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Cabrera Valencia, C. H., Guerrero Otaya, J. A., Guerra Acosta, A. del S., & Gómez Gómez, Y. O. (2026). Evaluación del Manejo de Residuos de Agroquímicos Generados en la Producción de Aguacate (Persea americana). Luna Azul, (62), 208–231. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2025.62.12
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La producción de aguacate en Sibundoy Putumayo, enfrenta desafíos relacionados con el uso de agroquímicos para el manejo agronómico. Es crucial un manejo ambientalmente seguro de estos productos y los residuos generados, desde su origen hasta la disposición. Los agroquímicos y sus residuos deben manejarse de manera responsable para garantizar la salud de los trabajadores y el equilibrio ecosistémico. A pesar de su importancia, el manejo de estos productos y sus residuos ha sido poco evaluado en la región; el objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el manejo de residuos de agroquímicos generados en la producción de aguacate (Persea americana) en Sibundoy, Putumayo. Se aplico una encuesta a productores de aguacate y se llevaron a cabo visitas a las fincas. Se realizo un levamiento de datos cada 15 días para clasificar los residuos de agroquímicos por tipo, categoría toxicológica y pesaje. Los resultados de las encuestas se tabularon utilizando el software estadístico SPSS, se realizó un análisis de conglomerados. De los envases recolectados el 36% correspondían a insecticidas, 38% a fungicidas, 10% a herbicidas y 16% estaban sin etiqueta. De los 19 agricultores encuestados, el 61,11% almacenan los envases de forma segura. el manejo de estos productos es inadecuado, afectando tanto la seguridad de los operarios como el equilibrio de los ecosistemas.
Citas
Aktar, M. W., Sengupta, D., & Chowdhury, A. (2019). Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 2(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7
Basu, P., Ngo, H. T., Aizen, M. A., Garibaldi, L. A., Gemmill-Herren, B., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V., ... & Vanbergen, A. J. (2024). Pesticide impacts on insect pollinators: Current knowledge and future research challenges. Science of the Total Environment, 954, 176656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176656
Damalas, C. A., & Koutroubas, S. D. (2017). Farmers’ training on pesticide use is associated with elevated safety behaviour. Toxics, 5(3), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5030019
Devi, P. I., Manjula, M., & Bhavani, R. V. (2022). Agrochemicals, environment, and human health. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 47, 399–421. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-120920-111015
Duke, S. O. (2020). Glyphosate: Environmental fate and impact. Weed Science, 68(3), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2019.28
Elías Estremadoyro, D. F. (2022). Impact of Solid Waste Toxicity Generated by Pesticides. Kawsaypacha: Sociedad y Medio Ambiente, 9, 124–139. https://doi.org/10.18800/kawsaypacha.202201.006
Fernández Vargas, K. D., Sierra-Gaviria, E., Arias Hoyos, A., & Fernández Morantes, C. (2024). Agrochemicals and photo-fenton: A systematic review of socio-environmental impacts and optimal contaminant removal parameters. Revista Novedades Colombianas, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.47374/novcol.2024.v19.2422
Garay Peralta, I., Herrera Alarcón, J., Fernández Viveros, J. A., Díaz Criollo, A., & Domínguez Vázquez, E. Y. (2022). Contaminación en el suelo por uso irracional de agroquímicos y sus repercusiones en la salud. En Actas del VII Congreso de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación de la Universidad Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. Universidad Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. https://revistas.unicyt.org/index.php/actasidi-unicyt/article/view/54
Guerra Acosta, A. d. S., Mena Pantoja, A. A., Burbano Montenegro, M. E., Burbano Montenegro, M. F., & Pardo Potosí, L. M. (2021). Management, classification and collection study of phytosanitaires in the beans crop (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Sibundoy, Putumayo (Colombia). Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental, 12(1), 133–152. https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.3654
Hawkins, N. J., Bass, C., Dixon, A., & Neve, P. (2019). The evolutionary origins of pesticide resistance. Biological Reviews, 94(1), 135–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12440
Jorge-Escudero, G., Pérez Polanco, M., Lagerlöf, J. E., Pérez, C. A., & Míguez, D. (2022). Commercial fungicide toxic effects on terrestrial non-target species might be underestimated when based solely on active ingredient toxicity and standard earthworm tests. Toxics, 10(9), 488. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10090488
