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Cabrera Valencia, C. H., Guerrero Otaya, J. A., Guerra Acosta, A. del S., & Gómez Gómez, Y. O. (2026). Evaluation of the Management of Agrochemical Residues Generated in Avocado Production (Persea americana). Luna Azul, (62), 208–231. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2025.62.12
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Abstract
Avocado production in Sibundoy, Putumayo faces challenges associated with the use of agrochemicals for agronomic management. It is essential that these products, as well as the waste they generate, are managed in an environmentally sound manner throughout their entire life cycle, from acquisition to final disposal. Agrochemicals and their residues must be handled responsibly to safeguard worker health and maintain ecosystem balance. Despite their relevance, the management of these products and their residues has been scarcely evaluated in the region. The objective of this research was to evaluate the management of agrochemical waste generated in avocado (Persea americana) production in Sibundoy, Putumayo. A survey was administered to avocado producers, and on-farm visits were conducted. Data collection was carried out every 15 days in order to classify agrochemical residues according to type, toxicological category, and weight. Survey data were tabulated using SPSS statistical software, and cluster analysis was performed. Of the containers collected, 36% corresponded to insecticides, 38% to fungicides, 10% to herbicides, and 16% lacked labeling. Among the 19 farmers surveyed, 61.11% reported storing containers in a safe manner. Nevertheless, overall management practices were found to be inadequate, posing risks to both operator safety and ecosystem balance.
Key words: agriculture; pollution; harvesting; hazardous waste.
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References
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Damalas, C. A., & Koutroubas, S. D. (2017). Farmers’ training on pesticide use is associated with elevated safety behaviour. Toxics, 5(3), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5030019
Devi, P. I., Manjula, M., & Bhavani, R. V. (2022). Agrochemicals, environment, and human health. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 47, 399–421. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-120920-111015
Duke, S. O. (2020). Glyphosate: Environmental fate and impact. Weed Science, 68(3), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2019.28
Elías Estremadoyro, D. F. (2022). Impact of Solid Waste Toxicity Generated by Pesticides. Kawsaypacha: Sociedad y Medio Ambiente, 9, 124–139. https://doi.org/10.18800/kawsaypacha.202201.006
Fernández Vargas, K. D., Sierra-Gaviria, E., Arias Hoyos, A., & Fernández Morantes, C. (2024). Agrochemicals and photo-fenton: A systematic review of socio-environmental impacts and optimal contaminant removal parameters. Revista Novedades Colombianas, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.47374/novcol.2024.v19.2422
Garay Peralta, I., Herrera Alarcón, J., Fernández Viveros, J. A., Díaz Criollo, A., & Domínguez Vázquez, E. Y. (2022). Contaminación en el suelo por uso irracional de agroquímicos y sus repercusiones en la salud. En Actas del VII Congreso de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación de la Universidad Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. Universidad Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. https://revistas.unicyt.org/index.php/actasidi-unicyt/article/view/54
Guerra Acosta, A. d. S., Mena Pantoja, A. A., Burbano Montenegro, M. E., Burbano Montenegro, M. F., & Pardo Potosí, L. M. (2021). Management, classification and collection study of phytosanitaires in the beans crop (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Sibundoy, Putumayo (Colombia). Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental, 12(1), 133–152. https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.3654
Hawkins, N. J., Bass, C., Dixon, A., & Neve, P. (2019). The evolutionary origins of pesticide resistance. Biological Reviews, 94(1), 135–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12440
Jorge-Escudero, G., Pérez Polanco, M., Lagerlöf, J. E., Pérez, C. A., & Míguez, D. (2022). Commercial fungicide toxic effects on terrestrial non-target species might be underestimated when based solely on active ingredient toxicity and standard earthworm tests. Toxics, 10(9), 488. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10090488
Mendoza Cantú, A., & Ize Lema, I. A. R. (2017). Las sustancias químicas en México. Perspectivas para un manejo adecuado. Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental, 33(4), 719-745. https://doi.org/10.20937/rica.2017.33.04.15
