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Ocaño-Hernández, S., Sastre-Piñeros, U., Torres-Mora, M. A., Trujillo-González J. M., & Jiménez Ballesta, R. (2026). Environmental Assessment of Road Dust at Bus Stops in Villavicencio, Colombia . Luna Azul, (62), 189–207. https://doi.org/10.17151/luaz.2025.62.11
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Abstract
The accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in road dust poses a significant risk to the environment and public health, especially in urban areas with high traffic density. However, few studies have assessed these risks in environments such as university bus stops, particularly in Colombia. The objective of this study was to assess the pollution levels and potential risks associated with lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in road dust collected at bus stops at Universidad de los Llanos, in Villavicencio, Colombia. Dust samples were collected from eight bus stops using a brush and tray over 1 m² areas, with five subsamples per site along 100-meter stretches. The samples were stored in polyethylene bags and homogenized using a 2.0-mm sieve. Concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) were determined by microwave-assisted acid digestion followed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis. The mineralogical composition was analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54060 Å) in a range from 2° to 70°. The levels of all elements exceeded the background values for the area. Pb concentrations ranged from 15.0 to 44.6 mg kg⁻¹, Cd levels ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 mg kg⁻¹, Cu levels ranged from 17.6 to 115.6 mg kg⁻¹, and Zn levels ranged from 69.8 to 519.6 mg kg⁻¹. The geoaccumulation index and the integrated pollution index indicated significant contamination with copper and zinc being the most abundant elements. The ecological risk assessment revealed cadmium as the greatest potential threat. The results underscore the need to implement stricter environmental controls and urban development strategies to reduce PTEs exposure in areas near public transportation. The findings of this study provide key information for policymaking aimed at improving air quality and soil management in urban settings.
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Chen L, Fang L, Yang X, Luo X, Qiu T, Zeng Y, Rinklebe J. (2024). Sources and human health risks associated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in urban dust: A global perspective. Environment International, 187, 108708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108708
Cheng H, Shen R, Chen Y, Wan Q, Shi T, Wang J, Li X. (2019). Estimating heavy metal concentrations in suburban soils with reflectance spectroscopy. Geoderma, 336, 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.08.010
DANE. Obtenido de Estimación de población 1985–2005 y proyecciones de población 2005–2020 total municipal por área. Available online: https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/poblacion/proyepobla06_20/Municipal_area_1985-2020.xls(accessed on 15 May 2025).
Duzgoren-Aydin NS, Wong C, Aydin A, Song Z, You M, Li XD. (2006). Heavy metal contamination and distribution in the urban environment of Guangzhou, SE China. Environmental geochemistry and health, 28, 375-391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-005-9036-7
Faiz Y, Tufail M, Javed MT, Chaudhry MM. (2009). Road dust pollution of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn along islamabad expressway, Pakistan. Microchemical Journal, 92(2), 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2009.03.009
Feng W, Guo Z, Peng C, Xiao X, Shi L, Zeng P, Xue Q. (2019). Atmospheric bulk deposition of heavy metal (loid) s in central south China: Fluxes, influencing factors and implication for paddy soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 371, 634-642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.090
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Haleem A, Amin S, Mahdi R. (2022). Assessment of health risk and geo-accumulation of toxic heavy metals in side-road dust from urban areas of Baghdad city. Public Health Toxicology, 2(3), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.18332/pht/153466
Heidari M, Darijani T, Alipour V. (2021). Heavy metal pollution of road dust in a city and its highly polluted suburb; quantitative source apportionment and source-specific ecological and health risk assessment. Chemosphere, 273, 129656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129656
IDEAM. Promedio climatológico 1981–2010. Inst. Hidro., Meteorol. y Estudios Ambien. 2020. Available online: https://cgsm.cemarin.org/tipodoc/informe/ideam-2020-promedio-climatologico-1981-2010-inst-hidro-meteorol-y-estudios-ambien/ (ac-cessed on 15 May 2025).
Jeong H, Ra K. (2022). Pollution and Health Risk Assessments of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Fine-Grained Particles (10−63 µm and <10 µm) in Road Dust from Apia City, Samoa. Toxics, 10(11):683. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110683.