Mendoza Cantú, A., & Ize Lema, I. A. R. (2017). Las sustancias químicas en México. Perspectivas para un manejo adecuado. Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental, 33(4), 719-745. https://doi.org/10.20937/rica.2017.33.04.15
Mier-Tous, J.-M., Pineda-Vides, F., Hernández-Ureche, J., Troncoso-Palacio, A., Andrade-Perez, J., & Padilla-Barrios, J.-I. (2023). APreliminary Review of the Literature About the Challenges of Sustainable Agriculture in Latin America. Boletín de Innovación, Logística y Operaciones, 5(1), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.17981/BILO.5.1.2023.09
Miranda, N., Sánchez, D., & Sicilia, K. (2022). Management of agrochemicals empty containers in rice production in Thealanje District, Province of Chiriquí. Revista Semilla del Este, 3(1), 151–160. https://revistas.up.ac.pa/index.php/semilla_este/article/view/3210
Mondal, R., Manna, A., & Kumar, A. (2026). Sustainable degradation of pesticides: Bridging agricultural practices, aquatic ecology, and forest resource management. ACS Sustainable Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssusresmgt.5c00607
Mossa, A. H., & Mohafrash, S. M. (2024). Disposal of expired empty containers and waste from pesticides. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 67(4), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2023.222647.8249
Mostafalou, S., & Abdollahi, M. (2013). Pesticides and human chronic diseases: Evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 268(2), 157-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.025
Motta Escobar, S., Salazar Cabezas, L. D., & Sánchez Leal, L. C. (2022). Perspective of the Use of PseudomonasSpp. As Biocontrol of Phytopathogens in Vegetable Crops in Colombia: A Systematic Review. Revista Mutis, 12(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.1862
Olguín-Hernández, L., Carrillo-Rodríguez, J. C., Mayek-Pérez, N., Aquino-Bolaños, T., Vera-Guzmán, A. M., & Chávez-Servia, J. L. (2024). Patterns and relationships of pesticide use in agricultural crops of latin america: Review and analysis of statistical data. Agronomy, 14(12), 2889. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122889
Pathak, V. M., Verma, V. K., Rawat, B. S., Kaur, B., Babu, N., Sharma, A., Dewali, S., Yadav, M., Kumari, R., Singh, S., Mohapatra, A., Pandey, V., Rana, N., & Cunill, J. M. (2022). Current status of pesticide effects on environment, human health and it’s eco-friendly management as bioremediation: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 962619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.962619
Pisa, L., Goulson, D., Yang, E.-C., Gibbons, D., Sánchez-Bayo, F., Mitchell, E., Aebi, A., Van Der Sluijs, J., MacQuarrie, C. J. K., Giorio, C., Long, E. Y., McField, M., Bijleveld Van Lexmond, M., & Bonmatin, J.-M. (2021). An update of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (Wia) on systemic insecticides. Part 2: Impacts on organisms and ecosystems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(10), 11749-11797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0341-3
Ramírez-Muñoz, F. (2021). El herbicida glifosato y sus alternativas. Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET). Serie Informes Técnicos no. 44 https://hdl.handle.net/11056/31226
Riedo, J., Yokota, A., Walther, B., Bartolomé, N., van der Heijden, M. G., Bucheli, T. D., & Walder, F. (2023). Temporal dynamics of total and bioavailable fungicide concentrations in soil and their effect upon nine soil microbial markers. Science of The Total Environment, 878, 162995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162995
Salamanca Castillo, G. F. (2020). Effect of agrochemicals on public health and environment. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. https://files.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/344703632.pdf
Salis, R. K., Schreiner, V. C., Rozenberg, A., Ohler, K., Baudy Groh, P., Schäfer, R. B., & Leese, F. (2023). Effects of fungicides on aquatic fungi and bacteria: a comparison of morphological and molecular approaches from a microcosm experiment. Environmental Sciences Europe, 35(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-023-00768-7
Sánchez-Bayo, F., & Wyckhuys, K. A. G. (2019). Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers. Biological Conservation, 232, 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020
Simon-Delso, N., Amaral-Rogers, V., Belzunces, L. P., Bonmatin, J. M., Chagnon, M., Downs, C., Furlan, L., Gibbons, D. W., Giorio, C., Girolami, V., Goulson, D., Kreutzweiser, D. P., Krupke, C. H., Liess, M., Long, E., McField, M., Mineau, P., Mitchell, E. A. D., Morrissey, C. A., … Wiemers, M. (2015). Systemic insecticides (Neonicotinoids and fipronil): Trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(1), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3470-y
Van Bruggen, A. H. C., He, M. M., Shin, K., Mai, V., Jeong, K. C., Finckh, M. R., & Morris, J. G. (2018). Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate. Science of the Total Environment, 616–617, 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.309
