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Fecha Publicación: 2013-01-01
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Osorio, J. H., & Ramírez Echeverry, F. . (2013). Actualización hipotiroidismo equino. Luna Azul, (36), 348–366. Recuperado a partir de https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/lunazul/article/view/1602
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Objetivo: Realizar una actualización en hipotirodismo en equinos. Materiales y Métodos: Se analizó la literatura disponible de los últimos 50 años en las bases de datos BBCSLILACS, Fuente Académica, IB-PsycINFO, IB-SSCI, IB-SciELO, Scopus y Scirus, al igual que artículos históricos, textos y referencias citadas en trabajos públicos. Resultados: Se obtuvo información pertinente relacionada con los objetivos propuestos en la presente revisión, por lo cual puede clasificarse en 7 secciones a saber: etiología, signos clínicos, diagnóstico, factores que alteran las pruebas diagnósticas, síndrome de enfermedad no tiroidea, prevención y tratamiento. Conclusión: El hipotiroidismo una de las alteraciones endocrinas más comunes en los equinos, los signos clínicos son muy característicos incluyendo letargia, retraso en el crecimiento, debilidad e incoordinación. El método diagnóstico más exacto es la medición de las concentraciones de T4L en suero por diálisis. La levotiroxina sódica continúa siendo el tratamiento de elección para el hipotiroidismo en equinos.
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Abraham, G.; Allersmeier, M.; Schusser, G.F. & Ungemach, F.R. (2011). Serum thyroid hormone, insulin, glucose, triglycerides and protein concentrations in normal horses: Association with topical dexamethasone usage. Vet J, 188, 307-312.
Ahmed, O.M., El-Gareib, A.W.; El-Bakry, A.M.; Abd ElTawab, S.M. & Ahmed, R.G. (2008). Thyroid hormones states and brain development interactions. Int. J. Devl Neuroscience, 26, 147-209.
Allen, A.L.; Townsend, H.G.; Doige, C.E. & Fretz, P.B. (1996). A case-control study of the congenital hypothyroidism and dysmaturity syndrome of foals. Can Vet J, 37, 349-358.
Baragli, P.; Sgorbini, M.; Casini, L.; Ducci, M. & Sighieri, C. (2011). Early Evidence of the Anticipatory Response of Plasma Catecholamine in Equine Exercise. Equine Vet J, 31, 85-88.
Barsnick, R.J. ; Toribio, R.E. (2011). Endocrinology of the equine neonate energy metabolism in health and critical illness. Vet Clin Equine, 27, 49-58.
Beech, J. (1998). Disorder s of thyroid gland function. In: Watson, T. (ed.). Metabolic and endocrine problems of
the horse (pp. 69-74). Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
Berger, M.M.; Reymond, M.J.; Shenkin, A. et al. (2001). Influence of selenium supplements on the posttraumatic alterations of the thyroid axis: a placebocontrolled trial. Intensive Care Med, 27, 91-100.
Boosinger, T.R.; Brendemuehl, J.P.; Bransby, D.L. et al. (1995). Prolonged gestation, decreased triiodothyronine
concentration, and thyroid gland histomorphologic features in newborn foals of mares grazing Acremonion
coenophialum-infected fescue. Am J Vet Res, 56, 66-9.
Breuhaus, B.A. (2011). Disorders of the Equine Thyroid Gland. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 27(1), 115-128.
Breuhaus, B.A. & LaFevers, D.H. (2005). Thyroid function in normal, sick and premature Foals [abstract]. J Vet
Intern Med, 19, 445.
Christensen, R.A.; Malinowski, K.; Massenzio, A.M.; Hafs, H.D. & Scanes, CG. (1997). Acute effects of short-term feed deprivation and refeeding on circulating concentrations of metabolites, insulin-like growth factori, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, somatotropin, and thyroid hormones in adult geldings. JAnim Sci, 75, 1351-1358.
De Groot, L.J. (1999). Dangerous dogmas in medicine: the nonthyroidal illness syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 151-64.
De Groot LJ. (2006).Non-thyroidal illness syndrome is a manifestation of hypothalamicpituitary dysfunction, and in view of current evidence, should be treated with appropriate replacement therapies. Crit Care Clin, 22,57-86.
Divers, J.T. (2008). Endocrine Testing in Horses: Metabolic Syndrome and Cushing’s Disease. Equine Vet J, 28(5), 315-316.
Douglas, R. (1999). Circadian cortisol rhythmicity and equine cushing's-like disease. Equine Vet J, 19(11), 684, 750-751, 753.