Mier-Tous, J.-M., Pineda-Vides, F., Hernández-Ureche, J., Troncoso-Palacio, A., Andrade-Perez, J., & Padilla-Barrios, J.-I. (2023). APreliminary Review of the Literature About the Challenges of Sustainable Agriculture in Latin America. Boletín de Innovación, Logística y Operaciones, 5(1), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.17981/BILO.5.1.2023.09
Miranda, N., Sánchez, D., & Sicilia, K. (2022). Management of agrochemicals empty containers in rice production in Thealanje District, Province of Chiriquí. Revista Semilla del Este, 3(1), 151–160. https://revistas.up.ac.pa/index.php/semilla_este/article/view/3210
Mondal, R., Manna, A., & Kumar, A. (2026). Sustainable degradation of pesticides: Bridging agricultural practices, aquatic ecology, and forest resource management. ACS Sustainable Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssusresmgt.5c00607
Mossa, A. H., & Mohafrash, S. M. (2024). Disposal of expired empty containers and waste from pesticides. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 67(4), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2023.222647.8249
Mostafalou, S., & Abdollahi, M. (2013). Pesticides and human chronic diseases: Evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 268(2), 157-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.025
Motta Escobar, S., Salazar Cabezas, L. D., & Sánchez Leal, L. C. (2022). Perspective of the Use of PseudomonasSpp. As Biocontrol of Phytopathogens in Vegetable Crops in Colombia: A Systematic Review. Revista Mutis, 12(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.1862
Olguín-Hernández, L., Carrillo-Rodríguez, J. C., Mayek-Pérez, N., Aquino-Bolaños, T., Vera-Guzmán, A. M., & Chávez-Servia, J. L. (2024). Patterns and relationships of pesticide use in agricultural crops of latin america: Review and analysis of statistical data. Agronomy, 14(12), 2889. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122889
Pathak, V. M., Verma, V. K., Rawat, B. S., Kaur, B., Babu, N., Sharma, A., Dewali, S., Yadav, M., Kumari, R., Singh, S., Mohapatra, A., Pandey, V., Rana, N., & Cunill, J. M. (2022). Current status of pesticide effects on environment, human health and it’s eco-friendly management as bioremediation: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 962619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.962619
Pisa, L., Goulson, D., Yang, E.-C., Gibbons, D., Sánchez-Bayo, F., Mitchell, E., Aebi, A., Van Der Sluijs, J., MacQuarrie, C. J. K., Giorio, C., Long, E. Y., McField, M., Bijleveld Van Lexmond, M., & Bonmatin, J.-M. (2021). An update of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (Wia) on systemic insecticides. Part 2: Impacts on organisms and ecosystems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(10), 11749-11797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0341-3
Ramírez-Muñoz, F. (2021). El herbicida glifosato y sus alternativas. Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET). Serie Informes Técnicos no. 44 https://hdl.handle.net/11056/31226
Riedo, J., Yokota, A., Walther, B., Bartolomé, N., van der Heijden, M. G., Bucheli, T. D., & Walder, F. (2023). Temporal dynamics of total and bioavailable fungicide concentrations in soil and their effect upon nine soil microbial markers. Science of The Total Environment, 878, 162995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162995
Salamanca Castillo, G. F. (2020). Effect of agrochemicals on public health and environment. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. https://files.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/344703632.pdf
Salis, R. K., Schreiner, V. C., Rozenberg, A., Ohler, K., Baudy Groh, P., Schäfer, R. B., & Leese, F. (2023). Effects of fungicides on aquatic fungi and bacteria: a comparison of morphological and molecular approaches from a microcosm experiment. Environmental Sciences Europe, 35(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-023-00768-7
Sánchez-Bayo, F., & Wyckhuys, K. A. G. (2019). Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers. Biological Conservation, 232, 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020
Simon-Delso, N., Amaral-Rogers, V., Belzunces, L. P., Bonmatin, J. M., Chagnon, M., Downs, C., Furlan, L., Gibbons, D. W., Giorio, C., Girolami, V., Goulson, D., Kreutzweiser, D. P., Krupke, C. H., Liess, M., Long, E., McField, M., Mineau, P., Mitchell, E. A. D., Morrissey, C. A., … Wiemers, M. (2015). Systemic insecticides (Neonicotinoids and fipronil): Trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(1), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3470-y
Van Bruggen, A. H. C., He, M. M., Shin, K., Mai, V., Jeong, K. C., Finckh, M. R., & Morris, J. G. (2018). Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate. Science of the Total Environment, 616–617, 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.309
Vielba-Fernández, A., Polonio, Á., Ruiz-Jiménez, L., de Vicente, A., Pérez-García, A., & Fernández-Ortuño, D. (2020). Fungicide resistance in powdery mildew fungi. Microorganisms, 8(9), 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091431