Vielba-Fernández, A., Polonio, Á., Ruiz-Jiménez, L., de Vicente, A., Pérez-García, A., & Fernández-Ortuño, D. (2020). Fungicide resistance in powdery mildew fungi. Microorganisms, 8(9), 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091431
Yu, H., Zhang, Y., Tan, W., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Microplastics as an emerging environmental pollutant in agricultural soils: Effects on ecosystems and human health. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 855292. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.855292
Zubrod, J. P., Bundschuh, M., Arts, G., Brühl, C. A., Imfeld, G., Knäbel, A., Payraudeau, S., Rasmussen, J. J., Rohr, J., Scharmüller, A., Smalling, K.,
Stehle, S., Schulz, R., & Schäfer, R. B. (2019). Fungicides: An overlooked pesticide class? Environmental Science & Technology, 53(7), 3347–3365. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04392
Basu, P., Ngo, H. T., Aizen, M. A., Garibaldi, L. A., Gemmill-Herren, B., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V., ... & Vanbergen, A. J. (2024). Pesticide impacts on insect pollinators: Current knowledge and future research challenges. Science of the Total Environment, 954, 176656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176656
Damalas, C. A., & Koutroubas, S. D. (2017). Farmers’ training on pesticide use is associated with elevated safety behaviour. Toxics, 5(3), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5030019
Devi, P. I., Manjula, M., & Bhavani, R. V. (2022). Agrochemicals, environment, and human health. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 47, 399–421. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-120920-111015
Duke, S. O. (2020). Glyphosate: Environmental fate and impact. Weed Science, 68(3), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2019.28
Elías Estremadoyro, D. F. (2022). Impact of Solid Waste Toxicity Generated by Pesticides. Kawsaypacha: Sociedad y Medio Ambiente, 9, 124–139. https://doi.org/10.18800/kawsaypacha.202201.006
Fernández Vargas, K. D., Sierra-Gaviria, E., Arias Hoyos, A., & Fernández Morantes, C. (2024). Agrochemicals and photo-fenton: A systematic review of socio-environmental impacts and optimal contaminant removal parameters. Revista Novedades Colombianas, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.47374/novcol.2024.v19.2422
Garay Peralta, I., Herrera Alarcón, J., Fernández Viveros, J. A., Díaz Criollo, A., & Domínguez Vázquez, E. Y. (2022). Contaminación en el suelo por uso irracional de agroquímicos y sus repercusiones en la salud. En Actas del VII Congreso de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación de la Universidad Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. Universidad Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. https://revistas.unicyt.org/index.php/actasidi-unicyt/article/view/54
Guerra Acosta, A. d. S., Mena Pantoja, A. A., Burbano Montenegro, M. E., Burbano Montenegro, M. F., & Pardo Potosí, L. M. (2021). Management, classification and collection study of phytosanitaires in the beans crop (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Sibundoy, Putumayo (Colombia). Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental, 12(1), 133–152. https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.3654
Hawkins, N. J., Bass, C., Dixon, A., & Neve, P. (2019). The evolutionary origins of pesticide resistance. Biological Reviews, 94(1), 135–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12440
Jorge-Escudero, G., Pérez Polanco, M., Lagerlöf, J. E., Pérez, C. A., & Míguez, D. (2022). Commercial fungicide toxic effects on terrestrial non-target species might be underestimated when based solely on active ingredient toxicity and standard earthworm tests. Toxics, 10(9), 488. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10090488
Mendoza Cantú, A., & Ize Lema, I. A. R. (2017). Las sustancias químicas en México. Perspectivas para un manejo adecuado. Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental, 33(4), 719-745. https://doi.org/10.20937/rica.2017.33.04.15
Mier-Tous, J.-M., Pineda-Vides, F., Hernández-Ureche, J., Troncoso-Palacio, A., Andrade-Perez, J., & Padilla-Barrios, J.-I. (2023). APreliminary Review of the Literature About the Challenges of Sustainable Agriculture in Latin America. Boletín de Innovación, Logística y Operaciones, 5(1), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.17981/BILO.5.1.2023.09
Miranda, N., Sánchez, D., & Sicilia, K. (2022). Management of agrochemicals empty containers in rice production in Thealanje District, Province of Chiriquí. Revista Semilla del Este, 3(1), 151–160. https://revistas.up.ac.pa/index.php/semilla_este/article/view/3210
Mondal, R., Manna, A., & Kumar, A. (2026). Sustainable degradation of pesticides: Bridging agricultural practices, aquatic ecology, and forest resource management. ACS Sustainable Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssusresmgt.5c00607