Durham, A. (2010). The Pharmacologic Basis for the Treatment of Endocrinopathic Laminitis. Vet Clin North
Am Equine Pract, 26(1), 115-128.
Duckett WM. (1989). Thyroid gland. Equine internal medicine. 917–923.
Evans MJ, Irvine CH. (1975). Serum concentrations of FSH, LH and progesterone during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the mare. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 23:193-200.
Fazio, E.; Medica, P.; Cravana, C.; Messineo, C. Ferlazzo, A. (2007). Total and free iodothyronine levels of growing Thoroughbred foals: Effects of weaning and gender. Livestock Science, 110(3), 207-213.
Ferguson, D.C. (1988). The effect of nonthyroidal factors on thyroid function tests in dogs. Comp Contin Educ
Pract Vet, 10(12), 1365-77.
Fitzgerald, B.P. & Davison, LA. (1998). Thyroxine concentrations are elevated in mares which continue to exhibit estrous cycles during the nonbreeding season. Equine Vet J, 18 (1), 48-51.
Frank, N. (2009). Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 29(5), 239-255.
Frank, N.; Sojka, J.E.; Latour, M.A. et al. (1999). Effect of Hypothyroidism on blood lipid concentrations in horses.
Am J vet Res, 60, 730-733.
Frank, N.; Sojka, J. & Messer, N.T. (2002). Equine thyroid dysfunction. Vet Clin Equine, 18, 305-319.
Frank, N.; Sommardah, C.S.; Eiler, H.; Webb, L.L. & Denhart, J.W. (2005). Effects of oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on concentrations of plasma lipids, concentration and composition of very-lowdensity lipoproteins, and glucose dynamics in healthy adult mares. Am J Vet Res, 66(6), 1032-1038.
Furr, M.O.; Murray, M.J. & Ferguson, D.C. (1992). The effects of stress on gastric ulceration, T3, T4, reverse T3 and cortisol in neonatal foals. Equine Vet J, 24, 37-40.
Geor, R.J. (2008). Metabolic Predispositions to Laminitis in Horses and Ponies: Obesity, Insulin Resistance and
Metabolic Syndromes. Equine Vet J, 28(12), 753-759.
Geor, R.J. (2010). Nutrition and Exercise in the Management of Horses and Ponies at High Risk for Laminitis. Equine Vet J, 30(9), 463-470.
Glover, C.M.; Miller, L.M.; Dybdal, N.O.; López, A.; Duckett, W.M. & McFarlane, D. (2009). Extrapituitary and Pituitary Pathological Findings in Horses with Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction: A Retrospective Study. Equine Vet J, 29(3), 146-153.
Himler, M.; Cattaneo, A.; Barsnick R.J. et al. (2010). Thyroid hormones in healthy, sick nonseptic and septic
foals [Research Abstract Program of the 2010 ACVIM Forum]. J Vet Intern Med, 24, 784.
Hulbert, A.J. (2000). Thyroid hormones and their effects: a new perspective. Biol. Rev., 75, 519-631.
Hurcombe, S.D. (2011). Hypothalamic-Pituitary gland axis function and disfunction in horses. Vet Clin Equine,
27, 1-17.
Hyypp, S. (2005). Endocrinal responses in exercising horses. Livestock Production Science, 92, 113-121.
Irvine CHG, Evans MJ. (1975) Postnatal changes in total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in foal serum. J
Reprod Fertil Suppl, 23,709.
Johnson, C.A. (2002). Thyroid Issues in Reproduction. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract, 17(3), 129-132.
Johnson, P.J. (2002). The equine metabolic syndrome Peripheral Cushing’s syndrome. Vet Clin Equine, 18, 271-293.
Johnson, P.J.; Messer, N.T.; Slight, H.S.; Wiedmeyer, C.; Buff, P. & Ganjam, V.K. (2004). Endocrinopathic
Laminitis in the Horse. Vet Clin Equine, 3(1), 45-56.
Kavazis, A.N.; Kivipelto, J. & Ott, E.A.(2002). Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium. Equine Vet J, 22(10), 460-464.
Malinowski, K.; Christensen, R.A.; Hafs, R.D. & Scanes, CG. (1996). Age and breed differences in thyroid hormones, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding proteins in female horses. J Anim Sci, 74, 1936-1942.
McLaughlin, B.G. & Doige, C.E. (1982). A Study of Ossification of Carpal and Tarsal Bones in Normal and Hypothyroid Foals. Can Vet J, 23, 164-168.