Yu, H., Zhang, Y., Tan, W., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Microplastics as an emerging environmental pollutant in agricultural soils: Effects on ecosystems and human health. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 855292. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.855292
Zubrod, J. P., Bundschuh, M., Arts, G., Brühl, C. A., Imfeld, G., Knäbel, A., Payraudeau, S., Rasmussen, J. J., Rohr, J., Scharmüller, A., Smalling, K.,
Stehle, S., Schulz, R., & Schäfer, R. B. (2019). Fungicides: An overlooked pesticide class? Environmental Science & Technology, 53(7), 3347–3365. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04392
Basu, P., Ngo, H. T., Aizen, M. A., Garibaldi, L. A., Gemmill-Herren, B., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V., ... & Vanbergen, A. J. (2024). Pesticide impacts on insect pollinators: Current knowledge and future research challenges. Science of the Total Environment, 954, 176656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176656
Damalas, C. A., & Koutroubas, S. D. (2017). Farmers’ training on pesticide use is associated with elevated safety behaviour. Toxics, 5(3), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5030019
Devi, P. I., Manjula, M., & Bhavani, R. V. (2022). Agrochemicals, environment, and human health. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 47, 399–421. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-120920-111015
Duke, S. O. (2020). Glyphosate: Environmental fate and impact. Weed Science, 68(3), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2019.28
Elías Estremadoyro, D. F. (2022). Impact of Solid Waste Toxicity Generated by Pesticides. Kawsaypacha: Sociedad y Medio Ambiente, 9, 124–139. https://doi.org/10.18800/kawsaypacha.202201.006
Fernández Vargas, K. D., Sierra-Gaviria, E., Arias Hoyos, A., & Fernández Morantes, C. (2024). Agrochemicals and photo-fenton: A systematic review of socio-environmental impacts and optimal contaminant removal parameters. Revista Novedades Colombianas, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.47374/novcol.2024.v19.2422
Garay Peralta, I., Herrera Alarcón, J., Fernández Viveros, J. A., Díaz Criollo, A., & Domínguez Vázquez, E. Y. (2022). Contaminación en el suelo por uso irracional de agroquímicos y sus repercusiones en la salud. En Actas del VII Congreso de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación de la Universidad Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. Universidad Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. https://revistas.unicyt.org/index.php/actasidi-unicyt/article/view/54
Guerra Acosta, A. d. S., Mena Pantoja, A. A., Burbano Montenegro, M. E., Burbano Montenegro, M. F., & Pardo Potosí, L. M. (2021). Management, classification and collection study of phytosanitaires in the beans crop (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Sibundoy, Putumayo (Colombia). Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental, 12(1), 133–152. https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.3654
Hawkins, N. J., Bass, C., Dixon, A., & Neve, P. (2019). The evolutionary origins of pesticide resistance. Biological Reviews, 94(1), 135–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12440
Jorge-Escudero, G., Pérez Polanco, M., Lagerlöf, J. E., Pérez, C. A., & Míguez, D. (2022). Commercial fungicide toxic effects on terrestrial non-target species might be underestimated when based solely on active ingredient toxicity and standard earthworm tests. Toxics, 10(9), 488. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10090488
Mendoza Cantú, A., & Ize Lema, I. A. R. (2017). Las sustancias químicas en México. Perspectivas para un manejo adecuado. Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental, 33(4), 719-745. https://doi.org/10.20937/rica.2017.33.04.15
Mier-Tous, J.-M., Pineda-Vides, F., Hernández-Ureche, J., Troncoso-Palacio, A., Andrade-Perez, J., & Padilla-Barrios, J.-I. (2023). APreliminary Review of the Literature About the Challenges of Sustainable Agriculture in Latin America. Boletín de Innovación, Logística y Operaciones, 5(1), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.17981/BILO.5.1.2023.09
Miranda, N., Sánchez, D., & Sicilia, K. (2022). Management of agrochemicals empty containers in rice production in Thealanje District, Province of Chiriquí. Revista Semilla del Este, 3(1), 151–160. https://revistas.up.ac.pa/index.php/semilla_este/article/view/3210
Mondal, R., Manna, A., & Kumar, A. (2026). Sustainable degradation of pesticides: Bridging agricultural practices, aquatic ecology, and forest resource management. ACS Sustainable Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssusresmgt.5c00607
