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Londoño-Cifuentes, E. M. ., & Martínez-Miranda, M. M. . (2017). Aflatoxinas en alimentos y exposición dietaria como factor de riesgo para el carcinoma hepatocelular. Biosalud, 16(1), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.17151/biosa.2017.16.1.7
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Introducción: El consumo de cereales, frutos secos, especias y leche de vaca es elevado a nivel global. Estos alimentos son susceptibles a la contaminación biológica, incluyendo la causada por hongos del género Aspergillus, que producen metabolitos tóxicos llamados aflatoxinas, los cuales ocasionan efectos adversos en la salud. Las aflatoxinas B1 y M1 han sido clasificadas por la Agencia Internacional de Investigación del Cáncer (IARC) en el Grupo I como carcinógenos para humanos. El presente artículo muestra la ocurrencia de aflatoxinas en algunos alimentos de consumo humano y su relación con el desarrollo de carcinoma hepatocelular. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos: Science Direct, Scopus, Pubmed y Web of Science. Se utilizaron palabras como “risk assessment and aflatoxin”, “ocurrence and aflatoxins”, “aflatoxins and hepatocellular carcinoma”, “aflatoxins and foodstuffs”. Resultados: Con base en los estudios consultados se demuestra que la ocurrencia de aflatoxinas es alta, principalmente en cereales como arroz, maíz y trigo. Además, las investigaciones relacionadas con la evaluación de la exposición destacan el vínculo existente entre el consumo frecuente de estas micotoxinas y el riesgo de desarrollar carcinoma hepatocelular, especialmente en personas que han contraído el virus de la hepatitis B. Conclusión: La presencia de aflatoxinas en alimentos ha generado alarmas de seguridad alimentaria a nivel mundial. Aunque se han creado algunas regulaciones, en países donde hay mayor exposición a estas micotoxinas, existe poco o ningún control de calidad. Por ello, es importante generar mecanismos de vigilancia pertinentes para disminuir el riesgo de contaminación fúngica y alimentos con aflatoxinas.
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Citas
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3. Zhao X, Schaffner DW, Yue T. Quantification of aflatoxin risk associated with Chinese spices: point and probability risk assessments for aflatoxin B 1. Food control. 2013; 33(2):366-77.
4. Wogan GN, Kensler TW, Groopman JD. Present and future directions of translational research on aflatoxin and hepatocellular carcinoma. A review. Food additives & contaminants: part A. 2012; 29(2):249-57.
5. Ossa DEH, Hincapié DA, Peñuela GA. Determination of aflatoxin M 1 in ice cream samples using immunoaffinity columns and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control. 2015; 56:34-40.
6. Majeed S, Iqbal M, Asi MR, Iqbal SZ. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A contamination in rice, corn and corn products from Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Cereal Science. 2013; 58(3):446-50.
7. IARC. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. IARC Monographs 2012; 100.
8. Wang J-S, Groopman JD. DNA damage by mycotoxins. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 1999; 424(1):167-81.
9. FAO. Seguimiento del mercado del arroz de la FAO. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura FAO. 2015; XVIII(4).
10. Diaz G, Perilla N, Rojas Y. Occurrence of aflatoxins in selected Colombian foods. Mycotoxin research. 2001; 17(1):15-20.
11. Nguyen MT, Tozlovanu M, Tran TL, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1, citrinin and ochratoxin A in rice in five provinces of the central region of Vietnam. Food chemistry. 2007; 105(1):42- 7.
12. Reiter EV, Vouk F, Böhm J, Razzazi-Fazeli E. Aflatoxins in rice–a limited survey of products marketed in Austria. Food Control. 2010; 21(7):988-91.
13. Lai X, Liu R, Ruan C, Zhang H, Liu C. Occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in rice samples from six provinces in China. Food Control. 2015; 50:401-4.
14. Commission E. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union. 2006; 364:5-24.
15. Lutfullah G, Hussain A. Studies on contamination level of aflatoxins in some cereals and beans of Pakistan. Food Control. 2012; 23(1):32-6.
16. Aflatoxins I. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1993:245-395.
17. Park J, Kim E, Kim Y. Estimation of the daily exposure of Koreans to aflatoxin B1 through food consumption. Food additives and contaminants. 2004; 21(1):70-5.
18. Sugita-Konishi Y, Sato T, Saito S, Nakajima M, Tabata S, Tanaka T, et al. Exposure to aflatoxins in Japan: risk assessment for aflatoxin B1. Food Additives and Contaminants. 2010; 27(3):365-72.
19. Las Aflatoxinas DdDSlC. Programa Conjunto FAO/OMS Sobre Normas Alimentarias Comité del Codex sobre Contaminantes de los Alimentos Séptima reunión Moscú, Federación Rusa, 8-12 de abril de 2013. 2013.
20. Hussain A, Luttfullah G. Reduction of Aflatoxin-B-1 and Ochratoxin-A levels in Polished Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa Linn.) by Different Cooking Methods. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan. 2009; 31(6):911-5.
21. Paliwal RL, Granados G, Lafitte HR, Violic AD, Marathée J-P. El maíz en los trópicos: Mejoramiento y producción: Food & Agriculture Org.; 2001.
22. Karami-Osboo R, Mirabolfathy M, Kamran R, Shetab-Boushehri M, Sarkari S. Aflatoxin B1 in maize harvested over 3 years in Iran. Food Control. 2012; 23(1):271-4.
23. Rojas V, Martin M, Quinzada M. Aflatoxinas en maíz recién cosechado en Panamá. Rev méd Panamá. 2000; 25:4-7.
24. NOM NOM. 188-SSAI-2002. Control de aflatoxinas en cereales para consumo humano y animal. 2002.
25. Martínez R, Melgarejo J, García G. Inspección de aflatoxinas en maíz cultivado, almacenado y transportado en Tamaulipas, México, en 1998. Anales del Instituto de Biología serie Botánica. 74(002).