Mossa, A. H., & Mohafrash, S. M. (2024). Disposal of expired empty containers and waste from pesticides. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 67(4), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2023.222647.8249
Mostafalou, S., & Abdollahi, M. (2013). Pesticides and human chronic diseases: Evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 268(2), 157-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.025
Motta Escobar, S., Salazar Cabezas, L. D., & Sánchez Leal, L. C. (2022). Perspective of the Use of PseudomonasSpp. As Biocontrol of Phytopathogens in Vegetable Crops in Colombia: A Systematic Review. Revista Mutis, 12(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.1862
Olguín-Hernández, L., Carrillo-Rodríguez, J. C., Mayek-Pérez, N., Aquino-Bolaños, T., Vera-Guzmán, A. M., & Chávez-Servia, J. L. (2024). Patterns and relationships of pesticide use in agricultural crops of latin america: Review and analysis of statistical data. Agronomy, 14(12), 2889. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122889
Pathak, V. M., Verma, V. K., Rawat, B. S., Kaur, B., Babu, N., Sharma, A., Dewali, S., Yadav, M., Kumari, R., Singh, S., Mohapatra, A., Pandey, V., Rana, N., & Cunill, J. M. (2022). Current status of pesticide effects on environment, human health and it’s eco-friendly management as bioremediation: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 962619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.962619
Pisa, L., Goulson, D., Yang, E.-C., Gibbons, D., Sánchez-Bayo, F., Mitchell, E., Aebi, A., Van Der Sluijs, J., MacQuarrie, C. J. K., Giorio, C., Long, E. Y., McField, M., Bijleveld Van Lexmond, M., & Bonmatin, J.-M. (2021). An update of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (Wia) on systemic insecticides. Part 2: Impacts on organisms and ecosystems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(10), 11749-11797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0341-3
Ramírez-Muñoz, F. (2021). El herbicida glifosato y sus alternativas. Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET). Serie Informes Técnicos no. 44 https://hdl.handle.net/11056/31226
Riedo, J., Yokota, A., Walther, B., Bartolomé, N., van der Heijden, M. G., Bucheli, T. D., & Walder, F. (2023). Temporal dynamics of total and bioavailable fungicide concentrations in soil and their effect upon nine soil microbial markers. Science of The Total Environment, 878, 162995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162995
Salamanca Castillo, G. F. (2020). Effect of agrochemicals on public health and environment. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. https://files.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/344703632.pdf
Salis, R. K., Schreiner, V. C., Rozenberg, A., Ohler, K., Baudy Groh, P., Schäfer, R. B., & Leese, F. (2023). Effects of fungicides on aquatic fungi and bacteria: a comparison of morphological and molecular approaches from a microcosm experiment. Environmental Sciences Europe, 35(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-023-00768-7
Sánchez-Bayo, F., & Wyckhuys, K. A. G. (2019). Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers. Biological Conservation, 232, 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020
Simon-Delso, N., Amaral-Rogers, V., Belzunces, L. P., Bonmatin, J. M., Chagnon, M., Downs, C., Furlan, L., Gibbons, D. W., Giorio, C., Girolami, V., Goulson, D., Kreutzweiser, D. P., Krupke, C. H., Liess, M., Long, E., McField, M., Mineau, P., Mitchell, E. A. D., Morrissey, C. A., … Wiemers, M. (2015). Systemic insecticides (Neonicotinoids and fipronil): Trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(1), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3470-y
Van Bruggen, A. H. C., He, M. M., Shin, K., Mai, V., Jeong, K. C., Finckh, M. R., & Morris, J. G. (2018). Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate. Science of the Total Environment, 616–617, 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.309
Vielba-Fernández, A., Polonio, Á., Ruiz-Jiménez, L., de Vicente, A., Pérez-García, A., & Fernández-Ortuño, D. (2020). Fungicide resistance in powdery mildew fungi. Microorganisms, 8(9), 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091431
Yu, H., Zhang, Y., Tan, W., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Microplastics as an emerging environmental pollutant in agricultural soils: Effects on ecosystems and human health. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 855292. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.855292
Zubrod, J. P., Bundschuh, M., Arts, G., Brühl, C. A., Imfeld, G., Knäbel, A., Payraudeau, S., Rasmussen, J. J., Rohr, J., Scharmüller, A., Smalling, K.,
Stehle, S., Schulz, R., & Schäfer, R. B. (2019). Fungicides: An overlooked pesticide class? Environmental Science & Technology, 53(7), 3347–3365. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04392
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