Jiries AG, Hussein HH, Halaseh Z. (2001). The quality of water and sediments of street runoff in Amman, Jordan. Hydrological processes, 15(5), 815-824. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.186
Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H. (2001). Trace elements in soils and plants CRC Press Inc. Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Khan RK, Strand MA. (2018). Road dust and its effect on human health: a literature review. Epidemiology and health, 40, e2018013. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018013
Kormoker T, Kabir MH, Khan R, Islam MS, Shammi RS, Al MA, Idris AM. (2021). Road dust–driven elemental distribution in megacity Dhaka, Bangladesh: Environmental, ecological, and human health risks assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14581-3
Li C, Li F, Wu Z, Cheng J. (2017). Exploring spatially varying and scale-dependent relationships between soil contamination and landscape patterns using geographically weighted regression. Applied Geography, 82: 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.03.007
Li C, Sun G, Wu Z, Zhong H, Wang R, Liu X, Guo Z, Cheng J. (2019). Soil physiochemical properties and landscape patterns control trace metal contamination at the urban-rural interface in southern China. Environmental Pollution, 250, 537–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.065
Meza-Figueroa D, De la O-Villanueva M, De la Parra ML. (2007). Heavy metal distribution in dust from elementary schools in Hermosillo, Sonora, México. Atmospheric Environment, 41(2), 276-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.034
Milenkovic B, Stajic JM, Gulan LJ, Zeremski T, Nikezic D. (2015). Radioactivity levels and heavy metals in the urban soil of Central Serbia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 16732-16741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4869-9
Müller G. (1989). Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. GeoJournal, 2, 108–118
Najmeddin A, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Lahijanzadeh A. (2018). Source apportionment and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in road dust from urban industrial areas of Ahvaz megacity, Iran. Environmental geochemistry and health, 40, 1187-1208 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-0035-2
Nasir MJ, Wahab A, Ayaz T, Khan S, Khan AZ, Lei M. (2023). Assessment of heavy metal pollution using contamination factor, pollution load index, and geoaccumulation index in Kalpani River sediments, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 16(2), 143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11231-5
Navarro-Ciurana D, Corbella M, Farré-de-Pablo J, Corral I, Buixadera E, Morera-Valverde R, Proenza JA. (2023). Rare Earth Elements’ particles in road dust: A mineralogical perspective for source identification. Atmospheric Environment, 309, 119927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119927
Nawrot N, Wojciechowska E, Rezania S, Walkusz-Miotk J, Pazdro K. (2020). The effects of urban vehicle traffic on heavy metal contamination in road sweeping waste and bottom sediments of retention tanks. Science of the Total Environment, 749, 141511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141511
Nezat CA, Hatch SA, Uecker T. (2017). Heavy metal content in urban residential and park soils: A case study in Spokane, Washington, USA. Applied Geochemistry, 78, 186-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2016.12.018
Odediran ET, Adeniran JA, Yusuf RO, Abdulraheem KA, Adesina OA, Sonibare JA, Du M. (2021). Contamination levels, health risks and source apportionment of potentially toxic elements in road dusts of a densely populated African City. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 15, 100445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100445
Ordonez A, Loredo J, De Miguel E, Charlesworth S. (2003). Distribution of heavy metals in the street dusts and soils of an industrial city in Northern Spain. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 44, 0160-0170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-002-2005-6
Pecina V, Brtnický M, Baltazár T, Juřička D, Kynický J, Galiová MV. (2021). Human health and ecological risk assessment of trace elements in urban soils of 101 cities in China: A meta-analysis. Chemosphere, 267, 129215.
Poggio L, Vrščaj B, Schulin R, Hepperle E, Marsan FA. (2009). Metals pollution and human bioaccessibility of topsoils in Grugliasco (Italy). Environmental Pollution, 157(2), 680-689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.08.009
Root RA. (2000). Lead loading of urban streets by motor vehicle wheel weights. Environmental health perspectives, 108(10), 937-940. https://doi.org/10.2307/3435051
Sager M. (2020). Urban soils and road dust—civilization effects and metal pollution—a review. Environments, 7(11), 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7110098
Salazar-Rojas T, Cejudo-Ruiz FR, Gutiérrez-Soto MV, Calvo-Brenes G. (2023). Assessing heavy metal pollution load index (PLI) in biomonitors and road dust from vehicular emission by magnetic properties modeling. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(39), 91248-91261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28758-5
Tomlinson DL, Wilson JG, Harris CR, Jeffrey DW. (1980). Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer meeresuntersuchungen, 33, 566-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02414780
Trujillo-González JM, Sastre-Piñeros U, Morales-Espitia FJ. (2025). Análisis comparativo de metales pesados en el polvo vial de dos municipios del meta, Colombia. Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental, 16(1), 339-356. https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.8243
Trujillo-González JM, Torres-Mora MA, Jiménez-Ballesta R, Zhang J. (2019). Land-use-dependent spatial variation and exposure risk of heavy metals in road-deposited sediment in Villavicencio, Colombia. Environmental geochemistry and health, 41, 667-679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0160-6
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