botucatu, 2006. Dissertação (Mestrado). UNESP Botucatu, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Programa de Pos-graduação em Zootecnia.
Whitman RW. Weight change, body condition and beef-cow reproduction. Fort Collins, 1975. Dissertation (Post Doctorate). Colorado State Univ. College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.
Nicholson MJ, Butterworth MH. Grille de notation de l´etat d´engraissement des bovins zebus. AddisAbeba: Centre international pour l´élevage en Afrique; 1989. p. 7-9.
Houghton P, Lemenager R, Horstman L, Hendrix K, Moss G. Effects of body composition, pre- and postpartum energy level and early weaning on reproductive performance of beef cows and preweaning calf gain. J Anim Sci 1990; 68:1438-46.
Frasinelli CA, Casagrande HJ, Veneciano JH. La condición corporal como herramienta de manejo em rodeos de cría bovina. INTA- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis, Información Técnica 2004; 168.
Lalman DL, Keisler DH, Williams JE, Scholljegerdes EJ, Mallett DM. Influence of postpartum weight and body condition change on duration of anestrus by undernourished suckled beef heifers. J Anim Sci 1997; 75:2003-8.
Fiems LO, Van Caelenbergh W, Vanacker JM, De Campeneere S, Seynaeve M. Prediction of empty body composition of double-muscled beef cows. Livest Prod Sci 2005; 92:249-59.
Montiel F, Ahuja C. Body condition and suckling as factors influencing the duration of postpartum anestrus in cattle: a review. Anim Reprod Sci 2005; 85:1-26.
Berry DP, Veerkamp RF, Dillon P. Phenotypic profiles for body weight, body condition score, energy intake, and energy balance across different parities and concentrate feeding levels. Livest Sci 2006; 104:1-12.
Short RE, Adams DC. Nutritional and hormonal interrelationships in beef cattle reproduction. Can J Anim Sci 1988; 68:29-39.
Kane KK, Creighton KW, Petersen MK, Hallford DM, Remmenga MD, Hawkins DE. Effects of varying levels of undegradable intake protein on endocrine and metabolic function of young post-partum beef cows. Theriogenology 2002; 57:2179-91.
Beam SW, Butler WR. Energy balance, metabolic hormones, and early postpartum follicular development in dairy cows fed prilled lipid. J Dairy Sci 1998; 81:121-31.
De Vries MJ, Van der beek S, Kaal-lansbergen LMTE, Ouweltjes W, Wilmink JBM. Modeling of energy balance in early lactation and the effect of energy deficits in early lactation on first detected estrus postpartum in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1999; 82:1927-34.
Lake SL, Scholljegerdes EJ, Atkinson RL, Nayigihugu V, Paisley SI, Rule DC, et al. Body condition score at parturition and postpartum supplemental fat effects on cow and calf performance. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:2908-17.
Lake SL, Scholljegerdes EJ, Nayigihugu V, Murrieta CM, Atkinson RL, Rule DC, et al. Effects of body condition score at parturition and postpartum supplemental fat on adipose tissue lipogenic activity of lactanting beef cows. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:397-404.
Bossis I, Wettemann RP, Welty SD, Vizcarra J, Spicer LJ. Nutritionally induced anovulation in beef heifers: ovarian and endocrine function during realimentation and resumption of ovulation. Biol. Reprod 2000; 62:36-1444.
Sullivan TM, Micke GC, Perry VEA. Influences of diet during gestation on potential postpartum reproductive performance and milk production of beef heifers. Theriogenology 2009; 72:1202-14.
Renquist BJ, Oltjen JW, Sainz RD, Calvert CC. Relationship between body condition score and production of multiparous beef cows. Livest Sci 2006; 104:147-55.
Lents CA, White FJ, Ciccioli NH, Wettemann RP, Spicer LJ, Lalman DL. Effects of body condition score at parturition and postpartum protein supplementation on estrous behavior and size of the dominant follicle in beef cows. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:2549-56.
Flores R, Looper ML, Rorie RW, Lamb MA, Reiter ST, Hallford DM, et al. Influence of body condition and bovine somatotropin on estrous behavior, reproductive performance, and concentrations of serum somatotropin and plasma fatty acids in postpartum Brahman-influenced cows. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:1318-29.
Freetly HC, Nienaber JA, Brown-Brandl T. Partitioning of energy during lactation of primiparous beef cows. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:2157-62.
Giraldo CA, Oliveira M, Ruiz ZT. Efecto de la variación en el peso y la condición corporal, y la expresión de receptores de leptina y hormona luteinizante, sobre la anovulación posparto en vacas cebú (Bos indicus). Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu 2008; 21:228-38.
Bishop DK, Wettemann RP. Pulsatil infusión of gonadotropin-releasing hormone initiates luteal activity in nutritionally anestrous beef cows. J Anim Sci 1993; 71:2714-20.
Vizcarra JA, Wettemann RP, Braden TD, Turzillo AM, Nett TM. Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse frequency on serum and pituitary concentrations of luteinizing hormone and folliclestimulating hormone, GnRH receptors, and messenger ribonucleic acid for gonadotropin subunits in cows. Endocrinology 1997; 138(2).
Funston RN. Fat supplementation and reproduction in beef females. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:E154-E161.
Santos JEP, Bilby TR, Thatcher WW, Staples CR, Silvestre. Long chain fatty acids of diets as factors influencing reproduction in cattle. Reprod Dom Anim 2008; 43(2):23-30.
Hess BW, Moss GE, Rule DC. A decade of developments in the area of fat supplementation research with beef cattle and sheep. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:E188-E204.
Espinoza-Villavicencio JL, Ortega-Pérez R, Palacios-Espinosa A, Guillén-Trujillo A. Efecto de la suplementación de grasas sobre caracterisiticas productivas, tasas de preñez y algunos metabolitos de los lípidos en vacas para carne en pastoreo. Arch Med Vet 2010; 42:25-32.
De Fries CA, Neuendorff DA, Randel RD. Fat supplementation influences postpartum reproductive performance in Brahman cows. J Anim Sci 1998; 76:864-70.
Engel CL, Patterson HH, Perry GA. Effect of dried corn distillers grains plus soluble compared with soybean hulls, in late gestation heifers diets, on animal and reproductive performance. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:1697-708.
Bottger JD, Hess BW, Alexander BM, Hixon DL, Woodard LF, Funston RN, et al. Effects of supplementation with high linoleic or oleic cracked safflower seeds on postpartum reproduction and calf performance of primiparous beef heifers. J Anim Sci 2002; 80:2023-30.
Lake SL, Weston TR, Scholljegerdes EJ, Murrieta CM, Alexander BM, Rule GE, et al. Effects of postpartum dietary fat and body condition score at parturition on plasma, adipose tissue, and milk fatty acid composition of lactating beef cows. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:717-30.
Araujo DB, Cooke RF, Hansen GR, Staples CR, Arthington JD. Effects of rumen-protected polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on performance and physiological responses of growing cattle after transportation and feedlot entry. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:4120-32.
Cooke RF, Bohnert DW, Moriel P, Hess BW, Mills RR. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on ruminal in situ forage degradability, performance, and physiological responses of feeder cattle. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3677-89.
Darckley JK, Klusmeyer TH, Trusk AM, Clark JH. Infusion of long-chain fatty acids varying in saturation and chain length into the abomasum of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1992; 75:1517-26.
Allen M. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating cattle. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:1598-624.
Onetti SG, Grummer RR. Response of lactating cows to three supplemental fat sources as affected by forage in the diet and stage of lactation a meta-analysis of literature. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2004; 115:65-82.
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