McLaughlin, B.G.; Doige, C.E. & McLaughlin, P.S. (1986). Thyroid-hormone levels in foals with congenital
musculoskeletal lesions. Can Vet J, 27, 264-7.
Medica, P.; Cravana, C.; Fazio, E. & Ferlazzo, A. (2011). 24-hour endocrine profiles of quarter horses under resting conditions. Equine Vet J, 31, 35-40.
Messer N.T. & Johnson, P.J. (2007). Evidence-Based Literature Pertaining to Thyroid Dysfunction and Cushing’s Syndrome in the Horse. Vet Clin Equine, 23,329-364.
Messer, N.T.; Johnson, P.J.; Refsal, K.R. et al. (1995). Effect of food deprivation on baseline iodothyronine and
cortisol concentrations in healthy, adult horses. Am J Vet Res, 56(1), 116-21.
Messer, N.T.; Riddle, T.; Traub-Dargatz J.L.; Dargatz, D.A.; Refsal, K.J.; Thompson, D.L. (1998). Thyroid Hormone Levels in Thoroughbred Mares and Their Foals at Parturition. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP. 44: 248-251.
Murray, M.J. (1990). Hypothyroidism and respiratory insufficiency in aneonatal foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc,
197(12), 1635-8.
Nicassio, M.; Aiudi, G.; Silvestre, F.; Matarrese, R.; De Sandro, A.S. & Lacalandra, G.M. (2008). Free thyroid
hormone and cortisol levels in stallions during the breeding season. J Anim Sci, 107(3-4), 335-336.
Roser, J.F. (2008). Regulation of testicular function in the stallion: An intricate network of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine systems. Anim Reprod Sci, 107, 179-196.
Rudi’s, P.; R´onai, Z. & Bartha, T. (2005). Thyroid hormone metabolism in the brain of domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 29, 88-96.
Sojka, J.E. (1993). Factors which affect serum T3 and T4 levels in the horse. Equine Pract, 15(10), 15-9.
Symonds, M.E. (1995). Thyroid hormones and nutrient supplementation during pregnancy. Equine Vet Educ,
7(5), 246-8.
Tahboub, R. & Arafah, B.M. (2009). Sex steroids and the thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 23(6),769-780.
Toribio, R.E. (2011). Endocrine dysregulation in critically ill foals and horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract,
27(1), 35-47.
Toribio, R.E. & Duckett, W.M. (2004). Equine Internal Medicine. 2da ed. Estados Unidos de América: Saunders; 2004. p. 1342-1355.
Walsh, D.N.; McGowan, C.M.; McGowan, T.; Lamb, S.V.; Schanbacher, B.J. & Place, N.J. (2009). Correlation of
Plasma Insulin Concentration with Laminitis Score in a Field Study of Equine Cushing’s Disease and Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Equine Vet J, 29(2), 87-94.
Warner, M.H. & Beckett, G.J. (2010). Mechanisms behind the non-thyroidal illness syndrome: an update. J
Endocrinol, 205, 1-13.
Ahmed, O.M., El-Gareib, A.W.; El-Bakry, A.M.; Abd ElTawab, S.M. & Ahmed, R.G. (2008). Thyroid hormones states and brain development interactions. Int. J. Devl Neuroscience, 26, 147-209.
Allen, A.L.; Townsend, H.G.; Doige, C.E. & Fretz, P.B. (1996). A case-control study of the congenital hypothyroidism and dysmaturity syndrome of foals. Can Vet J, 37, 349-358.
Baragli, P.; Sgorbini, M.; Casini, L.; Ducci, M. & Sighieri, C. (2011). Early Evidence of the Anticipatory Response of Plasma Catecholamine in Equine Exercise. Equine Vet J, 31, 85-88.
Barsnick, R.J. ; Toribio, R.E. (2011). Endocrinology of the equine neonate energy metabolism in health and critical illness. Vet Clin Equine, 27, 49-58.
Beech, J. (1998). Disorder s of thyroid gland function. In: Watson, T. (ed.). Metabolic and endocrine problems of
the horse (pp. 69-74). Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
Berger, M.M.; Reymond, M.J.; Shenkin, A. et al. (2001). Influence of selenium supplements on the posttraumatic alterations of the thyroid axis: a placebocontrolled trial. Intensive Care Med, 27, 91-100.