26. Speijers GJA, Speijers MHM. Combined toxic effects of mycotoxins. Toxicology letters. 2004; 153(1):91- 8.
27. Villa P, Markaki P. Aflatoxin B 1 and ochratoxin A in breakfast cereals from Athens market: occurrence and risk assessment. Food Control. 2009; 20(5):455-61.
28. Blankson G, Mill-Robertson F. Aflatoxin contamination and exposure in processed cereal-based complementary foods for infants and young children in greater Accra, Ghana. Food Control. 2016; 64:212-7.
29. Agency FS. Survey of baby foods for mycotoxins. Food Survey Information Sheet No 68/04. 2004.
30. Ibáñez-Vea M, Martínez R, González-Peñas E, Lizarraga E, de Cerain AL. Co-occurrence of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in breakfast cereals from spanish market. Food Control. 2011; 22(12):1949-55.
31. Sun G, Wang S, Hu X, Su J, Zhang Y, Xie Y, et al. Co-contamination of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 in food and human dietary exposure in three areas of China. Food additives and contaminants. 2011; 28(4):461-70.
32. Kilonzo RM, Imungi JK, Muiru WM, Lamuka PO, Njage PMK. Household dietary exposure to aflatoxins from maize and maize products in Kenya. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2014; 31(12):2055- 62.
33. Aguilera-Luiz M, Plaza-Bolaños P, Romero-González R, Vidal JM, Frenich AG. Comparison of the efficiency of different extraction methods for the simultaneous determination of mycotoxins and pesticides in milk samples by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2011; 399(8):2863-75.
34. Pérez JGR, Vega S, Díaz G, Urbán G, Coronado M, Escobar A. Ocurrencia de aflatoxina M1 en leches cruda, ultrapasteurizada y orgánica, producidas y comercializadas en el altiplano mexicano. Revista de Salud Animal. 2008; 30(2):53-60
35. Hernández JC, Abadía B, Moreno JdJ. Determinación de aflatoxina M1 en leche proveniente del Caribe colombiano, empleando cromatografía líquida de ultra resolución. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias. 2009; 22(3).
36. Signorini ML GM, Molineri A., Chiericatti CA, Zapata de Basílico ML, Basílico JC, Pisani M. Exposure assessment of mycotoxins in cow’s milk in Argentina. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2012; 50:250-7.
37. Veronezi Silva M JV, Bando E, Machinski M. Occurrence and estimative of aflatoxin M1 intake in UHT cow milk in Paraná a State, Brazil. Food Control. 2015; 53:222-5.
38. Rama A, Montesissa C, Lucatello L, Galina G, Benetti C, Bajraktari D. A study on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk consumed in Kosovo during 2009–2010. Food Control. 2016; 62:52-5.
39. Bilandžić N, Varenina I, Solomun B. Aflatoxin M 1 in raw milk in Croatia. Food Control. 2010; 21(9):1279-81.
40. Kaniou-Grigoriadou I, Eleftheriadou A, Mouratidou T, Katikou P. Determination of aflatoxin M 1 in ewe’s milk samples and the produced curd and Feta cheese. Food control. 2005; 16(3):257-61.
41. Elgerbi A, Aidoo K, Candlish A, Tester R. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in randomly selected North African milk and cheese samples. Food additives and contaminants. 2004; 21(6):592-7.
42. Chavarría G, Granados-Chinchilla F, Alfaro-Cascante M, Molina A. Detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk, cheese and sour cream samples from Costa Rica using enzyme-assisted extraction and HPLC. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B. 2015; 8(2):128-35.
43. Redouane-Salah S, Morgavi D, Arhab R, Messaï A, Boudra H. Presence of aflatoxin M1 in raw, reconstituted, and powdered milk samples collected in Algeria. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2015; 187(6):1-4.
44. Shundo L, de Almeida AP, Alaburda J, Lamardo LC, Navas SA, Ruvieri V, et al. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in Brazilian paprika. Food Control. 2009; 20(12):1099-102.
45. Hernández-Hierro JM, Garcia-Villanova RJ, Rodríguez P, Toruño IM. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in red paprika for retail sale in Spain: occurrence and evaluation of a simultaneous analytical method. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2008; 56(3):751-6.
46. Cho S-H, Lee C-H, Jang M-R, Son Y-W, Lee S-M, Choi I-S, et al. Aflatoxins contamination in spices and processed spice products commercialized in Korea. Food Chemistry. 2008; 107(3):1283-8.
47. Colak H, Bingol EB, Hampikyan H, Nazli B. Determination of aflatoxin contamination in red-scaled, red and black pepper by ELISA and HPLC. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 2006; 14(3):292-6.
48. Waheed S, Siddique N. Evaluation of dietary status with respect to trace element intake from dry fruits consumed in Pakistan: a study using instrumental neutron activation analysis. International journal of food sciences and nutrition. 2009; 60(4):333-43.
49. Iqbal SZ, Asi MR, Zuber M, Akram N, Batool N. Aflatoxins contamination in peanut and peanut products commercially available in retail markets of Punjab, Pakistan. Food control. 2013; 32(1):83-6.
50. Leong Y-H, Ismail N, Latif AA, Ahmad R. Aflatoxin occurrence in nuts and commercial nutty products in Malaysia. Food Control. 2010; 21(3):334-8.
51. Chun HS, Kim HJ, Ok HE, Hwang J-B, Chung D-H. Determination of aflatoxin levels in nuts and their products consumed in South Korea. Food Chemistry. 2007; 102(1):385-91.
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