Mossa, A. H., & Mohafrash, S. M. (2024). Disposal of expired empty containers and waste from pesticides. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 67(4), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2023.222647.8249
Mostafalou, S., & Abdollahi, M. (2013). Pesticides and human chronic diseases: Evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 268(2), 157-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.025
Motta Escobar, S., Salazar Cabezas, L. D., & Sánchez Leal, L. C. (2022). Perspective of the Use of PseudomonasSpp. As Biocontrol of Phytopathogens in Vegetable Crops in Colombia: A Systematic Review. Revista Mutis, 12(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.1862
Olguín-Hernández, L., Carrillo-Rodríguez, J. C., Mayek-Pérez, N., Aquino-Bolaños, T., Vera-Guzmán, A. M., & Chávez-Servia, J. L. (2024). Patterns and relationships of pesticide use in agricultural crops of latin america: Review and analysis of statistical data. Agronomy, 14(12), 2889. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122889
Pathak, V. M., Verma, V. K., Rawat, B. S., Kaur, B., Babu, N., Sharma, A., Dewali, S., Yadav, M., Kumari, R., Singh, S., Mohapatra, A., Pandey, V., Rana, N., & Cunill, J. M. (2022). Current status of pesticide effects on environment, human health and it’s eco-friendly management as bioremediation: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 962619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.962619
Pisa, L., Goulson, D., Yang, E.-C., Gibbons, D., Sánchez-Bayo, F., Mitchell, E., Aebi, A., Van Der Sluijs, J., MacQuarrie, C. J. K., Giorio, C., Long, E. Y., McField, M., Bijleveld Van Lexmond, M., & Bonmatin, J.-M. (2021). An update of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (Wia) on systemic insecticides. Part 2: Impacts on organisms and ecosystems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(10), 11749-11797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0341-3
Ramírez-Muñoz, F. (2021). El herbicida glifosato y sus alternativas. Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET). Serie Informes Técnicos no. 44 https://hdl.handle.net/11056/31226
Riedo, J., Yokota, A., Walther, B., Bartolomé, N., van der Heijden, M. G., Bucheli, T. D., & Walder, F. (2023). Temporal dynamics of total and bioavailable fungicide concentrations in soil and their effect upon nine soil microbial markers. Science of The Total Environment, 878, 162995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162995
Salamanca Castillo, G. F. (2020). Effect of agrochemicals on public health and environment. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. https://files.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/344703632.pdf
Salis, R. K., Schreiner, V. C., Rozenberg, A., Ohler, K., Baudy Groh, P., Schäfer, R. B., & Leese, F. (2023). Effects of fungicides on aquatic fungi and bacteria: a comparison of morphological and molecular approaches from a microcosm experiment. Environmental Sciences Europe, 35(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-023-00768-7
Sánchez-Bayo, F., & Wyckhuys, K. A. G. (2019). Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers. Biological Conservation, 232, 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020
Simon-Delso, N., Amaral-Rogers, V., Belzunces, L. P., Bonmatin, J. M., Chagnon, M., Downs, C., Furlan, L., Gibbons, D. W., Giorio, C., Girolami, V., Goulson, D., Kreutzweiser, D. P., Krupke, C. H., Liess, M., Long, E., McField, M., Mineau, P., Mitchell, E. A. D., Morrissey, C. A., … Wiemers, M. (2015). Systemic insecticides (Neonicotinoids and fipronil): Trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(1), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3470-y
Van Bruggen, A. H. C., He, M. M., Shin, K., Mai, V., Jeong, K. C., Finckh, M. R., & Morris, J. G. (2018). Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate. Science of the Total Environment, 616–617, 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.309
Vielba-Fernández, A., Polonio, Á., Ruiz-Jiménez, L., de Vicente, A., Pérez-García, A., & Fernández-Ortuño, D. (2020). Fungicide resistance in powdery mildew fungi. Microorganisms, 8(9), 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091431
Yu, H., Zhang, Y., Tan, W., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Microplastics as an emerging environmental pollutant in agricultural soils: Effects on ecosystems and human health. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 855292. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.855292
Zubrod, J. P., Bundschuh, M., Arts, G., Brühl, C. A., Imfeld, G., Knäbel, A., Payraudeau, S., Rasmussen, J. J., Rohr, J., Scharmüller, A., Smalling, K.,
Stehle, S., Schulz, R., & Schäfer, R. B. (2019). Fungicides: An overlooked pesticide class? Environmental Science & Technology, 53(7), 3347–3365. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04392
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