Boosinger, T.R.; Brendemuehl, J.P.; Bransby, D.L. et al. (1995). Prolonged gestation, decreased triiodothyronine
concentration, and thyroid gland histomorphologic features in newborn foals of mares grazing Acremonion
coenophialum-infected fescue. Am J Vet Res, 56, 66-9.
Breuhaus, B.A. (2011). Disorders of the Equine Thyroid Gland. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 27(1), 115-128.
Breuhaus, B.A. & LaFevers, D.H. (2005). Thyroid function in normal, sick and premature Foals [abstract]. J Vet
Intern Med, 19, 445.
Christensen, R.A.; Malinowski, K.; Massenzio, A.M.; Hafs, H.D. & Scanes, CG. (1997). Acute effects of short-term feed deprivation and refeeding on circulating concentrations of metabolites, insulin-like growth factori, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, somatotropin, and thyroid hormones in adult geldings. JAnim Sci, 75, 1351-1358.
De Groot, L.J. (1999). Dangerous dogmas in medicine: the nonthyroidal illness syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 151-64.
De Groot LJ. (2006).Non-thyroidal illness syndrome is a manifestation of hypothalamicpituitary dysfunction, and in view of current evidence, should be treated with appropriate replacement therapies. Crit Care Clin, 22,57-86.
Divers, J.T. (2008). Endocrine Testing in Horses: Metabolic Syndrome and Cushing’s Disease. Equine Vet J, 28(5), 315-316.
Douglas, R. (1999). Circadian cortisol rhythmicity and equine cushing's-like disease. Equine Vet J, 19(11), 684, 750-751, 753.
Durham, A. (2010). The Pharmacologic Basis for the Treatment of Endocrinopathic Laminitis. Vet Clin North
Am Equine Pract, 26(1), 115-128.
Duckett WM. (1989). Thyroid gland. Equine internal medicine. 917–923.
Evans MJ, Irvine CH. (1975). Serum concentrations of FSH, LH and progesterone during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the mare. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 23:193-200.
Fazio, E.; Medica, P.; Cravana, C.; Messineo, C. Ferlazzo, A. (2007). Total and free iodothyronine levels of growing Thoroughbred foals: Effects of weaning and gender. Livestock Science, 110(3), 207-213.
Ferguson, D.C. (1988). The effect of nonthyroidal factors on thyroid function tests in dogs. Comp Contin Educ
Pract Vet, 10(12), 1365-77.
Fitzgerald, B.P. & Davison, LA. (1998). Thyroxine concentrations are elevated in mares which continue to exhibit estrous cycles during the nonbreeding season. Equine Vet J, 18 (1), 48-51.
Frank, N. (2009). Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 29(5), 239-255.
Frank, N.; Sojka, J.E.; Latour, M.A. et al. (1999). Effect of Hypothyroidism on blood lipid concentrations in horses.
Am J vet Res, 60, 730-733.
Frank, N.; Sojka, J. & Messer, N.T. (2002). Equine thyroid dysfunction. Vet Clin Equine, 18, 305-319.
Frank, N.; Sommardah, C.S.; Eiler, H.; Webb, L.L. & Denhart, J.W. (2005). Effects of oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on concentrations of plasma lipids, concentration and composition of very-lowdensity lipoproteins, and glucose dynamics in healthy adult mares. Am J Vet Res, 66(6), 1032-1038.
Furr, M.O.; Murray, M.J. & Ferguson, D.C. (1992). The effects of stress on gastric ulceration, T3, T4, reverse T3 and cortisol in neonatal foals. Equine Vet J, 24, 37-40.
Geor, R.J. (2008). Metabolic Predispositions to Laminitis in Horses and Ponies: Obesity, Insulin Resistance and
Metabolic Syndromes. Equine Vet J, 28(12), 753-759.
Geor, R.J. (2010). Nutrition and Exercise in the Management of Horses and Ponies at High Risk for Laminitis. Equine Vet J, 30(9), 463-470.
Glover, C.M.; Miller, L.M.; Dybdal, N.O.; López, A.; Duckett, W.M. & McFarlane, D. (2009). Extrapituitary and Pituitary Pathological Findings in Horses with Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction: A Retrospective Study. Equine Vet J, 29(3), 146-153.
Himler, M.; Cattaneo, A.; Barsnick R.J. et al. (2010). Thyroid hormones in healthy, sick nonseptic and septic
foals [Research Abstract Program of the 2010 ACVIM Forum]. J Vet Intern Med, 24, 784.
Hulbert, A.J. (2000). Thyroid hormones and their effects: a new perspective. Biol. Rev., 75, 519-631.
Hurcombe, S.D. (2011). Hypothalamic-Pituitary gland axis function and disfunction in horses. Vet Clin Equine,
27, 1-17.
Hyypp, S. (2005). Endocrinal responses in exercising horses. Livestock Production Science, 92, 113-121.
Irvine CHG, Evans MJ. (1975) Postnatal changes in total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in foal serum. J
Reprod Fertil Suppl, 23,709.
Johnson, C.A. (2002). Thyroid Issues in Reproduction. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract, 17(3), 129-132.
Johnson, P.J. (2002). The equine metabolic syndrome Peripheral Cushing’s syndrome. Vet Clin Equine, 18, 271-293.
Johnson, P.J.; Messer, N.T.; Slight, H.S.; Wiedmeyer, C.; Buff, P. & Ganjam, V.K. (2004). Endocrinopathic
Laminitis in the Horse. Vet Clin Equine, 3(1), 45-56.
Kavazis, A.N.; Kivipelto, J. & Ott, E.A.(2002). Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium. Equine Vet J, 22(10), 460-464.
Malinowski, K.; Christensen, R.A.; Hafs, R.D. & Scanes, CG. (1996). Age and breed differences in thyroid hormones, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding proteins in female horses. J Anim Sci, 74, 1936-1942.
McLaughlin, B.G. & Doige, C.E. (1982). A Study of Ossification of Carpal and Tarsal Bones in Normal and Hypothyroid Foals. Can Vet J, 23, 164-168.
McLaughlin, B.G.; Doige, C.E. & McLaughlin, P.S. (1986). Thyroid-hormone levels in foals with congenital
musculoskeletal lesions. Can Vet J, 27, 264-7.
Medica, P.; Cravana, C.; Fazio, E. & Ferlazzo, A. (2011). 24-hour endocrine profiles of quarter horses under resting conditions. Equine Vet J, 31, 35-40.
Messer N.T. & Johnson, P.J. (2007). Evidence-Based Literature Pertaining to Thyroid Dysfunction and Cushing’s Syndrome in the Horse. Vet Clin Equine, 23,329-364.
Messer, N.T.; Johnson, P.J.; Refsal, K.R. et al. (1995). Effect of food deprivation on baseline iodothyronine and
cortisol concentrations in healthy, adult horses. Am J Vet Res, 56(1), 116-21.
Messer, N.T.; Riddle, T.; Traub-Dargatz J.L.; Dargatz, D.A.; Refsal, K.J.; Thompson, D.L. (1998). Thyroid Hormone Levels in Thoroughbred Mares and Their Foals at Parturition. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP. 44: 248-251.
Murray, M.J. (1990). Hypothyroidism and respiratory insufficiency in aneonatal foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc,
197(12), 1635-8.
Nicassio, M.; Aiudi, G.; Silvestre, F.; Matarrese, R.; De Sandro, A.S. & Lacalandra, G.M. (2008). Free thyroid
hormone and cortisol levels in stallions during the breeding season. J Anim Sci, 107(3-4), 335-336.
Roser, J.F. (2008). Regulation of testicular function in the stallion: An intricate network of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine systems. Anim Reprod Sci, 107, 179-196.
Rudi’s, P.; R´onai, Z. & Bartha, T. (2005). Thyroid hormone metabolism in the brain of domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 29, 88-96.
Sojka, J.E. (1993). Factors which affect serum T3 and T4 levels in the horse. Equine Pract, 15(10), 15-9.
Symonds, M.E. (1995). Thyroid hormones and nutrient supplementation during pregnancy. Equine Vet Educ,
7(5), 246-8.
Tahboub, R. & Arafah, B.M. (2009). Sex steroids and the thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 23(6),769-780.
Toribio, R.E. (2011). Endocrine dysregulation in critically ill foals and horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract,
27(1), 35-47.
Toribio, R.E. & Duckett, W.M. (2004). Equine Internal Medicine. 2da ed. Estados Unidos de América: Saunders; 2004. p. 1342-1355.
Walsh, D.N.; McGowan, C.M.; McGowan, T.; Lamb, S.V.; Schanbacher, B.J. & Place, N.J. (2009). Correlation of
Plasma Insulin Concentration with Laminitis Score in a Field Study of Equine Cushing’s Disease and Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Equine Vet J, 29(2), 87-94.
Warner, M.H. & Beckett, G.J. (2010). Mechanisms behind the non-thyroidal illness syndrome: an update. J
Endocrinol, 205, 1-13.
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